Merge pull request #2384 from Usual-Coder/feature-hcl-index

bake: add `indexof` hcl func

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ updates:
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
       interval: "daily"
+    ignore:
+      # ignore this dependency
+      # it seems a bug with dependabot as pining to commit sha should not
+      # trigger a new version: https://github.com/docker/buildx/pull/2222#issuecomment-1919092153
+      - dependency-name: "docker/docs"
     labels:
       - "dependencies"
       - "bot"

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -24,107 +24,193 @@ env:
   REPO_SLUG: "docker/buildx-bin"
   DESTDIR: "./bin"
   TEST_CACHE_SCOPE: "test"
+  TESTFLAGS: "-v --parallel=6 --timeout=30m"
+  GOTESTSUM_FORMAT: "standard-verbose"
+  GO_VERSION: "1.21"
+  GOTESTSUM_VERSION: "v1.9.0"  # same as one in Dockerfile
 
 jobs:
-  prepare-test:
+  test-integration:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    steps:
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      -
-        name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
-      -
-        name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
-          buildkitd-flags: --debug
-      -
-        name: Build
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
-        with:
-          targets: integration-test-base
-          set: |
-            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=${{ env.TEST_CACHE_SCOPE }}
-            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=${{ env.TEST_CACHE_SCOPE }}
-
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    needs:
-      - prepare-test
     env:
-      TESTFLAGS: "-v --parallel=6 --timeout=30m"
       TESTFLAGS_DOCKER: "-v --parallel=1 --timeout=30m"
-      GOTESTSUM_FORMAT: "standard-verbose"
       TEST_IMAGE_BUILD: "0"
       TEST_IMAGE_ID: "buildx-tests"
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
+        buildkit:
+          - master
+          - latest
+          - buildx-stable-1
+          - v0.13.1
+          - v0.12.5
+          - v0.11.6
         worker:
-          - docker
           - docker-container
           - remote
         pkg:
           - ./tests
+        mode:
+          - ""
+          - experimental
         include:
-          - pkg: ./...
-            skip-integration-tests: 1
+          - worker: docker
+            pkg: ./tests
+          - worker: docker+containerd  # same as docker, but with containerd snapshotter
+            pkg: ./tests
+          - worker: docker
+            pkg: ./tests
+            mode: experimental
+          - worker: docker+containerd  # same as docker, but with containerd snapshotter
+            pkg: ./tests
+            mode: experimental
     steps:
+      -
+        name: Prepare
+        run: |
+          echo "TESTREPORTS_NAME=${{ github.job }}-$(echo "${{ matrix.pkg }}-${{ matrix.buildkit }}-${{ matrix.worker }}-${{ matrix.mode }}" | tr -dc '[:alnum:]-\n\r' | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          if [ -n "${{ matrix.buildkit }}" ]; then
+            echo "TEST_BUILDKIT_TAG=${{ matrix.buildkit }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+          testFlags="--run=//worker=$(echo "${{ matrix.worker }}" | sed 's/\+/\\+/g')$"
+          case "${{ matrix.worker }}" in
+            docker | docker+containerd)
+              echo "TESTFLAGS=${{ env.TESTFLAGS_DOCKER }} $testFlags" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+              ;;
+            *)
+              echo "TESTFLAGS=${{ env.TESTFLAGS }} $testFlags" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+              ;;
+          esac
+          if [[ "${{ matrix.worker }}" == "docker"* ]]; then
+            echo "TEST_DOCKERD=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.mode }}" = "experimental" ]; then
+            echo "TEST_BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
           driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
           buildkitd-flags: --debug
       -
         name: Build test image
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           targets: integration-test
           set: |
-            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=${{ env.TEST_CACHE_SCOPE }}
             *.output=type=docker,name=${{ env.TEST_IMAGE_ID }}
       -
         name: Test
         run: |
-          export TEST_REPORT_SUFFIX=-${{ github.job }}-$(echo "${{ matrix.pkg }}-${{ matrix.skip-integration-tests }}-${{ matrix.worker }}" | tr -dc '[:alnum:]-\n\r' | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
           ./hack/test
         env:
-          TEST_DOCKERD: "${{ (matrix.worker == 'docker' || matrix.worker == 'docker-container') && '1' || '0' }}"
-          TESTFLAGS: "${{ (matrix.worker == 'docker' || matrix.worker == 'docker-container') && env.TESTFLAGS_DOCKER || env.TESTFLAGS }} --run=//worker=${{ matrix.worker }}$"
+          TEST_REPORT_SUFFIX: "-${{ env.TESTREPORTS_NAME }}"
           TESTPKGS: "${{ matrix.pkg }}"
-          SKIP_INTEGRATION_TESTS: "${{ matrix.skip-integration-tests }}"
       -
         name: Send to Codecov
         if: always()
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
         with:
           directory: ./bin/testreports
+          flags: integration
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
       -
         name: Generate annotations
         if: always()
-        uses: crazy-max/.github/.github/actions/gotest-annotations@1a64ea6d01db9a48aa61954cb20e265782c167d9
+        uses: crazy-max/.github/.github/actions/gotest-annotations@fa6141aedf23596fb8bdcceab9cce8dadaa31bd9
         with:
           directory: ./bin/testreports
       -
         name: Upload test reports
         if: always()
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: test-reports
+          name: test-reports-${{ env.TESTREPORTS_NAME }}
           path: ./bin/testreports
 
+  test-unit:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os:
+          - ubuntu-22.04
+          - macos-12
+          - windows-2022
+    env:
+      SKIP_INTEGRATION_TESTS: 1
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      -
+        name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: "${{ env.GO_VERSION }}"
+      -
+        name: Prepare
+        run: |
+          testreportsName=${{ github.job }}--${{ matrix.os }}
+          testreportsBaseDir=./bin/testreports
+          testreportsDir=$testreportsBaseDir/$testreportsName
+          echo "TESTREPORTS_NAME=$testreportsName" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "TESTREPORTS_BASEDIR=$testreportsBaseDir" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "TESTREPORTS_DIR=$testreportsDir" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          mkdir -p $testreportsDir
+        shell: bash
+      -
+        name: Install gotestsum
+        run: |
+          go install gotest.tools/gotestsum@${{ env.GOTESTSUM_VERSION }}
+      -
+        name: Test
+        env:
+          TMPDIR: ${{ runner.temp }}
+        run: |
+          gotestsum \
+            --jsonfile="${{ env.TESTREPORTS_DIR }}/go-test-report.json" \
+            --junitfile="${{ env.TESTREPORTS_DIR }}/junit-report.xml" \
+            --packages="./..." \
+            -- \
+              "-mod=vendor" \
+              "-coverprofile" "${{ env.TESTREPORTS_DIR }}/coverage.txt" \
+              "-covermode" "atomic" ${{ env.TESTFLAGS }}
+        shell: bash
+      -
+        name: Send to Codecov
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
+        with:
+          directory: ${{ env.TESTREPORTS_DIR }}
+          env_vars: RUNNER_OS
+          flags: unit
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+      -
+        name: Generate annotations
+        if: always()
+        uses: crazy-max/.github/.github/actions/gotest-annotations@fa6141aedf23596fb8bdcceab9cce8dadaa31bd9
+        with:
+          directory: ${{ env.TESTREPORTS_DIR }}
+      -
+        name: Upload test reports
+        if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: test-reports-${{ env.TESTREPORTS_NAME }}
+          path: ${{ env.TESTREPORTS_BASEDIR }}
+
   prepare-binaries:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     outputs:
@@ -132,7 +218,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Create matrix
         id: platforms
@@ -159,13 +245,13 @@ jobs:
           echo "PLATFORM_PAIR=${platform//\//-}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
           driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
@@ -180,27 +266,28 @@ jobs:
           CACHE_TO: type=gha,scope=binaries-${{ env.PLATFORM_PAIR }},mode=max
       -
         name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: buildx
+          name: buildx-${{ env.PLATFORM_PAIR }}
           path: ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/*
           if-no-files-found: error
 
   bin-image:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     needs:
-      - test
+      - test-integration
+      - test-unit
     if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' && github.repository == 'docker/buildx' }}
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
           driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
@@ -208,7 +295,7 @@ jobs:
       -
         name: Docker meta
         id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
         with:
           images: |
             ${{ env.REPO_SLUG }}
@@ -220,13 +307,13 @@ jobs:
       -
         name: Login to DockerHub
         if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
-        uses: docker/login-action@v2
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
         with:
-          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
+          username: ${{ vars.DOCKERPUBLICBOT_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERPUBLICBOT_WRITE_PAT }}
       -
         name: Build and push image
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           files: |
             ./docker-bake.hcl
@@ -241,18 +328,20 @@ jobs:
   release:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     needs:
-      - test
+      - test-integration
+      - test-unit
       - binaries
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Download binaries
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: buildx
           path: ${{ env.DESTDIR }}
+          pattern: buildx-*
+          merge-multiple: true
       -
         name: Create checksums
         run: ./hack/hash-files
@@ -267,33 +356,9 @@ jobs:
       -
         name: GitHub Release
         if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@de2c0eb89ae2a093876385947365aca7b0e5f844 # v0.1.15
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@9d7c94cfd0a1f3ed45544c887983e9fa900f0564  # v2.0.4
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         with:
           draft: true
           files: ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/*
-
-  buildkit-edge:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    continue-on-error: true
-    steps:
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      -
-        name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
-      -
-        name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
-          driver-opts: image=moby/buildkit:master
-          buildkitd-flags: --debug
-      -
-        # Just run a bake target to check eveything runs fine
-        name: Build
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
-        with:
-          targets: binaries

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+name: codeql
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'master'
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
+  pull_request:
+
+permissions:
+  actions: read
+  contents: read
+  security-events: write
+
+env:
+  GO_VERSION: "1.21"
+
+jobs:
+  codeql:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      -
+        name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
+      -
+        name: Initialize CodeQL
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
+        with:
+          languages: go
+      -
+        name: Autobuild
+        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v3
+      -
+        name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3
+        with:
+          category: "/language:go"

.github/workflows/docs-release.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 name: docs-release
 
 on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      tag:
+        description: 'Git tag'
+        required: true
   release:
     types:
       - released
@@ -8,11 +13,11 @@ on:
 jobs:
   open-pr:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    if: ${{ github.event.release.prerelease != true && github.repository == 'docker/buildx' }}
+    if: ${{ (github.event.release.prerelease != true || github.event.inputs.tag != '') && github.repository == 'docker/buildx' }}
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout docs repo
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.GHPAT_DOCS_DISPATCH }}
           repository: docker/docs
@@ -20,39 +25,47 @@ jobs:
       -
         name: Prepare
         run: |
-          rm -rf ./_data/buildx/*
+          rm -rf ./data/buildx/*
+          if [ -n "${{ github.event.inputs.tag }}" ]; then
+            echo "RELEASE_NAME=${{ github.event.inputs.tag }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          else
+            echo "RELEASE_NAME=${{ github.event.release.name }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
       -
-        name: Build docs
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        name: Generate yaml
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
-          source: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}.git#${{ github.event.release.name }}
+          source: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}.git#${{ env.RELEASE_NAME }}
           targets: update-docs
+          provenance: false
           set: |
             *.output=/tmp/buildx-docs
         env:
           DOCS_FORMATS: yaml
       -
-        name: Copy files
+        name: Copy yaml
         run: |
-          cp /tmp/buildx-docs/out/reference/*.yaml ./_data/buildx/
+          cp /tmp/buildx-docs/out/reference/*.yaml ./data/buildx/
       -
-        name: Commit changes
+        name: Update vendor
         run: |
-          git add -A .
+          make vendor
+        env:
+          VENDOR_MODULE: github.com/docker/buildx@${{ env.RELEASE_NAME }}
       -
         name: Create PR on docs repo
-        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@284f54f989303d2699d373481a0cfa13ad5a6666
+        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@70a41aba780001da0a30141984ae2a0c95d8704e  # v6.0.2
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.GHPAT_DOCS_DISPATCH }}
           push-to-fork: docker-tools-robot/docker.github.io
-          commit-message: "build: update buildx reference to ${{ github.event.release.name }}"
+          commit-message: "vendor: github.com/docker/buildx ${{ env.RELEASE_NAME }}"
           signoff: true
-          branch: dispatch/buildx-ref-${{ github.event.release.name }}
+          branch: dispatch/buildx-ref-${{ env.RELEASE_NAME }}
           delete-branch: true
-          title: Update buildx reference to ${{ github.event.release.name }}
+          title: Update buildx reference to ${{ env.RELEASE_NAME }}
           body: |
-            Update the buildx reference documentation to keep in sync with the latest release `${{ github.event.release.name }}`
+            Update the buildx reference documentation to keep in sync with the latest release `${{ env.RELEASE_NAME }}`
           draft: false

.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml

@@ -26,17 +26,18 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: latest
       -
         name: Build reference YAML docs
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           targets: update-docs
+          provenance: false
           set: |
             *.output=/tmp/buildx-docs
             *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=docs-yaml
@@ -45,18 +46,18 @@ jobs:
           DOCS_FORMATS: yaml
       -
         name: Upload reference YAML docs
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: docs-yaml
           path: /tmp/buildx-docs/out/reference
           retention-days: 1
 
   validate:
-    uses: docker/docs/.github/workflows/validate-upstream.yml@main
+    uses: docker/docs/.github/workflows/validate-upstream.yml@6b73b05acb21edf7995cc5b3c6672d8e314cee7a  # pin for artifact v4 support: https://github.com/docker/docs/pull/19220
     needs:
       - docs-yaml
     with:
-      repo: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}
+      module-name: docker/buildx
       data-files-id: docs-yaml
       data-files-folder: buildx
-      data-files-placeholder-folder: engine/reference/commandline
+      create-placeholder-stubs: true

.github/workflows/e2e.yml

@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: latest
       -
         name: Build
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           targets: binaries
           set: |
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
           mv ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/build/buildx ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/build/docker-buildx
       -
         name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: binary
           path: ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/build
@@ -82,6 +82,8 @@ jobs:
             driver-opt: qemu.install=true
           - driver: remote
             endpoint: tcp://localhost:1234
+          - driver: docker-container
+            metadata-provenance: max
         exclude:
           - driver: docker
             multi-node: mnode-true
@@ -96,14 +98,14 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
         if: matrix.driver == 'docker' || matrix.driver == 'docker-container'
       -
         name: Install buildx
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: binary
           path: /home/runner/.docker/cli-plugins
@@ -129,10 +131,13 @@ jobs:
           else
             echo "MULTI_NODE=0" >> $GITHUB_ENV
           fi
+          if [ -n "${{ matrix.metadata-provenance }}" ]; then
+            echo "BUILDX_METADATA_PROVENANCE=${{ matrix.metadata-provenance }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
       -
         name: Install k3s
         if: matrix.driver == 'kubernetes'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v6
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
         with:
           script: |
             const fs = require('fs');

.github/workflows/validate.yml

@@ -28,12 +28,18 @@ jobs:
           - validate-docs
           - validate-generated-files
     steps:
+      -
+        name: Prepare
+        run: |
+          if [ "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" = "docker/buildx" ]; then
+            echo "GOLANGCI_LINT_MULTIPLATFORM=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: latest
       -

.golangci.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 run:
-  timeout: 10m
+  timeout: 30m
   skip-files:
     - ".*\\.pb\\.go$"
 
@@ -26,12 +26,13 @@ linters:
 
 linters-settings:
   depguard:
-    list-type: blacklist
-    include-go-root: true
-    packages:
-      # The io/ioutil package has been deprecated.
-      # https://go.dev/doc/go1.16#ioutil
-      - io/ioutil
+    rules:
+      main:
+        deny:
+          # The io/ioutil package has been deprecated.
+          # https://go.dev/doc/go1.16#ioutil
+          - pkg: "io/ioutil"
+            desc: The io/ioutil package has been deprecated.
   forbidigo:
     forbid:
       - '^fmt\.Errorf(# use errors\.Errorf instead)?$'
@@ -47,3 +48,22 @@ issues:
     - linters:
         - revive
       text: "stutters"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "empty-block"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "superfluous-else"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "unused-parameter"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "redefines-builtin-id"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "if-return"
+
+# show all
+max-issues-per-linter: 0
+max-same-issues: 0

Dockerfile

@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
 
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.20
-ARG XX_VERSION=1.2.1
-ARG DOCKERD_VERSION=20.10.14
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.21
+ARG XX_VERSION=1.4.0
+
+# for testing
+ARG DOCKER_VERSION=26.0.0
 ARG GOTESTSUM_VERSION=v1.9.0
 ARG REGISTRY_VERSION=2.8.0
-ARG BUILDKIT_VERSION=v0.11.6
+ARG BUILDKIT_VERSION=v0.13.1
+ARG UNDOCK_VERSION=0.7.0
 
-FROM docker:$DOCKERD_VERSION AS dockerd-release
-
-# xx is a helper for cross-compilation
 FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx:${XX_VERSION} AS xx
-
 FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS golatest
+FROM moby/moby-bin:$DOCKER_VERSION AS docker-engine
+FROM dockereng/cli-bin:$DOCKER_VERSION AS docker-cli
+FROM registry:$REGISTRY_VERSION AS registry
+FROM moby/buildkit:$BUILDKIT_VERSION AS buildkit
+FROM crazymax/undock:$UNDOCK_VERSION AS undock
 
 FROM golatest AS gobase
 COPY --from=xx / /
@@ -21,10 +25,6 @@ ENV GOFLAGS=-mod=vendor
 ENV CGO_ENABLED=0
 WORKDIR /src
 
-FROM registry:$REGISTRY_VERSION AS registry
-
-FROM moby/buildkit:$BUILDKIT_VERSION AS buildkit
-
 FROM gobase AS gotestsum
 ARG GOTESTSUM_VERSION
 ENV GOFLAGS=
@@ -77,11 +77,24 @@ FROM binaries-$TARGETOS AS binaries
 ARG BUILDKIT_SBOM_SCAN_STAGE=true
 
 FROM gobase AS integration-test-base
-RUN apk add --no-cache docker runc containerd
+# https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/master/project/PACKAGERS.md#runtime-dependencies
+RUN apk add --no-cache \
+      btrfs-progs \
+      e2fsprogs \
+      e2fsprogs-extra \
+      ip6tables \
+      iptables \
+      openssl \
+      shadow-uidmap \
+      xfsprogs \
+      xz
 COPY --link --from=gotestsum /out/gotestsum /usr/bin/
 COPY --link --from=registry /bin/registry /usr/bin/
+COPY --link --from=docker-engine / /usr/bin/
+COPY --link --from=docker-cli / /usr/bin/
 COPY --link --from=buildkit /usr/bin/buildkitd /usr/bin/
 COPY --link --from=buildkit /usr/bin/buildctl /usr/bin/
+COPY --link --from=undock /usr/local/bin/undock /usr/bin/
 COPY --link --from=binaries /buildx /usr/bin/
 
 FROM integration-test-base AS integration-test
@@ -102,7 +115,7 @@ FROM scratch AS release
 COPY --from=releaser /out/ /
 
 # Shell
-FROM docker:$DOCKERD_VERSION AS dockerd-release
+FROM docker:$DOCKER_VERSION AS dockerd-release
 FROM alpine AS shell
 RUN apk add --no-cache iptables tmux git vim less openssh
 RUN mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins && ln -s /usr/local/bin/buildx /usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx

README.md

@@ -41,12 +41,10 @@ Key features:
     - [`buildx imagetools create`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_create.md)
     - [`buildx imagetools inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_inspect.md)
   - [`buildx inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_inspect.md)
-  - [`buildx install`](docs/reference/buildx_install.md)
   - [`buildx ls`](docs/reference/buildx_ls.md)
   - [`buildx prune`](docs/reference/buildx_prune.md)
   - [`buildx rm`](docs/reference/buildx_rm.md)
   - [`buildx stop`](docs/reference/buildx_stop.md)
-  - [`buildx uninstall`](docs/reference/buildx_uninstall.md)
   - [`buildx use`](docs/reference/buildx_use.md)
   - [`buildx version`](docs/reference/buildx_version.md)
 - [Contributing](#contributing)
@@ -71,8 +69,9 @@ for Windows and macOS.
 
 ## Linux packages
 
-Docker Linux packages also include Docker Buildx when installed using the
-[DEB or RPM packages](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/).
+Docker Engine package repositories contain Docker Buildx packages when installed according to the
+[Docker Engine install documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/). Install the
+`docker-buildx-plugin` package to install the Buildx plugin.
 
 ## Manual download
 

bake/bake.go

@@ -11,16 +11,19 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
-	composecli "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/cli"
+	composecli "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/bake/hclparser"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
-
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
+	dockeropts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	hcl "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session/auth/authprovider"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ func defaultFilenames() []string {
 	return names
 }
 
-func ReadLocalFiles(names []string) ([]File, error) {
+func ReadLocalFiles(names []string, stdin io.Reader, l progress.SubLogger) ([]File, error) {
 	isDefault := false
 	if len(names) == 0 {
 		isDefault = true
@@ -63,20 +66,26 @@ func ReadLocalFiles(names []string) ([]File, error) {
 	}
 	out := make([]File, 0, len(names))
 
+	setStatus := func(st *client.VertexStatus) {
+		if l != nil {
+			l.SetStatus(st)
+		}
+	}
+
 	for _, n := range names {
 		var dt []byte
 		var err error
 		if n == "-" {
-			dt, err = io.ReadAll(os.Stdin)
+			dt, err = readWithProgress(stdin, setStatus)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
 		} else {
-			dt, err = os.ReadFile(n)
+			dt, err = readFileWithProgress(n, isDefault, setStatus)
+			if dt == nil && err == nil {
+				continue
+			}
 			if err != nil {
-				if isDefault && errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-					continue
-				}
 				return nil, err
 			}
 		}
@@ -85,6 +94,88 @@ func ReadLocalFiles(names []string) ([]File, error) {
 	return out, nil
 }
 
+func readFileWithProgress(fname string, isDefault bool, setStatus func(st *client.VertexStatus)) (dt []byte, err error) {
+	st := &client.VertexStatus{
+		ID: "reading " + fname,
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		now := time.Now()
+		st.Completed = &now
+		if dt != nil || err != nil {
+			setStatus(st)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	st.Started = &now
+
+	f, err := os.Open(fname)
+	if err != nil {
+		if isDefault && errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	setStatus(st)
+
+	info, err := f.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	st.Total = info.Size()
+	setStatus(st)
+
+	buf := make([]byte, 1024)
+	for {
+		n, err := f.Read(buf)
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			break
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		dt = append(dt, buf[:n]...)
+		st.Current += int64(n)
+		setStatus(st)
+	}
+
+	return dt, nil
+}
+
+func readWithProgress(r io.Reader, setStatus func(st *client.VertexStatus)) (dt []byte, err error) {
+	st := &client.VertexStatus{
+		ID: "reading from stdin",
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		now := time.Now()
+		st.Completed = &now
+		setStatus(st)
+	}()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	st.Started = &now
+	setStatus(st)
+
+	buf := make([]byte, 1024)
+	for {
+		n, err := r.Read(buf)
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			break
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		dt = append(dt, buf[:n]...)
+		st.Current += int64(n)
+		setStatus(st)
+	}
+
+	return dt, nil
+}
+
 func ListTargets(files []File) ([]string, error) {
 	c, err := ParseFiles(files, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -248,7 +339,7 @@ func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error)
 	}
 
 	if len(hclFiles) > 0 {
-		renamed, err := hclparser.Parse(hcl.MergeFiles(hclFiles), hclparser.Opt{
+		renamed, err := hclparser.Parse(hclparser.MergeFiles(hclFiles), hclparser.Opt{
 			LookupVar:     os.LookupEnv,
 			Vars:          defaults,
 			ValidateLabel: validateTargetName,
@@ -587,9 +678,10 @@ type Target struct {
 	Name string `json:"-" hcl:"name,label" cty:"name"`
 
 	// Inherits is the only field that cannot be overridden with --set
-	Attest   []string `json:"attest,omitempty" hcl:"attest,optional" cty:"attest"`
 	Inherits []string `json:"inherits,omitempty" hcl:"inherits,optional" cty:"inherits"`
 
+	Annotations      []string           `json:"annotations,omitempty" hcl:"annotations,optional" cty:"annotations"`
+	Attest           []string           `json:"attest,omitempty" hcl:"attest,optional" cty:"attest"`
 	Context          *string            `json:"context,omitempty" hcl:"context,optional" cty:"context"`
 	Contexts         map[string]string  `json:"contexts,omitempty" hcl:"contexts,optional" cty:"contexts"`
 	Dockerfile       *string            `json:"dockerfile,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile,optional" cty:"dockerfile"`
@@ -608,6 +700,8 @@ type Target struct {
 	NoCache          *bool              `json:"no-cache,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache,optional" cty:"no-cache"`
 	NetworkMode      *string            `json:"-" hcl:"-" cty:"-"`
 	NoCacheFilter    []string           `json:"no-cache-filter,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache-filter,optional" cty:"no-cache-filter"`
+	ShmSize          *string            `json:"shm-size,omitempty" hcl:"shm-size,optional"`
+	Ulimits          []string           `json:"ulimits,omitempty" hcl:"ulimits,optional"`
 	// IMPORTANT: if you add more fields here, do not forget to update newOverrides and docs/bake-reference.md.
 
 	// linked is a private field to mark a target used as a linked one
@@ -620,6 +714,7 @@ var _ hclparser.WithEvalContexts = &Group{}
 var _ hclparser.WithGetName = &Group{}
 
 func (t *Target) normalize() {
+	t.Annotations = removeDupes(t.Annotations)
 	t.Attest = removeAttestDupes(t.Attest)
 	t.Tags = removeDupes(t.Tags)
 	t.Secrets = removeDupes(t.Secrets)
@@ -629,6 +724,7 @@ func (t *Target) normalize() {
 	t.CacheTo = removeDupes(t.CacheTo)
 	t.Outputs = removeDupes(t.Outputs)
 	t.NoCacheFilter = removeDupes(t.NoCacheFilter)
+	t.Ulimits = removeDupes(t.Ulimits)
 
 	for k, v := range t.Contexts {
 		if v == "" {
@@ -680,6 +776,9 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 	if t2.Target != nil {
 		t.Target = t2.Target
 	}
+	if t2.Annotations != nil { // merge
+		t.Annotations = append(t.Annotations, t2.Annotations...)
+	}
 	if t2.Attest != nil { // merge
 		t.Attest = append(t.Attest, t2.Attest...)
 		t.Attest = removeAttestDupes(t.Attest)
@@ -714,6 +813,12 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 	if t2.NoCacheFilter != nil { // merge
 		t.NoCacheFilter = append(t.NoCacheFilter, t2.NoCacheFilter...)
 	}
+	if t2.ShmSize != nil { // no merge
+		t.ShmSize = t2.ShmSize
+	}
+	if t2.Ulimits != nil { // merge
+		t.Ulimits = append(t.Ulimits, t2.Ulimits...)
+	}
 	t.Inherits = append(t.Inherits, t2.Inherits...)
 }
 
@@ -766,6 +871,8 @@ func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
 			t.Platforms = o.ArrValue
 		case "output":
 			t.Outputs = o.ArrValue
+		case "annotations":
+			t.Annotations = append(t.Annotations, o.ArrValue...)
 		case "attest":
 			t.Attest = append(t.Attest, o.ArrValue...)
 		case "no-cache":
@@ -776,6 +883,10 @@ func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
 			t.NoCache = &noCache
 		case "no-cache-filter":
 			t.NoCacheFilter = o.ArrValue
+		case "shm-size":
+			t.ShmSize = &value
+		case "ulimits":
+			t.Ulimits = o.ArrValue
 		case "pull":
 			pull, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -783,19 +894,17 @@ func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
 			}
 			t.Pull = &pull
 		case "push":
-			_, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			push, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
 			if err != nil {
 				return errors.Errorf("invalid value %s for boolean key push", value)
 			}
-			if len(t.Outputs) == 0 {
-				t.Outputs = append(t.Outputs, "type=image,push=true")
-			} else {
-				for i, output := range t.Outputs {
-					if typ := parseOutputType(output); typ == "image" || typ == "registry" {
-						t.Outputs[i] = t.Outputs[i] + ",push=" + value
-					}
-				}
+			t.Outputs = setPushOverride(t.Outputs, push)
+		case "load":
+			load, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("invalid value %s for boolean key load", value)
 			}
+			t.Outputs = setLoadOverride(t.Outputs, load)
 		default:
 			return errors.Errorf("unknown key: %s", keys[0])
 		}
@@ -852,8 +961,10 @@ func (t *Target) GetEvalContexts(ectx *hcl.EvalContext, block *hcl.Block, loadDe
 			for _, e := range ectxs {
 				e2 := ectx.NewChild()
 				e2.Variables = make(map[string]cty.Value)
-				for k, v := range e.Variables {
-					e2.Variables[k] = v
+				if e != ectx {
+					for k, v := range e.Variables {
+						e2.Variables[k] = v
+					}
 				}
 				e2.Variables[k] = v
 				ectxs2 = append(ectxs2, e2)
@@ -912,12 +1023,17 @@ func (t *Target) GetName(ectx *hcl.EvalContext, block *hcl.Block, loadDeps func(
 }
 
 func TargetsToBuildOpt(m map[string]*Target, inp *Input) (map[string]build.Options, error) {
+	// make sure local credentials are loaded multiple times for different targets
+	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
+	authProvider := authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig, nil)
+
 	m2 := make(map[string]build.Options, len(m))
 	for k, v := range m {
 		bo, err := toBuildOpt(v, inp)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+		bo.Session = append(bo.Session, authProvider)
 		m2[k] = *bo
 	}
 	return m2, nil
@@ -1038,6 +1154,9 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	if t.Dockerfile != nil {
 		dockerfilePath = *t.Dockerfile
 	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(dockerfilePath, "cwd://") {
+		dockerfilePath = path.Clean(dockerfilePath)
+	}
 
 	bi := build.Inputs{
 		ContextPath:    contextPath,
@@ -1048,12 +1167,44 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 		bi.DockerfileInline = *t.DockerfileInline
 	}
 	updateContext(&bi, inp)
-	if !build.IsRemoteURL(bi.ContextPath) && bi.ContextState == nil && !path.IsAbs(bi.DockerfilePath) {
-		bi.DockerfilePath = path.Join(bi.ContextPath, bi.DockerfilePath)
+	if strings.HasPrefix(bi.DockerfilePath, "cwd://") {
+		// If Dockerfile is local for a remote invocation, we first check if
+		// it's not outside the working directory and then resolve it to an
+		// absolute path.
+		bi.DockerfilePath = path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(bi.DockerfilePath, "cwd://"))
+		if err := checkPath(bi.DockerfilePath); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		var err error
+		bi.DockerfilePath, err = filepath.Abs(bi.DockerfilePath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else if !build.IsRemoteURL(bi.DockerfilePath) && strings.HasPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://") && (inp != nil && build.IsRemoteURL(inp.URL)) {
+		// We don't currently support reading a remote Dockerfile with a local
+		// context when doing a remote invocation because we automatically
+		// derive the dockerfile from the context atm:
+		//
+		// target "default" {
+		//  context = BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT
+		//  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.app"
+		// }
+		//
+		// > docker buildx bake https://github.com/foo/bar.git
+		// failed to solve: failed to read dockerfile: open /var/lib/docker/tmp/buildkit-mount3004544897/Dockerfile.app: no such file or directory
+		//
+		// To avoid mistakenly reading a local Dockerfile, we check if the
+		// Dockerfile exists locally and if so, we error out.
+		if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://")), bi.DockerfilePath)); err == nil {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("reading a dockerfile for a remote build invocation is currently not supported")
+		}
 	}
 	if strings.HasPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://") {
 		bi.ContextPath = path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://"))
 	}
+	if !build.IsRemoteURL(bi.ContextPath) && bi.ContextState == nil && !path.IsAbs(bi.DockerfilePath) {
+		bi.DockerfilePath = path.Join(bi.ContextPath, bi.DockerfilePath)
+	}
 	for k, v := range bi.NamedContexts {
 		if strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://") {
 			bi.NamedContexts[k] = build.NamedContext{Path: path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://"))}
@@ -1094,6 +1245,12 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	if t.NetworkMode != nil {
 		networkMode = *t.NetworkMode
 	}
+	shmSize := new(dockeropts.MemBytes)
+	if t.ShmSize != nil {
+		if err := shmSize.Set(*t.ShmSize); err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid value %s for membytes key shm-size", *t.ShmSize)
+		}
+	}
 
 	bo := &build.Options{
 		Inputs:        bi,
@@ -1105,6 +1262,7 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 		Pull:          pull,
 		NetworkMode:   networkMode,
 		Linked:        t.linked,
+		ShmSize:       *shmSize,
 	}
 
 	platforms, err := platformutil.Parse(t.Platforms)
@@ -1113,9 +1271,6 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	}
 	bo.Platforms = platforms
 
-	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
-	bo.Session = append(bo.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig))
-
 	secrets, err := buildflags.ParseSecretSpecs(t.Secrets)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -1164,6 +1319,16 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	annotations, err := buildflags.ParseAnnotations(t.Annotations)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, e := range bo.Exports {
+		for k, v := range annotations {
+			e.Attrs[k.String()] = v
+		}
+	}
+
 	attests, err := buildflags.ParseAttests(t.Attest)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -1175,6 +1340,14 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	ulimits := dockeropts.NewUlimitOpt(nil)
+	for _, field := range t.Ulimits {
+		if err := ulimits.Set(field); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	bo.Ulimits = ulimits
+
 	return bo, nil
 }
 
@@ -1219,23 +1392,90 @@ func removeAttestDupes(s []string) []string {
 	return res
 }
 
-func parseOutputType(str string) string {
+func parseOutput(str string) map[string]string {
 	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(str))
 	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
 	if err != nil {
-		return ""
+		return nil
 	}
+	res := map[string]string{}
 	for _, field := range fields {
 		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
 		if len(parts) == 2 {
-			if parts[0] == "type" {
-				return parts[1]
-			}
+			res[parts[0]] = parts[1]
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func parseOutputType(str string) string {
+	if out := parseOutput(str); out != nil {
+		if v, ok := out["type"]; ok {
+			return v
 		}
 	}
 	return ""
 }
 
+func setPushOverride(outputs []string, push bool) []string {
+	var out []string
+	setPush := true
+	for _, output := range outputs {
+		typ := parseOutputType(output)
+		if typ == "image" || typ == "registry" {
+			// no need to set push if image or registry types already defined
+			setPush = false
+			if typ == "registry" {
+				if !push {
+					// don't set registry output if "push" is false
+					continue
+				}
+				// no need to set "push" attribute to true for registry
+				out = append(out, output)
+				continue
+			}
+			out = append(out, output+",push="+strconv.FormatBool(push))
+		} else {
+			if typ != "docker" {
+				// if there is any output that is not docker, don't set "push"
+				setPush = false
+			}
+			out = append(out, output)
+		}
+	}
+	if push && setPush {
+		out = append(out, "type=image,push=true")
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func setLoadOverride(outputs []string, load bool) []string {
+	if !load {
+		return outputs
+	}
+	setLoad := true
+	for _, output := range outputs {
+		if typ := parseOutputType(output); typ == "docker" {
+			if v := parseOutput(output); v != nil {
+				// dest set means we want to output as tar so don't set load
+				if _, ok := v["dest"]; !ok {
+					setLoad = false
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		} else if typ != "image" && typ != "registry" && typ != "oci" {
+			// if there is any output that is not an image, registry
+			// or oci, don't set "load" similar to push override
+			setLoad = false
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if setLoad {
+		outputs = append(outputs, "type=docker")
+	}
+	return outputs
+}
+
 func validateTargetName(name string) error {
 	if !targetNamePattern.MatchString(name) {
 		return errors.Errorf("only %q are allowed", validTargetNameChars)

bake/bake_test.go

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ package bake
 import (
 	"context"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -20,6 +22,8 @@ target "webDEP" {
 		VAR_BOTH = "webDEP"
 	}
 	no-cache = true
+	shm-size = "128m"
+	ulimits = ["nofile=1024:1024"]
 }
 
 target "webapp" {
@@ -43,6 +47,8 @@ target "webapp" {
 		require.Equal(t, ".", *m["webapp"].Context)
 		require.Equal(t, ptrstr("webDEP"), m["webapp"].Args["VAR_INHERITED"])
 		require.Equal(t, true, *m["webapp"].NoCache)
+		require.Equal(t, "128m", *m["webapp"].ShmSize)
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"nofile=1024:1024"}, m["webapp"].Ulimits)
 		require.Nil(t, m["webapp"].Pull)
 
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
@@ -127,6 +133,12 @@ target "webapp" {
 		require.Equal(t, []string{"webapp"}, g["default"].Targets)
 	})
 
+	t.Run("ShmSizeOverride", func(t *testing.T) {
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.shm-size=256m"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "256m", *m["webapp"].ShmSize)
+	})
+
 	t.Run("PullOverride", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.pull=false"}, nil)
@@ -205,48 +217,252 @@ target "webapp" {
 }
 
 func TestPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
+	t.Run("empty output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, "type=image,push=true", m["app"].Outputs[0])
+	})
 
-	fp := File{
-		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
-		Data: []byte(
-			`target "app" {
+	t.Run("type image", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
 				output = ["type=image,compression=zstd"]
 			}`),
-	}
-	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, "type=image,compression=zstd,push=true", m["app"].Outputs[0])
+	})
 
-	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
-	require.Equal(t, "type=image,compression=zstd,push=true", m["app"].Outputs[0])
-
-	fp = File{
-		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
-		Data: []byte(
-			`target "app" {
+	t.Run("type image push false", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
 				output = ["type=image,compression=zstd"]
 			}`),
-	}
-	ctx = context.TODO()
-	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=false"}, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=false"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, "type=image,compression=zstd,push=false", m["app"].Outputs[0])
+	})
 
-	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
-	require.Equal(t, "type=image,compression=zstd,push=false", m["app"].Outputs[0])
-
-	fp = File{
-		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
-		Data: []byte(
-			`target "app" {
+	t.Run("type registry", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=registry"]
 			}`),
-	}
-	ctx = context.TODO()
-	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, "type=registry", m["app"].Outputs[0])
+	})
 
-	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
-	require.Equal(t, "type=image,push=true", m["app"].Outputs[0])
+	t.Run("type registry push false", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=registry"]
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=false"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 0, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("type local and empty target", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "foo" {
+		  		output = [ "type=local,dest=out" ]
+			}
+			target "bar" {
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m))
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["foo"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=out"}, m["foo"].Outputs)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["bar"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=image,push=true"}, m["bar"].Outputs)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestLoadOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("empty output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, "type=docker", m["app"].Outputs[0])
+	})
+
+	t.Run("type docker", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=docker"]
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker"}, m["app"].Outputs)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("type image", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=image"]
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=image", "type=docker"}, m["app"].Outputs)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("type image load false", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=image"]
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=false"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=image"}, m["app"].Outputs)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("type registry", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=registry"]
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=registry", "type=docker"}, m["app"].Outputs)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("type oci", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=oci,dest=out"]
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=oci,dest=out", "type=docker"}, m["app"].Outputs)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("type docker with dest", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=docker,dest=out"]
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["app"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker,dest=out", "type=docker"}, m["app"].Outputs)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("type local and empty target", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "foo" {
+		  		output = [ "type=local,dest=out" ]
+			}
+			target "bar" {
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m))
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["foo"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=out"}, m["foo"].Outputs)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["bar"].Outputs))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker"}, m["bar"].Outputs)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestLoadAndPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("type local and empty target", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "foo" {
+		  		output = [ "type=local,dest=out" ]
+			}
+			target "bar" {
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []string{"*.load=true", "*.push=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m))
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["foo"].Outputs))
+		sort.Strings(m["foo"].Outputs)
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=out"}, m["foo"].Outputs)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["bar"].Outputs))
+		sort.Strings(m["bar"].Outputs)
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker", "type=image,push=true"}, m["bar"].Outputs)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("type registry", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "foo" {
+		  		output = [ "type=registry" ]
+			}`),
+		}
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo"}, []string{"*.load=true", "*.push=true"}, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
+
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["foo"].Outputs))
+		sort.Strings(m["foo"].Outputs)
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker", "type=registry"}, m["foo"].Outputs)
+	})
 }
 
 func TestReadTargetsCompose(t *testing.T) {
@@ -373,7 +589,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"web_app"}, g["default"].Targets)
 }
 
-func TestHCLCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHCLContextCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 	fp := File{
 		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
 		Data: []byte(
@@ -386,18 +602,49 @@ func TestHCLCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
-	_, ok := m["app"]
-	require.True(t, ok)
-
-	_, err = TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
+	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	require.Equal(t, "test", *m["app"].Dockerfile)
-	require.Equal(t, "foo", *m["app"].Context)
-
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"app"}, g["default"].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
+	require.Contains(t, m, "app")
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", *m["app"].Dockerfile)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", *m["app"].Context)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo/test", bo["app"].Inputs.DockerfilePath)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", bo["app"].Inputs.ContextPath)
+}
+
+func TestHCLDockerfileCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	fp := File{
+		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+		Data: []byte(
+			`target "app" {
+				context = "."
+				dockerfile = "cwd://Dockerfile.app"
+			}`),
+	}
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+
+	cwd, err := os.Getwd()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"app"}, g["default"].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
+	require.Contains(t, m, "app")
+	assert.Equal(t, "cwd://Dockerfile.app", *m["app"].Dockerfile)
+	assert.Equal(t, ".", *m["app"].Context)
+	assert.Equal(t, filepath.Join(cwd, "Dockerfile.app"), bo["app"].Inputs.DockerfilePath)
+	assert.Equal(t, ".", bo["app"].Inputs.ContextPath)
 }
 
 func TestOverrideMerge(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1398,7 +1645,7 @@ func TestReadLocalFilesDefault(t *testing.T) {
 			for _, tf := range tt.filenames {
 				require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(tf, []byte(tf), 0644))
 			}
-			files, err := ReadLocalFiles(nil)
+			files, err := ReadLocalFiles(nil, nil, nil)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			if len(files) == 0 {
 				require.Equal(t, len(tt.expected), len(files))
@@ -1450,3 +1697,31 @@ func TestAttestDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
 		"provenance": ptrstr("type=provenance,mode=max"),
 	}, opts["default"].Attests)
 }
+
+func TestAnnotations(t *testing.T) {
+	fp := File{
+		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+		Data: []byte(
+			`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=image,name=foo"]
+				annotations = ["manifest[linux/amd64]:foo=bar"]
+			}`),
+	}
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"app"}, g["default"].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
+	require.Contains(t, m, "app")
+	require.Equal(t, "type=image,name=foo", m["app"].Outputs[0])
+	require.Equal(t, "manifest[linux/amd64]:foo=bar", m["app"].Annotations[0])
+
+	require.Len(t, bo["app"].Exports, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bar", bo["app"].Exports[0].Attrs["annotation-manifest[linux/amd64].foo"])
+}

bake/compose.go

@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 package bake
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/dotenv"
-	"github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/loader"
-	compose "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/types"
+	"github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2/dotenv"
+	"github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2/loader"
+	composetypes "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2/types"
+	dockeropts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
+	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
@@ -17,9 +21,9 @@ func ParseComposeFiles(fs []File) (*Config, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var cfgs []compose.ConfigFile
+	var cfgs []composetypes.ConfigFile
 	for _, f := range fs {
-		cfgs = append(cfgs, compose.ConfigFile{
+		cfgs = append(cfgs, composetypes.ConfigFile{
 			Filename: f.Name,
 			Content:  f.Data,
 		})
@@ -27,16 +31,17 @@ func ParseComposeFiles(fs []File) (*Config, error) {
 	return ParseCompose(cfgs, envs)
 }
 
-func ParseCompose(cfgs []compose.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Config, error) {
+func ParseCompose(cfgs []composetypes.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Config, error) {
 	if envs == nil {
 		envs = make(map[string]string)
 	}
-	cfg, err := loader.Load(compose.ConfigDetails{
+	cfg, err := loader.LoadWithContext(context.Background(), composetypes.ConfigDetails{
 		ConfigFiles: cfgs,
 		Environment: envs,
 	}, func(options *loader.Options) {
 		options.SetProjectName("bake", false)
 		options.SkipNormalization = true
+		options.Profiles = []string{"*"}
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -50,6 +55,7 @@ func ParseCompose(cfgs []compose.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Config, e
 		g := &Group{Name: "default"}
 
 		for _, s := range cfg.Services {
+			s := s
 			if s.Build == nil {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -83,6 +89,24 @@ func ParseCompose(cfgs []compose.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Config, e
 				}
 			}
 
+			var shmSize *string
+			if s.Build.ShmSize > 0 {
+				shmSizeBytes := dockeropts.MemBytes(s.Build.ShmSize)
+				shmSizeStr := shmSizeBytes.String()
+				shmSize = &shmSizeStr
+			}
+
+			var ulimits []string
+			if s.Build.Ulimits != nil {
+				for n, u := range s.Build.Ulimits {
+					ulimit, err := units.ParseUlimit(fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d:%d", n, u.Soft, u.Hard))
+					if err != nil {
+						return nil, err
+					}
+					ulimits = append(ulimits, ulimit.String())
+				}
+			}
+
 			var secrets []string
 			for _, bs := range s.Build.Secrets {
 				secret, err := composeToBuildkitSecret(bs, cfg.Secrets[bs.Source])
@@ -119,6 +143,8 @@ func ParseCompose(cfgs []compose.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Config, e
 				CacheTo:     s.Build.CacheTo,
 				NetworkMode: &s.Build.Network,
 				Secrets:     secrets,
+				ShmSize:     shmSize,
+				Ulimits:     ulimits,
 			}
 			if err = t.composeExtTarget(s.Build.Extensions); err != nil {
 				return nil, err
@@ -156,8 +182,8 @@ func validateComposeFile(dt []byte, fn string) (bool, error) {
 }
 
 func validateCompose(dt []byte, envs map[string]string) error {
-	_, err := loader.Load(compose.ConfigDetails{
-		ConfigFiles: []compose.ConfigFile{
+	_, err := loader.Load(composetypes.ConfigDetails{
+		ConfigFiles: []composetypes.ConfigFile{
 			{
 				Content: dt,
 			},
@@ -220,7 +246,7 @@ func loadDotEnv(curenv map[string]string, workingDir string) (map[string]string,
 	return curenv, nil
 }
 
-func flatten(in compose.MappingWithEquals) map[string]*string {
+func flatten(in composetypes.MappingWithEquals) map[string]*string {
 	if len(in) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -324,8 +350,8 @@ func (t *Target) composeExtTarget(exts map[string]interface{}) error {
 
 // composeToBuildkitSecret converts secret from compose format to buildkit's
 // csv format.
-func composeToBuildkitSecret(inp compose.ServiceSecretConfig, psecret compose.SecretConfig) (string, error) {
-	if psecret.External.External {
+func composeToBuildkitSecret(inp composetypes.ServiceSecretConfig, psecret composetypes.SecretConfig) (string, error) {
+	if psecret.External {
 		return "", errors.Errorf("unsupported external secret %s", psecret.Name)
 	}
 

bake/compose_test.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
-	compose "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/types"
+	composetypes "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2/types"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ services:
     build:
       context: ./dir
       additional_contexts:
-        foo: /bar
+        foo: ./bar
       dockerfile: Dockerfile-alternate
       network:
         none
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ services:
         - token
         - aws
   webapp2:
+    profiles:
+      - test
     build:
       context: ./dir
       dockerfile_inline: |
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ secrets:
     file: /root/.aws/credentials
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
@@ -60,12 +62,12 @@ secrets:
 		return c.Targets[i].Name < c.Targets[j].Name
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, "db", c.Targets[0].Name)
-	require.Equal(t, "./db", *c.Targets[0].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, "db", *c.Targets[0].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"docker.io/tonistiigi/db"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
 
 	require.Equal(t, "webapp", c.Targets[1].Name)
-	require.Equal(t, "./dir", *c.Targets[1].Context)
-	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"foo": "/bar"}, c.Targets[1].Contexts)
+	require.Equal(t, "dir", *c.Targets[1].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}, c.Targets[1].Contexts)
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile-alternate", *c.Targets[1].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets[1].Args))
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("123"), c.Targets[1].Args["buildno"])
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ secrets:
 	}, c.Targets[1].Secrets)
 
 	require.Equal(t, "webapp2", c.Targets[2].Name)
-	require.Equal(t, "./dir", *c.Targets[2].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, "dir", *c.Targets[2].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, "FROM alpine\n", *c.Targets[2].DockerfileInline)
 }
 
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ services:
     webapp:
         build: ./db
 `)
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ services:
       target: webapp
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ services:
       target: webapp
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
 	sort.Slice(c.Targets, func(i, j int) bool {
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ services:
 	t.Setenv("BAR", "foo")
 	t.Setenv("ZZZ_BAR", "zzz_foo")
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, sliceToMap(os.Environ()))
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, sliceToMap(os.Environ()))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("bar"), c.Targets[0].Args["FOO"])
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("zzz_foo"), c.Targets[0].Args["BAR"])
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ services:
     entrypoint: echo 1
 `)
 
-	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
@@ -204,7 +206,7 @@ networks:
           gateway: 10.5.0.254
 `)
 
-	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
@@ -221,7 +223,7 @@ services:
         - bar
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo", "bar"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
 }
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@ networks:
     name: test-net
 `)
 
-	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
@@ -301,6 +303,11 @@ services:
       args:
         CT_ECR: foo
         CT_TAG: bar
+      shm_size: 128m
+      ulimits:
+        nofile:
+          soft: 1024
+          hard: 1024
       x-bake:
         secret:
           - id=mysecret,src=/local/secret
@@ -311,7 +318,7 @@ services:
         no-cache: true
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
 	sort.Slice(c.Targets, func(i, j int) bool {
@@ -330,6 +337,8 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"linux/arm64"}, c.Targets[1].Platforms)
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker"}, c.Targets[1].Outputs)
 	require.Equal(t, newBool(true), c.Targets[1].NoCache)
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("128MiB"), c.Targets[1].ShmSize)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"nofile=1024:1024"}, c.Targets[1].Ulimits)
 }
 
 func TestComposeExtDedup(t *testing.T) {
@@ -355,7 +364,7 @@ services:
           - type=local,dest=path/to/cache
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"ct-addon:foo", "ct-addon:baz"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
@@ -388,7 +397,7 @@ services:
       - ` + envf.Name() + `
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"CT_ECR": ptrstr("foo"), "FOO": ptrstr("bsdf -csdf"), "NODE_ENV": ptrstr("test")}, c.Targets[0].Args)
 }
@@ -434,7 +443,7 @@ services:
         published: "3306"
         protocol: tcp
 `)
-	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
@@ -480,7 +489,7 @@ func TestServiceName(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range cases {
 		tt := tt
 		t.Run(tt.svc, func(t *testing.T) {
-			_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: []byte(`
+			_, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: []byte(`
 services:
   ` + tt.svc + `:
     build:
@@ -551,7 +560,7 @@ services:
 	for _, tt := range cases {
 		tt := tt
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: tt.dt}}, nil)
+			_, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: tt.dt}}, nil)
 			if tt.wantErr {
 				require.Error(t, err)
 			} else {
@@ -649,11 +658,90 @@ services:
         bar: "baz"
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"bar": ptrstr("baz")}, c.Targets[0].Args)
 }
 
+func TestDependsOn(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build:
+     context: .
+    ports:
+      - 3306:3306
+    depends_on:
+      - bar
+  bar:
+    build:
+     context: .
+`)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestInclude(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpdir := t.TempDir()
+
+	err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpdir, "compose-foo.yml"), []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build:
+     context: .
+     target: buildfoo
+    ports:
+      - 3306:3306
+`), 0644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var dt = []byte(`
+include:
+  - compose-foo.yml
+
+services:
+  bar:
+    build:
+     context: .
+     target: buildbar
+`)
+
+	chdir(t, tmpdir)
+	c, err := ParseComposeFiles([]File{{
+		Name: "composetypes.yml",
+		Data: dt,
+	}})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+	sort.Slice(c.Targets, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return c.Targets[i].Name < c.Targets[j].Name
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, "bar", c.Targets[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "buildbar", *c.Targets[0].Target)
+	require.Equal(t, "foo", c.Targets[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "buildfoo", *c.Targets[1].Target)
+}
+
+func TestDevelop(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  scratch:
+    build:
+     context: ./webapp
+    develop:
+      watch: 
+        - path: ./webapp/html
+          action: sync
+          target: /var/www
+          ignore:
+            - node_modules/
+`)
+
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]composetypes.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
 // chdir changes the current working directory to the named directory,
 // and then restore the original working directory at the end of the test.
 func chdir(t *testing.T, dir string) {

bake/hcl_test.go

@@ -634,6 +634,29 @@ func TestHCLMultiFileAttrs(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre-ghi"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 }
 
+func TestHCLMultiFileGlobalAttrs(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		FOO = "abc"
+		target "app" {
+			args = {
+				v1 = "pre-${FOO}"
+			}
+		}
+		`)
+	dt2 := []byte(`
+		FOO = "def"
+		`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFiles([]File{
+		{Data: dt, Name: "c1.hcl"},
+		{Data: dt2, Name: "c2.hcl"},
+	}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
+	require.Equal(t, "pre-def", *c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+}
+
 func TestHCLDuplicateTarget(t *testing.T) {
 	dt := []byte(`
 		target "app" {
@@ -1090,6 +1113,27 @@ func TestHCLMatrixBadTypes(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
+func TestHCLMatrixWithGlobalTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		target "x" {
+			tags = ["a", "b"]
+		}
+		
+		target "default" {
+			tags = target.x.tags
+			matrix = {
+				dummy = [""]
+			}
+		}
+	`)
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, "x", c.Targets[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "default", c.Targets[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"a", "b"}, c.Targets[1].Tags)
+}
+
 func TestJSONAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 	dt := []byte(`{"FOO": "abc", "variable": {"BAR": {"default": "def"}}, "target": { "app": { "args": {"v1": "pre-${FOO}-${BAR}"}} } }`)
 
@@ -1401,6 +1445,39 @@ func TestVarUnsupportedType(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
+func TestHCLIndexOfFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		variable "APP_VERSIONS" {
+		  default = [
+			"1.42.4",
+			"1.42.3"
+		  ]
+		}
+		target "default" {
+			args = {
+				APP_VERSION = app_version
+			}
+			matrix = {
+				app_version = APP_VERSIONS
+			}
+			name="app-${replace(app_version, ".", "-")}"
+			tags = [
+				"app:${app_version}",
+				indexof(APP_VERSIONS, app_version) == 0 ? "app:latest" : "",
+			]
+		}
+		`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, "app-1-42-4", c.Targets[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "app:latest", c.Targets[0].Tags[1])
+	require.Equal(t, "app-1-42-3", c.Targets[1].Name)
+	require.Empty(t, c.Targets[1].Tags[1])
+}
+
 func ptrstr(s interface{}) *string {
 	var n *string
 	if reflect.ValueOf(s).Kind() == reflect.String {

bake/hclparser/hclparser.go

@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 
 	attrs, diags := b.JustAttributes()
 	if diags.HasErrors() {
-		if d := removeAttributesDiags(diags, reserved, p.vars); len(d) > 0 {
+		if d := removeAttributesDiags(diags, reserved, p.vars, attrs); len(d) > 0 {
 			return nil, d
 		}
 	}
@@ -631,13 +631,14 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 	}
 
 	for _, a := range content.Attributes {
+		a := a
 		return nil, hcl.Diagnostics{
 			&hcl.Diagnostic{
 				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
 				Summary:  "Invalid attribute",
 				Detail:   "global attributes currently not supported",
-				Subject:  &a.Range,
-				Context:  &a.Range,
+				Subject:  a.Range.Ptr(),
+				Context:  a.Range.Ptr(),
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -660,13 +661,14 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 			var subject *hcl.Range
 			var context *hcl.Range
 			if p.funcs[k].Params != nil {
-				subject = &p.funcs[k].Params.Range
+				subject = p.funcs[k].Params.Range.Ptr()
 				context = subject
 			} else {
 				for _, block := range blocks.Blocks {
+					block := block
 					if block.Type == "function" && len(block.Labels) == 1 && block.Labels[0] == k {
-						subject = &block.LabelRanges[0]
-						context = &block.DefRange
+						subject = block.LabelRanges[0].Ptr()
+						context = block.DefRange.Ptr()
 						break
 					}
 				}
@@ -732,6 +734,7 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 
 	diags = hcl.Diagnostics{}
 	for _, b := range content.Blocks {
+		b := b
 		v := reflect.ValueOf(val)
 
 		err := p.resolveBlock(b, nil)
@@ -742,7 +745,7 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 					continue
 				}
 			} else {
-				return nil, wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid block", err, &b.LabelRanges[0], &b.DefRange)
+				return nil, wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid block", err, b.LabelRanges[0].Ptr(), b.DefRange.Ptr())
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -854,7 +857,7 @@ func getNameIndex(v reflect.Value) (int, bool) {
 	return 0, false
 }
 
-func removeAttributesDiags(diags hcl.Diagnostics, reserved map[string]struct{}, vars map[string]*variable) hcl.Diagnostics {
+func removeAttributesDiags(diags hcl.Diagnostics, reserved map[string]struct{}, vars map[string]*variable, attrs hcl.Attributes) hcl.Diagnostics {
 	var fdiags hcl.Diagnostics
 	for _, d := range diags {
 		if fout := func(d *hcl.Diagnostic) bool {
@@ -876,6 +879,12 @@ func removeAttributesDiags(diags hcl.Diagnostics, reserved map[string]struct{},
 					return true
 				}
 			}
+			for a := range attrs {
+				// Do the same for attributes
+				if strings.HasPrefix(d.Detail, fmt.Sprintf(`Argument "%s" was already set at `, a)) {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
 			return false
 		}(d); !fout {
 			fdiags = append(fdiags, d)

bake/hclparser/merged.go

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+// Forked from https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/blob/4679383728fe331fc8a6b46036a27b8f818d9bc0/merged.go
+
+package hclparser
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
+)
+
+// MergeFiles combines the given files to produce a single body that contains
+// configuration from all of the given files.
+//
+// The ordering of the given files decides the order in which contained
+// elements will be returned. If any top-level attributes are defined with
+// the same name across multiple files, a diagnostic will be produced from
+// the Content and PartialContent methods describing this error in a
+// user-friendly way.
+func MergeFiles(files []*hcl.File) hcl.Body {
+	var bodies []hcl.Body
+	for _, file := range files {
+		bodies = append(bodies, file.Body)
+	}
+	return MergeBodies(bodies)
+}
+
+// MergeBodies is like MergeFiles except it deals directly with bodies, rather
+// than with entire files.
+func MergeBodies(bodies []hcl.Body) hcl.Body {
+	if len(bodies) == 0 {
+		// Swap out for our singleton empty body, to reduce the number of
+		// empty slices we have hanging around.
+		return emptyBody
+	}
+
+	// If any of the given bodies are already merged bodies, we'll unpack
+	// to flatten to a single mergedBodies, since that's conceptually simpler.
+	// This also, as a side-effect, eliminates any empty bodies, since
+	// empties are merged bodies with no inner bodies.
+	var newLen int
+	var flatten bool
+	for _, body := range bodies {
+		if children, merged := body.(mergedBodies); merged {
+			newLen += len(children)
+			flatten = true
+		} else {
+			newLen++
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !flatten { // not just newLen == len, because we might have mergedBodies with single bodies inside
+		return mergedBodies(bodies)
+	}
+
+	if newLen == 0 {
+		// Don't allocate a new empty when we already have one
+		return emptyBody
+	}
+
+	n := make([]hcl.Body, 0, newLen)
+	for _, body := range bodies {
+		if children, merged := body.(mergedBodies); merged {
+			n = append(n, children...)
+		} else {
+			n = append(n, body)
+		}
+	}
+	return mergedBodies(n)
+}
+
+var emptyBody = mergedBodies([]hcl.Body{})
+
+// EmptyBody returns a body with no content. This body can be used as a
+// placeholder when a body is required but no body content is available.
+func EmptyBody() hcl.Body {
+	return emptyBody
+}
+
+type mergedBodies []hcl.Body
+
+// Content returns the content produced by applying the given schema to all
+// of the merged bodies and merging the result.
+//
+// Although required attributes _are_ supported, they should be used sparingly
+// with merged bodies since in this case there is no contextual information
+// with which to return good diagnostics. Applications working with merged
+// bodies may wish to mark all attributes as optional and then check for
+// required attributes afterwards, to produce better diagnostics.
+func (mb mergedBodies) Content(schema *hcl.BodySchema) (*hcl.BodyContent, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	// the returned body will always be empty in this case, because mergedContent
+	// will only ever call Content on the child bodies.
+	content, _, diags := mb.mergedContent(schema, false)
+	return content, diags
+}
+
+func (mb mergedBodies) PartialContent(schema *hcl.BodySchema) (*hcl.BodyContent, hcl.Body, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	return mb.mergedContent(schema, true)
+}
+
+func (mb mergedBodies) JustAttributes() (hcl.Attributes, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	attrs := make(map[string]*hcl.Attribute)
+	var diags hcl.Diagnostics
+
+	for _, body := range mb {
+		thisAttrs, thisDiags := body.JustAttributes()
+
+		if len(thisDiags) != 0 {
+			diags = append(diags, thisDiags...)
+		}
+
+		if thisAttrs != nil {
+			for name, attr := range thisAttrs {
+				if existing := attrs[name]; existing != nil {
+					diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+						Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+						Summary:  "Duplicate argument",
+						Detail: fmt.Sprintf(
+							"Argument %q was already set at %s",
+							name, existing.NameRange.String(),
+						),
+						Subject: thisAttrs[name].NameRange.Ptr(),
+					})
+				}
+				attrs[name] = attr
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return attrs, diags
+}
+
+func (mb mergedBodies) MissingItemRange() hcl.Range {
+	if len(mb) == 0 {
+		// Nothing useful to return here, so we'll return some garbage.
+		return hcl.Range{
+			Filename: "<empty>",
+		}
+	}
+
+	// arbitrarily use the first body's missing item range
+	return mb[0].MissingItemRange()
+}
+
+func (mb mergedBodies) mergedContent(schema *hcl.BodySchema, partial bool) (*hcl.BodyContent, hcl.Body, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	// We need to produce a new schema with none of the attributes marked as
+	// required, since _any one_ of our bodies can contribute an attribute value.
+	// We'll separately check that all required attributes are present at
+	// the end.
+	mergedSchema := &hcl.BodySchema{
+		Blocks: schema.Blocks,
+	}
+	for _, attrS := range schema.Attributes {
+		mergedAttrS := attrS
+		mergedAttrS.Required = false
+		mergedSchema.Attributes = append(mergedSchema.Attributes, mergedAttrS)
+	}
+
+	var mergedLeftovers []hcl.Body
+	content := &hcl.BodyContent{
+		Attributes: map[string]*hcl.Attribute{},
+	}
+
+	var diags hcl.Diagnostics
+	for _, body := range mb {
+		var thisContent *hcl.BodyContent
+		var thisLeftovers hcl.Body
+		var thisDiags hcl.Diagnostics
+
+		if partial {
+			thisContent, thisLeftovers, thisDiags = body.PartialContent(mergedSchema)
+		} else {
+			thisContent, thisDiags = body.Content(mergedSchema)
+		}
+
+		if thisLeftovers != nil {
+			mergedLeftovers = append(mergedLeftovers, thisLeftovers)
+		}
+		if len(thisDiags) != 0 {
+			diags = append(diags, thisDiags...)
+		}
+
+		if thisContent.Attributes != nil {
+			for name, attr := range thisContent.Attributes {
+				if existing := content.Attributes[name]; existing != nil {
+					diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+						Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+						Summary:  "Duplicate argument",
+						Detail: fmt.Sprintf(
+							"Argument %q was already set at %s",
+							name, existing.NameRange.String(),
+						),
+						Subject: thisContent.Attributes[name].NameRange.Ptr(),
+					})
+				}
+				content.Attributes[name] = attr
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(thisContent.Blocks) != 0 {
+			content.Blocks = append(content.Blocks, thisContent.Blocks...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Finally, we check for required attributes.
+	for _, attrS := range schema.Attributes {
+		if !attrS.Required {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if content.Attributes[attrS.Name] == nil {
+			// We don't have any context here to produce a good diagnostic,
+			// which is why we warn in the Content docstring to minimize the
+			// use of required attributes on merged bodies.
+			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+				Summary:  "Missing required argument",
+				Detail: fmt.Sprintf(
+					"The argument %q is required, but was not set.",
+					attrS.Name,
+				),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	leftoverBody := MergeBodies(mergedLeftovers)
+	return content, leftoverBody, diags
+}

bake/hclparser/stdlib.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs/uuid"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/ext/tryfunc"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/ext/typeexpr"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/function"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/function/stdlib"
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ var stdlibFunctions = map[string]function.Function{
 	"hasindex":               stdlib.HasIndexFunc,
 	"indent":                 stdlib.IndentFunc,
 	"index":                  stdlib.IndexFunc,
+	"indexof":                indexOfFunc,
 	"int":                    stdlib.IntFunc,
 	"join":                   stdlib.JoinFunc,
 	"jsondecode":             stdlib.JSONDecodeFunc,
@@ -115,6 +117,51 @@ var stdlibFunctions = map[string]function.Function{
 	"zipmap":                 stdlib.ZipmapFunc,
 }
 
+// indexOfFunc constructs a function that finds the element index for a given
+// value in a list.
+var indexOfFunc = function.New(&function.Spec{
+	Params: []function.Parameter{
+		{
+			Name: "list",
+			Type: cty.DynamicPseudoType,
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "value",
+			Type: cty.DynamicPseudoType,
+		},
+	},
+	Type: function.StaticReturnType(cty.Number),
+	Impl: func(args []cty.Value, retType cty.Type) (ret cty.Value, err error) {
+		if !(args[0].Type().IsListType() || args[0].Type().IsTupleType()) {
+			return cty.NilVal, errors.New("argument must be a list or tuple")
+		}
+
+		if !args[0].IsKnown() {
+			return cty.UnknownVal(cty.Number), nil
+		}
+
+		if args[0].LengthInt() == 0 { // Easy path
+			return cty.NilVal, errors.New("cannot search an empty list")
+		}
+
+		for it := args[0].ElementIterator(); it.Next(); {
+			i, v := it.Element()
+			eq, err := stdlib.Equal(v, args[1])
+			if err != nil {
+				return cty.NilVal, err
+			}
+			if !eq.IsKnown() {
+				return cty.UnknownVal(cty.Number), nil
+			}
+			if eq.True() {
+				return i, nil
+			}
+		}
+		return cty.NilVal, errors.New("item not found")
+
+	},
+})
+
 // timestampFunc constructs a function that returns a string representation of the current date and time.
 //
 // This function was imported from terraform's datetime utilities.

bake/hclparser/stdlib_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package hclparser
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+func TestIndexOf(t *testing.T) {
+	type testCase struct {
+		input   cty.Value
+		key     cty.Value
+		want    cty.Value
+		wantErr bool
+	}
+	tests := map[string]testCase{
+		"index 0": {
+			input: cty.TupleVal([]cty.Value{cty.StringVal("one"), cty.NumberIntVal(2.0), cty.NumberIntVal(3), cty.StringVal("four")}),
+			key:   cty.StringVal("one"),
+			want:  cty.NumberIntVal(0),
+		},
+		"index 3": {
+			input: cty.TupleVal([]cty.Value{cty.StringVal("one"), cty.NumberIntVal(2.0), cty.NumberIntVal(3), cty.StringVal("four")}),
+			key:   cty.StringVal("four"),
+			want:  cty.NumberIntVal(3),
+		},
+		"index -1": {
+			input:   cty.TupleVal([]cty.Value{cty.StringVal("one"), cty.NumberIntVal(2.0), cty.NumberIntVal(3), cty.StringVal("four")}),
+			key:     cty.StringVal("3"),
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for name, test := range tests {
+		name, test := name, test
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := indexOfFunc.Call([]cty.Value{test.input, test.key})
+			if err != nil {
+				if test.wantErr {
+					return
+				}
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %s", err)
+			}
+			if !got.RawEquals(test.want) {
+				t.Errorf("wrong result\ngot:  %#v\nwant: %#v", got, test.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

bake/remote.go

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"archive/tar"
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
@@ -23,13 +25,34 @@ type Input struct {
 }
 
 func ReadRemoteFiles(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, url string, names []string, pw progress.Writer) ([]File, *Input, error) {
-	var session []session.Attachable
+	var sessions []session.Attachable
 	var filename string
+
 	st, ok := dockerui.DetectGitContext(url, false)
 	if ok {
-		ssh, err := controllerapi.CreateSSH([]*controllerapi.SSH{{ID: "default"}})
-		if err == nil {
-			session = append(session, ssh)
+		if ssh, err := controllerapi.CreateSSH([]*controllerapi.SSH{{
+			ID:    "default",
+			Paths: strings.Split(os.Getenv("BUILDX_BAKE_GIT_SSH"), ","),
+		}}); err == nil {
+			sessions = append(sessions, ssh)
+		}
+		var gitAuthSecrets []*controllerapi.Secret
+		if _, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_BAKE_GIT_AUTH_TOKEN"); ok {
+			gitAuthSecrets = append(gitAuthSecrets, &controllerapi.Secret{
+				ID:  llb.GitAuthTokenKey,
+				Env: "BUILDX_BAKE_GIT_AUTH_TOKEN",
+			})
+		}
+		if _, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_BAKE_GIT_AUTH_HEADER"); ok {
+			gitAuthSecrets = append(gitAuthSecrets, &controllerapi.Secret{
+				ID:  llb.GitAuthHeaderKey,
+				Env: "BUILDX_BAKE_GIT_AUTH_HEADER",
+			})
+		}
+		if len(gitAuthSecrets) > 0 {
+			if secrets, err := controllerapi.CreateSecrets(gitAuthSecrets); err == nil {
+				sessions = append(sessions, secrets)
+			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		st, filename, ok = dockerui.DetectHTTPContext(url)
@@ -59,7 +82,7 @@ func ReadRemoteFiles(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, url string, name
 
 	ch, done := progress.NewChannel(pw)
 	defer func() { <-done }()
-	_, err = c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{Session: session}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gwclient.Client) (*gwclient.Result, error) {
+	_, err = c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{Session: sessions, Internal: true}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gwclient.Client) (*gwclient.Result, error) {
 		def, err := st.Marshal(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err

build/dial.go

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	stderrors "errors"
+	"net"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	v1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+func Dial(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, pw progress.Writer, platform *v1.Platform) (net.Conn, error) {
+	nodes, err := filterAvailableNodes(nodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if len(nodes) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("no nodes available")
+	}
+
+	var pls []v1.Platform
+	if platform != nil {
+		pls = []v1.Platform{*platform}
+	}
+
+	opts := map[string]Options{"default": {Platforms: pls}}
+	resolved, err := resolveDrivers(ctx, nodes, opts, pw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var dialError error
+	for _, ls := range resolved {
+		for _, rn := range ls {
+			if platform != nil {
+				p := *platform
+				var found bool
+				for _, pp := range rn.platforms {
+					if platforms.Only(p).Match(pp) {
+						found = true
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				if !found {
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+
+			conn, err := nodes[rn.driverIndex].Driver.Dial(ctx)
+			if err == nil {
+				return conn, nil
+			}
+			dialError = stderrors.Join(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil, errors.Wrap(dialError, "no nodes available")
+}

build/driver.go

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	gateway "github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/gateway/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/flightcontrol"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing"
+	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+type resolvedNode struct {
+	resolver    *nodeResolver
+	driverIndex int
+	platforms   []specs.Platform
+}
+
+func (dp resolvedNode) Node() builder.Node {
+	return dp.resolver.nodes[dp.driverIndex]
+}
+
+func (dp resolvedNode) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
+	clients, err := dp.resolver.boot(ctx, []int{dp.driverIndex}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return clients[0], nil
+}
+
+func (dp resolvedNode) BuildOpts(ctx context.Context) (gateway.BuildOpts, error) {
+	opts, err := dp.resolver.opts(ctx, []int{dp.driverIndex}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return gateway.BuildOpts{}, err
+	}
+	return opts[0], nil
+}
+
+type matchMaker func(specs.Platform) platforms.MatchComparer
+
+type nodeResolver struct {
+	nodes   []builder.Node
+	clients flightcontrol.Group[*client.Client]
+	opt     flightcontrol.Group[gateway.BuildOpts]
+}
+
+func resolveDrivers(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[string]Options, pw progress.Writer) (map[string][]*resolvedNode, error) {
+	driverRes := newDriverResolver(nodes)
+	drivers, err := driverRes.Resolve(ctx, opt, pw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return drivers, err
+}
+
+func newDriverResolver(nodes []builder.Node) *nodeResolver {
+	r := &nodeResolver{
+		nodes: nodes,
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, opt map[string]Options, pw progress.Writer) (map[string][]*resolvedNode, error) {
+	if len(r.nodes) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	nodes := map[string][]*resolvedNode{}
+	for k, opt := range opt {
+		node, perfect, err := r.resolve(ctx, opt.Platforms, pw, platforms.OnlyStrict, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if !perfect {
+			break
+		}
+		nodes[k] = node
+	}
+	if len(nodes) != len(opt) {
+		// if we didn't get a perfect match, we need to boot all drivers
+		allIndexes := make([]int, len(r.nodes))
+		for i := range allIndexes {
+			allIndexes[i] = i
+		}
+
+		clients, err := r.boot(ctx, allIndexes, pw)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		eg, egCtx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+		workers := make([][]specs.Platform, len(clients))
+		for i, c := range clients {
+			i, c := i, c
+			if c == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			eg.Go(func() error {
+				ww, err := c.ListWorkers(egCtx)
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
+				}
+
+				ps := make(map[string]specs.Platform, len(ww))
+				for _, w := range ww {
+					for _, p := range w.Platforms {
+						pk := platforms.Format(platforms.Normalize(p))
+						ps[pk] = p
+					}
+				}
+				for _, p := range ps {
+					workers[i] = append(workers[i], p)
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
+		}
+		if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		// then we can attempt to match against all the available platforms
+		// (this time we don't care about imperfect matches)
+		nodes = map[string][]*resolvedNode{}
+		for k, opt := range opt {
+			node, _, err := r.resolve(ctx, opt.Platforms, pw, platforms.Only, func(idx int, n builder.Node) []specs.Platform {
+				return workers[idx]
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			nodes[k] = node
+		}
+	}
+
+	idxs := make([]int, 0, len(r.nodes))
+	for _, nodes := range nodes {
+		for _, node := range nodes {
+			idxs = append(idxs, node.driverIndex)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// preload capabilities
+	span, ctx := tracing.StartSpan(ctx, "load buildkit capabilities", trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindInternal))
+	_, err := r.opts(ctx, idxs, pw)
+	tracing.FinishWithError(span, err)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return nodes, nil
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) resolve(ctx context.Context, ps []specs.Platform, pw progress.Writer, matcher matchMaker, additional func(idx int, n builder.Node) []specs.Platform) ([]*resolvedNode, bool, error) {
+	if len(r.nodes) == 0 {
+		return nil, true, nil
+	}
+
+	perfect := true
+	nodeIdxs := make([]int, 0)
+	for _, p := range ps {
+		idx := r.get(p, matcher, additional)
+		if idx == -1 {
+			idx = 0
+			perfect = false
+		}
+		nodeIdxs = append(nodeIdxs, idx)
+	}
+
+	var nodes []*resolvedNode
+	if len(nodeIdxs) == 0 {
+		nodes = append(nodes, &resolvedNode{
+			resolver:    r,
+			driverIndex: 0,
+		})
+	} else {
+		for i, idx := range nodeIdxs {
+			node := &resolvedNode{
+				resolver:    r,
+				driverIndex: idx,
+			}
+			if len(ps) > 0 {
+				node.platforms = []specs.Platform{ps[i]}
+			}
+			nodes = append(nodes, node)
+		}
+	}
+
+	nodes = recombineNodes(nodes)
+	if _, err := r.boot(ctx, nodeIdxs, pw); err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	return nodes, perfect, nil
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) get(p specs.Platform, matcher matchMaker, additionalPlatforms func(int, builder.Node) []specs.Platform) int {
+	best := -1
+	bestPlatform := specs.Platform{}
+	for i, node := range r.nodes {
+		platforms := node.Platforms
+		if additionalPlatforms != nil {
+			platforms = append([]specs.Platform{}, platforms...)
+			platforms = append(platforms, additionalPlatforms(i, node)...)
+		}
+		for _, p2 := range platforms {
+			m := matcher(p2)
+			if !m.Match(p) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if best == -1 {
+				best = i
+				bestPlatform = p2
+				continue
+			}
+			if matcher(p2).Less(p, bestPlatform) {
+				best = i
+				bestPlatform = p2
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return best
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) boot(ctx context.Context, idxs []int, pw progress.Writer) ([]*client.Client, error) {
+	clients := make([]*client.Client, len(idxs))
+
+	baseCtx := ctx
+	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	for i, idx := range idxs {
+		i, idx := i, idx
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			c, err := r.clients.Do(ctx, fmt.Sprint(idx), func(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
+				if r.nodes[idx].Driver == nil {
+					return nil, nil
+				}
+				return driver.Boot(ctx, baseCtx, r.nodes[idx].Driver, pw)
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			clients[i] = c
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return clients, nil
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) opts(ctx context.Context, idxs []int, pw progress.Writer) ([]gateway.BuildOpts, error) {
+	clients, err := r.boot(ctx, idxs, pw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	bopts := make([]gateway.BuildOpts, len(clients))
+	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	for i, idxs := range idxs {
+		i, idx := i, idxs
+		c := clients[i]
+		if c == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			opt, err := r.opt.Do(ctx, fmt.Sprint(idx), func(ctx context.Context) (gateway.BuildOpts, error) {
+				opt := gateway.BuildOpts{}
+				_, err := c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{
+					Internal: true,
+				}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gateway.Client) (*gateway.Result, error) {
+					opt = c.BuildOpts()
+					return nil, nil
+				}, nil)
+				return opt, err
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			bopts[i] = opt
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return bopts, nil
+}
+
+// recombineDriverPairs recombines resolved nodes that are on the same driver
+// back together into a single node.
+func recombineNodes(nodes []*resolvedNode) []*resolvedNode {
+	result := make([]*resolvedNode, 0, len(nodes))
+	lookup := map[int]int{}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if idx, ok := lookup[node.driverIndex]; ok {
+			result[idx].platforms = append(result[idx].platforms, node.platforms...)
+		} else {
+			lookup[node.driverIndex] = len(result)
+			result = append(result, node)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}

build/driver_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sort"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestFindDriverSanity(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.DefaultSpec()},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.DefaultSpec()}, nil, platforms.OnlyStrict, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+	require.Equal(t, []specs.Platform{platforms.DefaultSpec()}, res[0].platforms)
+}
+
+func TestFindDriverEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(nil)
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.DefaultSpec()}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Nil(t, res)
+}
+
+func TestFindDriverWeirdName(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/foobar")},
+	})
+
+	// find first platform
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/foobar")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestFindDriverUnknown(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeSinglePlatform(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	// find first platform
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// find second platform
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// find an unknown platform, should match the first driver
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/s390x")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeMultiPlatform(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"), platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeNonStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")},
+	})
+
+	// arm64 should match itself
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// arm64 may support arm/v8
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// arm64 may support arm/v7
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeNonStrictARM(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")},
+		"ccc": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "ccc", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "ccc", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeNonStrictLower(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")},
+	})
+
+	// v8 can't be built on v7 (so we should select the default)...
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// ...but v6 can be built on v8
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v6")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodePreferStart(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+		"ccc": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodePreferExact(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeNoPlatform(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/foobar")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.DefaultSpec()},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+	require.Empty(t, res[0].platforms)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeAdditionalPlatforms(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, func(idx int, n builder.Node) []specs.Platform {
+		if n.Builder == "aaa" {
+			return []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSplitNodeMultiPlatform(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"), platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"),
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64"),
+	}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"),
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64"),
+	}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[1].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSplitNodeMultiPlatformNoUnify(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"), platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	// the "best" choice would be the node with both platforms, but we're using
+	// a naive algorithm that doesn't try to unify the platforms
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"),
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64"),
+	}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[1].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func makeTestResolver(nodes map[string][]specs.Platform) *nodeResolver {
+	var ns []builder.Node
+	for name, platforms := range nodes {
+		ns = append(ns, builder.Node{
+			Builder:   name,
+			Platforms: platforms,
+		})
+	}
+	sort.Slice(ns, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return ns[i].Builder < ns[j].Builder
+	})
+	return newDriverResolver(ns)
+}

build/git.go

@@ -9,16 +9,18 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/gitutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/osutil"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
 const DockerfileLabel = "com.docker.image.source.entrypoint"
 
-func getGitAttributes(ctx context.Context, contextPath string, dockerfilePath string) (res map[string]string, _ error) {
-	res = make(map[string]string)
+func getGitAttributes(ctx context.Context, contextPath string, dockerfilePath string) (map[string]string, func(key, dir string, so *client.SolveOpt), error) {
+	res := make(map[string]string)
 	if contextPath == "" {
-		return
+		return nil, nil, nil
 	}
 
 	setGitLabels := false
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ func getGitAttributes(ctx context.Context, contextPath string, dockerfilePath st
 	}
 
 	if !setGitLabels && !setGitInfo {
-		return
+		return nil, nil, nil
 	}
 
 	// figure out in which directory the git command needs to run in
@@ -45,27 +47,32 @@ func getGitAttributes(ctx context.Context, contextPath string, dockerfilePath st
 	if filepath.IsAbs(contextPath) {
 		wd = contextPath
 	} else {
-		cwd, _ := os.Getwd()
-		wd, _ = filepath.Abs(filepath.Join(cwd, contextPath))
+		wd, _ = filepath.Abs(filepath.Join(osutil.GetWd(), contextPath))
 	}
+	wd = osutil.SanitizePath(wd)
 
 	gitc, err := gitutil.New(gitutil.WithContext(ctx), gitutil.WithWorkingDir(wd))
 	if err != nil {
-		if st, err := os.Stat(path.Join(wd, ".git")); err == nil && st.IsDir() {
-			return res, errors.New("buildx: git was not found in the system. Current commit information was not captured by the build")
+		if st, err1 := os.Stat(path.Join(wd, ".git")); err1 == nil && st.IsDir() {
+			return res, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "git was not found in the system")
 		}
-		return
+		return nil, nil, nil
 	}
 
 	if !gitc.IsInsideWorkTree() {
 		if st, err := os.Stat(path.Join(wd, ".git")); err == nil && st.IsDir() {
-			return res, errors.New("buildx: failed to read current commit information with git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree")
+			return res, nil, errors.New("failed to read current commit information with git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree")
 		}
-		return res, nil
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	root, err := gitc.RootDir()
+	if err != nil {
+		return res, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get git root dir")
 	}
 
 	if sha, err := gitc.FullCommit(); err != nil && !gitutil.IsUnknownRevision(err) {
-		return res, errors.Wrapf(err, "buildx: failed to get git commit")
+		return res, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get git commit")
 	} else if sha != "" {
 		checkDirty := false
 		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_GIT_CHECK_DIRTY"); ok {
@@ -93,23 +100,32 @@ func getGitAttributes(ctx context.Context, contextPath string, dockerfilePath st
 		}
 	}
 
-	if setGitLabels {
-		if root, err := gitc.RootDir(); err != nil {
-			return res, errors.Wrapf(err, "buildx: failed to get git root dir")
-		} else if root != "" {
-			if dockerfilePath == "" {
-				dockerfilePath = filepath.Join(wd, "Dockerfile")
-			}
-			if !filepath.IsAbs(dockerfilePath) {
-				cwd, _ := os.Getwd()
-				dockerfilePath = filepath.Join(cwd, dockerfilePath)
-			}
-			dockerfilePath, _ = filepath.Rel(root, dockerfilePath)
-			if !strings.HasPrefix(dockerfilePath, "..") {
-				res["label:"+DockerfileLabel] = dockerfilePath
-			}
+	if setGitLabels && root != "" {
+		if dockerfilePath == "" {
+			dockerfilePath = filepath.Join(wd, "Dockerfile")
+		}
+		if !filepath.IsAbs(dockerfilePath) {
+			dockerfilePath = filepath.Join(osutil.GetWd(), dockerfilePath)
+		}
+		if r, err := filepath.Rel(root, dockerfilePath); err == nil && !strings.HasPrefix(r, "..") {
+			res["label:"+DockerfileLabel] = r
 		}
 	}
 
-	return
+	return res, func(key, dir string, so *client.SolveOpt) {
+		if !setGitInfo || root == "" {
+			return
+		}
+		dir, err := filepath.Abs(dir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		if lp, err := osutil.GetLongPathName(dir); err == nil {
+			dir = lp
+		}
+		dir = osutil.SanitizePath(dir)
+		if r, err := filepath.Rel(root, dir); err == nil && !strings.HasPrefix(r, "..") {
+			so.FrontendAttrs["vcs:localdir:"+key] = r
+		}
+	}, nil
 }

build/git_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/gitutil"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ func setupTest(tb testing.TB) {
 }
 
 func TestGetGitAttributesNotGitRepo(t *testing.T) {
-	_, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), t.TempDir(), "Dockerfile")
+	_, _, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), t.TempDir(), "Dockerfile")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
@@ -38,14 +39,14 @@ func TestGetGitAttributesBadGitRepo(t *testing.T) {
 	tmp := t.TempDir()
 	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(path.Join(tmp, ".git"), 0755))
 
-	_, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), tmp, "Dockerfile")
+	_, _, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), tmp, "Dockerfile")
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func TestGetGitAttributesNoContext(t *testing.T) {
 	setupTest(t)
 
-	gitattrs, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), "", "Dockerfile")
+	gitattrs, _, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), "", "Dockerfile")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, gitattrs)
 }
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ func TestGetGitAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 			if tt.envGitInfo != "" {
 				t.Setenv("BUILDX_GIT_INFO", tt.envGitInfo)
 			}
-			gitattrs, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), ".", "Dockerfile")
+			gitattrs, _, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), ".", "Dockerfile")
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			for _, e := range tt.expected {
 				assert.Contains(t, gitattrs, e)
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ func TestGetGitAttributesDirty(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join("dir", "Dockerfile"), df, 0644))
 
 	t.Setenv("BUILDX_GIT_LABELS", "true")
-	gitattrs, _ := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), ".", "Dockerfile")
+	gitattrs, _, _ := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), ".", "Dockerfile")
 	assert.Equal(t, 5, len(gitattrs))
 
 	assert.Contains(t, gitattrs, "label:"+DockerfileLabel)
@@ -154,3 +155,55 @@ func TestGetGitAttributesDirty(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, gitattrs, "vcs:revision")
 	assert.True(t, strings.HasSuffix(gitattrs["vcs:revision"], "-dirty"))
 }
+
+func TestLocalDirs(t *testing.T) {
+	setupTest(t)
+
+	so := &client.SolveOpt{
+		FrontendAttrs: map[string]string{},
+	}
+
+	_, addVCSLocalDir, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), ".", "Dockerfile")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, addVCSLocalDir)
+
+	require.NoError(t, setLocalMount("context", ".", so, addVCSLocalDir))
+	require.Contains(t, so.FrontendAttrs, "vcs:localdir:context")
+	assert.Equal(t, ".", so.FrontendAttrs["vcs:localdir:context"])
+
+	require.NoError(t, setLocalMount("dockerfile", ".", so, addVCSLocalDir))
+	require.Contains(t, so.FrontendAttrs, "vcs:localdir:dockerfile")
+	assert.Equal(t, ".", so.FrontendAttrs["vcs:localdir:dockerfile"])
+}
+
+func TestLocalDirsSub(t *testing.T) {
+	gitutil.Mktmp(t)
+
+	c, err := gitutil.New()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	gitutil.GitInit(c, t)
+
+	df := []byte("FROM alpine:latest\n")
+	assert.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll("app", 0755))
+	assert.NoError(t, os.WriteFile("app/Dockerfile", df, 0644))
+
+	gitutil.GitAdd(c, t, "app/Dockerfile")
+	gitutil.GitCommit(c, t, "initial commit")
+	gitutil.GitSetRemote(c, t, "origin", "git@github.com:docker/buildx.git")
+
+	so := &client.SolveOpt{
+		FrontendAttrs: map[string]string{},
+	}
+
+	_, addVCSLocalDir, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), ".", "app/Dockerfile")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, addVCSLocalDir)
+
+	require.NoError(t, setLocalMount("context", ".", so, addVCSLocalDir))
+	require.Contains(t, so.FrontendAttrs, "vcs:localdir:context")
+	assert.Equal(t, ".", so.FrontendAttrs["vcs:localdir:context"])
+
+	require.NoError(t, setLocalMount("dockerfile", "app", so, addVCSLocalDir))
+	require.Contains(t, so.FrontendAttrs, "vcs:localdir:dockerfile")
+	assert.Equal(t, "app", so.FrontendAttrs["vcs:localdir:dockerfile"])
+}

build/localstate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+)
+
+func saveLocalState(so *client.SolveOpt, target string, opts Options, node builder.Node, configDir string) error {
+	var err error
+	if so.Ref == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	lp := opts.Inputs.ContextPath
+	dp := opts.Inputs.DockerfilePath
+	if lp != "" || dp != "" {
+		if lp != "" {
+			lp, err = filepath.Abs(lp)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if dp != "" {
+			dp, err = filepath.Abs(dp)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		l, err := localstate.New(configDir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return l.SaveRef(node.Builder, node.Name, so.Ref, localstate.State{
+			Target:         target,
+			LocalPath:      lp,
+			DockerfilePath: dp,
+			GroupRef:       opts.GroupRef,
+		})
+	}
+	return nil
+}

build/opt.go

@@ -0,0 +1,641 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content/local"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/distribution/reference"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/osutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/builder/remotecontext/urlutil"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/ociindex"
+	gateway "github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/gateway/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/identity"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session/upload/uploadprovider"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/pb"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/apicaps"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/entitlements"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil"
+)
+
+func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Options, bopts gateway.BuildOpts, configDir string, addVCSLocalDir func(key, dir string, so *client.SolveOpt), pw progress.Writer, docker *dockerutil.Client) (_ *client.SolveOpt, release func(), err error) {
+	nodeDriver := node.Driver
+	defers := make([]func(), 0, 2)
+	releaseF := func() {
+		for _, f := range defers {
+			f()
+		}
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			releaseF()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// inline cache from build arg
+	if v, ok := opt.BuildArgs["BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE"]; ok {
+		if v, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v); v {
+			opt.CacheTo = append(opt.CacheTo, client.CacheOptionsEntry{
+				Type:  "inline",
+				Attrs: map[string]string{},
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, e := range opt.CacheTo {
+		if e.Type != "inline" && !nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.CacheExport] {
+			return nil, nil, notSupported(driver.CacheExport, nodeDriver, "https://docs.docker.com/go/build-cache-backends/")
+		}
+	}
+
+	cacheTo := make([]client.CacheOptionsEntry, 0, len(opt.CacheTo))
+	for _, e := range opt.CacheTo {
+		if e.Type == "gha" {
+			if !bopts.LLBCaps.Contains(apicaps.CapID("cache.gha")) {
+				continue
+			}
+		} else if e.Type == "s3" {
+			if !bopts.LLBCaps.Contains(apicaps.CapID("cache.s3")) {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		cacheTo = append(cacheTo, e)
+	}
+
+	cacheFrom := make([]client.CacheOptionsEntry, 0, len(opt.CacheFrom))
+	for _, e := range opt.CacheFrom {
+		if e.Type == "gha" {
+			if !bopts.LLBCaps.Contains(apicaps.CapID("cache.gha")) {
+				continue
+			}
+		} else if e.Type == "s3" {
+			if !bopts.LLBCaps.Contains(apicaps.CapID("cache.s3")) {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		cacheFrom = append(cacheFrom, e)
+	}
+
+	so := client.SolveOpt{
+		Ref:                 opt.Ref,
+		Frontend:            "dockerfile.v0",
+		FrontendAttrs:       map[string]string{},
+		LocalMounts:         map[string]fsutil.FS{},
+		CacheExports:        cacheTo,
+		CacheImports:        cacheFrom,
+		AllowedEntitlements: opt.Allow,
+		SourcePolicy:        opt.SourcePolicy,
+	}
+
+	if so.Ref == "" {
+		so.Ref = identity.NewID()
+	}
+
+	if opt.CgroupParent != "" {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["cgroup-parent"] = opt.CgroupParent
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := opt.BuildArgs["BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM"]; ok {
+		if v, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v); v {
+			so.FrontendAttrs["multi-platform"] = "true"
+		}
+	}
+
+	if multiDriver {
+		// force creation of manifest list
+		so.FrontendAttrs["multi-platform"] = "true"
+	}
+
+	attests := make(map[string]string)
+	for k, v := range opt.Attests {
+		if v != nil {
+			attests[k] = *v
+		}
+	}
+
+	supportAttestations := bopts.LLBCaps.Contains(apicaps.CapID("exporter.image.attestations")) && nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.MultiPlatform]
+	if len(attests) > 0 {
+		if !supportAttestations {
+			if !nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.MultiPlatform] {
+				return nil, nil, notSupported("Attestation", nodeDriver, "https://docs.docker.com/go/attestations/")
+			}
+			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("Attestations are not supported by the current BuildKit daemon")
+		}
+		for k, v := range attests {
+			so.FrontendAttrs["attest:"+k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := opt.Attests["provenance"]; !ok && supportAttestations {
+		const noAttestEnv = "BUILDX_NO_DEFAULT_ATTESTATIONS"
+		var noProv bool
+		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv(noAttestEnv); ok {
+			noProv, err = strconv.ParseBool(v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "invalid "+noAttestEnv)
+			}
+		}
+		if !noProv {
+			so.FrontendAttrs["attest:provenance"] = "mode=min,inline-only=true"
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch len(opt.Exports) {
+	case 1:
+		// valid
+	case 0:
+		if !noDefaultLoad() {
+			if nodeDriver.IsMobyDriver() {
+				// backwards compat for docker driver only:
+				// this ensures the build results in a docker image.
+				opt.Exports = []client.ExportEntry{{Type: "image", Attrs: map[string]string{}}}
+			} else if nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.DefaultLoad] {
+				opt.Exports = []client.ExportEntry{{Type: "docker", Attrs: map[string]string{}}}
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		if err := bopts.LLBCaps.Supports(pb.CapMultipleExporters); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("multiple outputs currently unsupported by the current BuildKit daemon, please upgrade to version v0.13+ or use a single output")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// fill in image exporter names from tags
+	if len(opt.Tags) > 0 {
+		tags := make([]string, len(opt.Tags))
+		for i, tag := range opt.Tags {
+			ref, err := reference.Parse(tag)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid tag %q", tag)
+			}
+			tags[i] = ref.String()
+		}
+		for i, e := range opt.Exports {
+			switch e.Type {
+			case "image", "oci", "docker":
+				opt.Exports[i].Attrs["name"] = strings.Join(tags, ",")
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		for _, e := range opt.Exports {
+			if e.Type == "image" && e.Attrs["name"] == "" && e.Attrs["push"] != "" {
+				if ok, _ := strconv.ParseBool(e.Attrs["push"]); ok {
+					return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("tag is needed when pushing to registry")
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// cacheonly is a fake exporter to opt out of default behaviors
+	exports := make([]client.ExportEntry, 0, len(opt.Exports))
+	for _, e := range opt.Exports {
+		if e.Type != "cacheonly" {
+			exports = append(exports, e)
+		}
+	}
+	opt.Exports = exports
+
+	// set up exporters
+	for i, e := range opt.Exports {
+		if e.Type == "oci" && !nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.OCIExporter] {
+			return nil, nil, notSupported(driver.OCIExporter, nodeDriver, "https://docs.docker.com/go/build-exporters/")
+		}
+		if e.Type == "docker" {
+			features := docker.Features(ctx, e.Attrs["context"])
+			if features[dockerutil.OCIImporter] && e.Output == nil {
+				// rely on oci importer if available (which supports
+				// multi-platform images), otherwise fall back to docker
+				opt.Exports[i].Type = "oci"
+			} else if len(opt.Platforms) > 1 || len(attests) > 0 {
+				if e.Output != nil {
+					return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("docker exporter does not support exporting manifest lists, use the oci exporter instead")
+				}
+				return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("docker exporter does not currently support exporting manifest lists")
+			}
+			if e.Output == nil {
+				if nodeDriver.IsMobyDriver() {
+					e.Type = "image"
+				} else {
+					w, cancel, err := docker.LoadImage(ctx, e.Attrs["context"], pw)
+					if err != nil {
+						return nil, nil, err
+					}
+					defers = append(defers, cancel)
+					opt.Exports[i].Output = func(_ map[string]string) (io.WriteCloser, error) {
+						return w, nil
+					}
+				}
+			} else if !nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.DockerExporter] {
+				return nil, nil, notSupported(driver.DockerExporter, nodeDriver, "https://docs.docker.com/go/build-exporters/")
+			}
+		}
+		if e.Type == "image" && nodeDriver.IsMobyDriver() {
+			opt.Exports[i].Type = "moby"
+			if e.Attrs["push"] != "" {
+				if ok, _ := strconv.ParseBool(e.Attrs["push"]); ok {
+					if ok, _ := strconv.ParseBool(e.Attrs["push-by-digest"]); ok {
+						return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("push-by-digest is currently not implemented for docker driver, please create a new builder instance")
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if e.Type == "docker" || e.Type == "image" || e.Type == "oci" {
+			// inline buildinfo attrs from build arg
+			if v, ok := opt.BuildArgs["BUILDKIT_INLINE_BUILDINFO_ATTRS"]; ok {
+				e.Attrs["buildinfo-attrs"] = v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	so.Exports = opt.Exports
+	so.Session = opt.Session
+
+	releaseLoad, err := loadInputs(ctx, nodeDriver, opt.Inputs, addVCSLocalDir, pw, &so)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	defers = append(defers, releaseLoad)
+
+	if sharedKey := so.LocalDirs["context"]; sharedKey != "" {
+		if p, err := filepath.Abs(sharedKey); err == nil {
+			sharedKey = filepath.Base(p)
+		}
+		so.SharedKey = sharedKey + ":" + confutil.TryNodeIdentifier(configDir)
+	}
+
+	if opt.Pull {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["image-resolve-mode"] = pb.AttrImageResolveModeForcePull
+	} else if nodeDriver.IsMobyDriver() {
+		// moby driver always resolves local images by default
+		so.FrontendAttrs["image-resolve-mode"] = pb.AttrImageResolveModePreferLocal
+	}
+	if opt.Target != "" {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["target"] = opt.Target
+	}
+	if len(opt.NoCacheFilter) > 0 {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["no-cache"] = strings.Join(opt.NoCacheFilter, ",")
+	}
+	if opt.NoCache {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["no-cache"] = ""
+	}
+	for k, v := range opt.BuildArgs {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["build-arg:"+k] = v
+	}
+	for k, v := range opt.Labels {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["label:"+k] = v
+	}
+
+	for k, v := range node.ProxyConfig {
+		if _, ok := opt.BuildArgs[k]; !ok {
+			so.FrontendAttrs["build-arg:"+k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	// set platforms
+	if len(opt.Platforms) != 0 {
+		pp := make([]string, len(opt.Platforms))
+		for i, p := range opt.Platforms {
+			pp[i] = platforms.Format(p)
+		}
+		if len(pp) > 1 && !nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.MultiPlatform] {
+			return nil, nil, notSupported(driver.MultiPlatform, nodeDriver, "https://docs.docker.com/go/build-multi-platform/")
+		}
+		so.FrontendAttrs["platform"] = strings.Join(pp, ",")
+	}
+
+	// setup networkmode
+	switch opt.NetworkMode {
+	case "host":
+		so.FrontendAttrs["force-network-mode"] = opt.NetworkMode
+		so.AllowedEntitlements = append(so.AllowedEntitlements, entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost)
+	case "none":
+		so.FrontendAttrs["force-network-mode"] = opt.NetworkMode
+	case "", "default":
+	default:
+		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("network mode %q not supported by buildkit - you can define a custom network for your builder using the network driver-opt in buildx create", opt.NetworkMode)
+	}
+
+	// setup extrahosts
+	extraHosts, err := toBuildkitExtraHosts(ctx, opt.ExtraHosts, nodeDriver)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if len(extraHosts) > 0 {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["add-hosts"] = extraHosts
+	}
+
+	// setup shm size
+	if opt.ShmSize.Value() > 0 {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["shm-size"] = strconv.FormatInt(opt.ShmSize.Value(), 10)
+	}
+
+	// setup ulimits
+	ulimits, err := toBuildkitUlimits(opt.Ulimits)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	} else if len(ulimits) > 0 {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["ulimit"] = ulimits
+	}
+
+	return &so, releaseF, nil
+}
+
+func loadInputs(ctx context.Context, d *driver.DriverHandle, inp Inputs, addVCSLocalDir func(key, dir string, so *client.SolveOpt), pw progress.Writer, target *client.SolveOpt) (func(), error) {
+	if inp.ContextPath == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("please specify build context (e.g. \".\" for the current directory)")
+	}
+
+	// TODO: handle stdin, symlinks, remote contexts, check files exist
+
+	var (
+		err              error
+		dockerfileReader io.Reader
+		dockerfileDir    string
+		dockerfileName   = inp.DockerfilePath
+		toRemove         []string
+	)
+
+	switch {
+	case inp.ContextState != nil:
+		if target.FrontendInputs == nil {
+			target.FrontendInputs = make(map[string]llb.State)
+		}
+		target.FrontendInputs["context"] = *inp.ContextState
+		target.FrontendInputs["dockerfile"] = *inp.ContextState
+	case inp.ContextPath == "-":
+		if inp.DockerfilePath == "-" {
+			return nil, errStdinConflict
+		}
+
+		buf := bufio.NewReader(inp.InStream)
+		magic, err := buf.Peek(archiveHeaderSize * 2)
+		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to peek context header from STDIN")
+		}
+		if !(err == io.EOF && len(magic) == 0) {
+			if isArchive(magic) {
+				// stdin is context
+				up := uploadprovider.New()
+				target.FrontendAttrs["context"] = up.Add(buf)
+				target.Session = append(target.Session, up)
+			} else {
+				if inp.DockerfilePath != "" {
+					return nil, errDockerfileConflict
+				}
+				// stdin is dockerfile
+				dockerfileReader = buf
+				inp.ContextPath, _ = os.MkdirTemp("", "empty-dir")
+				toRemove = append(toRemove, inp.ContextPath)
+				if err := setLocalMount("context", inp.ContextPath, target, addVCSLocalDir); err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	case osutil.IsLocalDir(inp.ContextPath):
+		if err := setLocalMount("context", inp.ContextPath, target, addVCSLocalDir); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		switch inp.DockerfilePath {
+		case "-":
+			dockerfileReader = inp.InStream
+		case "":
+			dockerfileDir = inp.ContextPath
+		default:
+			dockerfileDir = filepath.Dir(inp.DockerfilePath)
+			dockerfileName = filepath.Base(inp.DockerfilePath)
+		}
+	case IsRemoteURL(inp.ContextPath):
+		if inp.DockerfilePath == "-" {
+			dockerfileReader = inp.InStream
+		} else if filepath.IsAbs(inp.DockerfilePath) {
+			dockerfileDir = filepath.Dir(inp.DockerfilePath)
+			dockerfileName = filepath.Base(inp.DockerfilePath)
+			target.FrontendAttrs["dockerfilekey"] = "dockerfile"
+		}
+		target.FrontendAttrs["context"] = inp.ContextPath
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("unable to prepare context: path %q not found", inp.ContextPath)
+	}
+
+	if inp.DockerfileInline != "" {
+		dockerfileReader = strings.NewReader(inp.DockerfileInline)
+	}
+
+	if dockerfileReader != nil {
+		dockerfileDir, err = createTempDockerfile(dockerfileReader)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		toRemove = append(toRemove, dockerfileDir)
+		dockerfileName = "Dockerfile"
+		target.FrontendAttrs["dockerfilekey"] = "dockerfile"
+	}
+	if urlutil.IsURL(inp.DockerfilePath) {
+		dockerfileDir, err = createTempDockerfileFromURL(ctx, d, inp.DockerfilePath, pw)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		toRemove = append(toRemove, dockerfileDir)
+		dockerfileName = "Dockerfile"
+		target.FrontendAttrs["dockerfilekey"] = "dockerfile"
+		delete(target.FrontendInputs, "dockerfile")
+	}
+
+	if dockerfileName == "" {
+		dockerfileName = "Dockerfile"
+	}
+
+	if dockerfileDir != "" {
+		if err := setLocalMount("dockerfile", dockerfileDir, target, addVCSLocalDir); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		dockerfileName = handleLowercaseDockerfile(dockerfileDir, dockerfileName)
+	}
+
+	target.FrontendAttrs["filename"] = dockerfileName
+
+	for k, v := range inp.NamedContexts {
+		target.FrontendAttrs["frontend.caps"] = "moby.buildkit.frontend.contexts+forward"
+		if v.State != nil {
+			target.FrontendAttrs["context:"+k] = "input:" + k
+			if target.FrontendInputs == nil {
+				target.FrontendInputs = make(map[string]llb.State)
+			}
+			target.FrontendInputs[k] = *v.State
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if IsRemoteURL(v.Path) || strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "docker-image://") || strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "target:") {
+			target.FrontendAttrs["context:"+k] = v.Path
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// handle OCI layout
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "oci-layout://") {
+			pathAlone := strings.TrimPrefix(v.Path, "oci-layout://")
+			localPath := pathAlone
+			localPath, dig, hasDigest := strings.Cut(localPath, "@")
+			localPath, tag, hasTag := strings.Cut(localPath, ":")
+			if !hasTag {
+				tag = "latest"
+				hasTag = true
+			}
+			idx := ociindex.NewStoreIndex(localPath)
+			if !hasDigest {
+				// lookup by name
+				desc, err := idx.Get(tag)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				if desc != nil {
+					dig = string(desc.Digest)
+					hasDigest = true
+				}
+			}
+			if !hasDigest {
+				// lookup single
+				desc, err := idx.GetSingle()
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				if desc != nil {
+					dig = string(desc.Digest)
+					hasDigest = true
+				}
+			}
+			if !hasDigest {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("oci-layout reference %q could not be resolved", v.Path)
+			}
+			_, err := digest.Parse(dig)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid oci-layout digest %s", dig)
+			}
+
+			store, err := local.NewStore(localPath)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid store at %s", localPath)
+			}
+			storeName := identity.NewID()
+			if target.OCIStores == nil {
+				target.OCIStores = map[string]content.Store{}
+			}
+			target.OCIStores[storeName] = store
+
+			layout := "oci-layout://" + storeName
+			if hasTag {
+				layout += ":" + tag
+			}
+			if hasDigest {
+				layout += "@" + dig
+			}
+
+			target.FrontendAttrs["context:"+k] = layout
+			continue
+		}
+		st, err := os.Stat(v.Path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to get build context %v", k)
+		}
+		if !st.IsDir() {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(syscall.ENOTDIR, "failed to get build context path %v", v)
+		}
+		localName := k
+		if k == "context" || k == "dockerfile" {
+			localName = "_" + k // underscore to avoid collisions
+		}
+		if err := setLocalMount(localName, v.Path, target, addVCSLocalDir); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		target.FrontendAttrs["context:"+k] = "local:" + localName
+	}
+
+	release := func() {
+		for _, dir := range toRemove {
+			os.RemoveAll(dir)
+		}
+	}
+	return release, nil
+}
+
+func setLocalMount(name, root string, so *client.SolveOpt, addVCSLocalDir func(key, dir string, so *client.SolveOpt)) error {
+	lm, err := fsutil.NewFS(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	root, err = filepath.EvalSymlinks(root) // keep same behavior as fsutil.NewFS
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if so.LocalMounts == nil {
+		so.LocalMounts = map[string]fsutil.FS{}
+	}
+	so.LocalMounts[name] = lm
+	if addVCSLocalDir != nil {
+		addVCSLocalDir(name, root, so)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func createTempDockerfile(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
+	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "dockerfile")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	f, err := os.Create(filepath.Join(dir, "Dockerfile"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	if _, err := io.Copy(f, r); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return dir, err
+}
+
+// handle https://github.com/moby/moby/pull/10858
+func handleLowercaseDockerfile(dir, p string) string {
+	if filepath.Base(p) != "Dockerfile" {
+		return p
+	}
+
+	f, err := os.Open(filepath.Dir(filepath.Join(dir, p)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return p
+	}
+
+	names, err := f.Readdirnames(-1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return p
+	}
+
+	foundLowerCase := false
+	for _, n := range names {
+		if n == "Dockerfile" {
+			return p
+		}
+		if n == "dockerfile" {
+			foundLowerCase = true
+		}
+	}
+	if foundLowerCase {
+		return filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(p), "dockerfile")
+	}
+	return p
+}

build/provenance.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content/proxy"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	controlapi "github.com/moby/buildkit/api/services/control"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	provenancetypes "github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/llbsolver/provenance/types"
+	ocispecs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+type provenancePredicate struct {
+	Builder *provenanceBuilder `json:"builder,omitempty"`
+	provenancetypes.ProvenancePredicate
+}
+
+type provenanceBuilder struct {
+	ID string `json:"id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func setRecordProvenance(ctx context.Context, c *client.Client, sr *client.SolveResponse, ref string, pw progress.Writer) error {
+	mode := confutil.MetadataProvenance()
+	if mode == confutil.MetadataProvenanceModeDisabled {
+		return nil
+	}
+	pw = progress.ResetTime(pw)
+	return progress.Wrap("resolving provenance for metadata file", pw.Write, func(l progress.SubLogger) error {
+		res, err := fetchProvenance(ctx, c, ref, mode)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for k, v := range res {
+			sr.ExporterResponse[k] = v
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+func fetchProvenance(ctx context.Context, c *client.Client, ref string, mode confutil.MetadataProvenanceMode) (out map[string]string, err error) {
+	cl, err := c.ControlClient().ListenBuildHistory(ctx, &controlapi.BuildHistoryRequest{
+		Ref:       ref,
+		EarlyExit: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	store := proxy.NewContentStore(c.ContentClient())
+	for {
+		ev, err := cl.Recv()
+		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if ev.Record == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if ev.Record.Result != nil {
+			desc := lookupProvenance(ev.Record.Result)
+			if desc == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			eg.Go(func() error {
+				dt, err := content.ReadBlob(ctx, store, *desc)
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to load provenance blob from build record")
+				}
+				prv, err := encodeProvenance(dt, mode)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				mu.Lock()
+				if out == nil {
+					out = make(map[string]string)
+				}
+				out["buildx.build.provenance"] = prv
+				mu.Unlock()
+				return nil
+			})
+		} else if ev.Record.Results != nil {
+			for platform, res := range ev.Record.Results {
+				platform := platform
+				desc := lookupProvenance(res)
+				if desc == nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				eg.Go(func() error {
+					dt, err := content.ReadBlob(ctx, store, *desc)
+					if err != nil {
+						return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to load provenance blob from build record")
+					}
+					prv, err := encodeProvenance(dt, mode)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					mu.Lock()
+					if out == nil {
+						out = make(map[string]string)
+					}
+					out["buildx.build.provenance/"+platform] = prv
+					mu.Unlock()
+					return nil
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return out, eg.Wait()
+}
+
+func lookupProvenance(res *controlapi.BuildResultInfo) *ocispecs.Descriptor {
+	for _, a := range res.Attestations {
+		if a.MediaType == "application/vnd.in-toto+json" && strings.HasPrefix(a.Annotations["in-toto.io/predicate-type"], "https://slsa.dev/provenance/") {
+			return &ocispecs.Descriptor{
+				Digest:      a.Digest,
+				Size:        a.Size_,
+				MediaType:   a.MediaType,
+				Annotations: a.Annotations,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func encodeProvenance(dt []byte, mode confutil.MetadataProvenanceMode) (string, error) {
+	var prv provenancePredicate
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(dt, &prv); err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to unmarshal provenance")
+	}
+	if prv.Builder != nil && prv.Builder.ID == "" {
+		// reset builder if id is empty
+		prv.Builder = nil
+	}
+	if mode == confutil.MetadataProvenanceModeMin {
+		// reset fields for minimal provenance
+		prv.BuildConfig = nil
+		prv.Metadata = nil
+	}
+	dtprv, err := json.Marshal(prv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to marshal provenance")
+	}
+	return base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(dtprv), nil
+}

build/result.go

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func NewResultHandle(ctx context.Context, cc *client.Client, opt client.SolveOpt
 						gwClient: c,
 						gwCtx:    ctx,
 					}
-					respErr = se
+					respErr = err // return original error to preserve stacktrace
 					close(done)
 
 					// Block until the caller closes the ResultHandle.
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ func NewResultHandle(ctx context.Context, cc *client.Client, opt client.SolveOpt
 		opt.Ref = ""
 		opt.Exports = nil
 		opt.CacheExports = nil
+		opt.Internal = true
 		_, respErr = cc.Build(ctx, opt, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gateway.Client) (*gateway.Result, error) {
 			res, err := evalDefinition(ctx, c, def)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ func populateProcessConfigFromResult(req *gateway.StartRequest, res *gateway.Res
 	} else if img != nil {
 		args = append(args, img.Config.Entrypoint...)
 	}
-	if cfg.Cmd != nil {
+	if !cfg.NoCmd {
 		args = append(args, cfg.Cmd...)
 	} else if img != nil {
 		args = append(args, img.Config.Cmd...)

build/url.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
-func createTempDockerfileFromURL(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, url string, pw progress.Writer) (string, error) {
+func createTempDockerfileFromURL(ctx context.Context, d *driver.DriverHandle, url string, pw progress.Writer) (string, error) {
 	c, err := driver.Boot(ctx, ctx, d, pw)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func createTempDockerfileFromURL(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, url strin
 	var out string
 	ch, done := progress.NewChannel(pw)
 	defer func() { <-done }()
-	_, err = c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gwclient.Client) (*gwclient.Result, error) {
+	_, err = c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{Internal: true}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gwclient.Client) (*gwclient.Result, error) {
 		def, err := llb.HTTP(url, llb.Filename("Dockerfile"), llb.WithCustomNamef("[internal] load %s", url)).Marshal(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err

build/utils.go

@@ -3,14 +3,18 @@ package build
 import (
 	"archive/tar"
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"net"
 	"os"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/builder/remotecontext/urlutil"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/gitutil"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -32,11 +36,6 @@ func IsRemoteURL(c string) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func isLocalDir(c string) bool {
-	st, err := os.Stat(c)
-	return err == nil && st.IsDir()
-}
-
 func isArchive(header []byte) bool {
 	for _, m := range [][]byte{
 		{0x42, 0x5A, 0x68},                   // bzip2
@@ -57,18 +56,34 @@ func isArchive(header []byte) bool {
 }
 
 // toBuildkitExtraHosts converts hosts from docker key:value format to buildkit's csv format
-func toBuildkitExtraHosts(inp []string, mobyDriver bool) (string, error) {
+func toBuildkitExtraHosts(ctx context.Context, inp []string, nodeDriver *driver.DriverHandle) (string, error) {
 	if len(inp) == 0 {
 		return "", nil
 	}
 	hosts := make([]string, 0, len(inp))
 	for _, h := range inp {
-		host, ip, ok := strings.Cut(h, ":")
+		host, ip, ok := strings.Cut(h, "=")
+		if !ok {
+			host, ip, ok = strings.Cut(h, ":")
+		}
 		if !ok || host == "" || ip == "" {
 			return "", errors.Errorf("invalid host %s", h)
 		}
-		// Skip IP address validation for "host-gateway" string with moby driver
-		if !mobyDriver || ip != mobyHostGatewayName {
+		// If the IP Address is a "host-gateway", replace this value with the
+		// IP address provided by the worker's label.
+		if ip == mobyHostGatewayName {
+			hgip, err := nodeDriver.HostGatewayIP(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return "", errors.Wrap(err, "unable to derive the IP value for host-gateway")
+			}
+			ip = hgip.String()
+		} else {
+			// If the address is enclosed in square brackets, extract it (for IPv6, but
+			// permit it for IPv4 as well; we don't know the address family here, but it's
+			// unambiguous).
+			if len(ip) > 2 && ip[0] == '[' && ip[len(ip)-1] == ']' {
+				ip = ip[1 : len(ip)-1]
+			}
 			if net.ParseIP(ip) == nil {
 				return "", errors.Errorf("invalid host %s", h)
 			}
@@ -89,3 +104,21 @@ func toBuildkitUlimits(inp *opts.UlimitOpt) (string, error) {
 	}
 	return strings.Join(ulimits, ","), nil
 }
+
+func notSupported(f driver.Feature, d *driver.DriverHandle, docs string) error {
+	return errors.Errorf(`%s is not supported for the %s driver.
+Switch to a different driver, or turn on the containerd image store, and try again.
+Learn more at %s`, f, d.Factory().Name(), docs)
+}
+
+func noDefaultLoad() bool {
+	v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_NO_DEFAULT_LOAD")
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	b, err := strconv.ParseBool(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		logrus.Warnf("invalid non-bool value for BUILDX_NO_DEFAULT_LOAD: %s", v)
+	}
+	return b
+}

build/utils_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestToBuildkitExtraHosts(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		doc         string
+		input       []string
+		expectedOut string // Expect output==input if not set.
+		expectedErr string // Expect success if not set.
+	}{
+		{
+			doc:         "IPv4, colon sep",
+			input:       []string{`myhost:192.168.0.1`},
+			expectedOut: `myhost=192.168.0.1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:   "IPv4, eq sep",
+			input: []string{`myhost=192.168.0.1`},
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Weird but permitted, IPv4 with brackets",
+			input:       []string{`myhost=[192.168.0.1]`},
+			expectedOut: `myhost=192.168.0.1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Host and domain",
+			input:       []string{`host.and.domain.invalid:10.0.2.1`},
+			expectedOut: `host.and.domain.invalid=10.0.2.1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "IPv6, colon sep",
+			input:       []string{`anipv6host:2003:ab34:e::1`},
+			expectedOut: `anipv6host=2003:ab34:e::1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "IPv6, colon sep, brackets",
+			input:       []string{`anipv6host:[2003:ab34:e::1]`},
+			expectedOut: `anipv6host=2003:ab34:e::1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "IPv6, eq sep, brackets",
+			input:       []string{`anipv6host=[2003:ab34:e::1]`},
+			expectedOut: `anipv6host=2003:ab34:e::1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "IPv6 localhost, colon sep",
+			input:       []string{`ipv6local:::1`},
+			expectedOut: `ipv6local=::1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:   "IPv6 localhost, eq sep",
+			input: []string{`ipv6local=::1`},
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "IPv6 localhost, eq sep, brackets",
+			input:       []string{`ipv6local=[::1]`},
+			expectedOut: `ipv6local=::1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "IPv6 localhost, non-canonical, colon sep",
+			input:       []string{`ipv6local:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1`},
+			expectedOut: `ipv6local=0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:   "IPv6 localhost, non-canonical, eq sep",
+			input: []string{`ipv6local=0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1`},
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "IPv6 localhost, non-canonical, eq sep, brackets",
+			input:       []string{`ipv6local=[0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1]`},
+			expectedOut: `ipv6local=0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Bad address, colon sep",
+			input:       []string{`myhost:192.notanipaddress.1`},
+			expectedErr: `invalid IP address in add-host: "192.notanipaddress.1"`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Bad address, eq sep",
+			input:       []string{`myhost=192.notanipaddress.1`},
+			expectedErr: `invalid IP address in add-host: "192.notanipaddress.1"`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "No sep",
+			input:       []string{`thathost-nosemicolon10.0.0.1`},
+			expectedErr: `bad format for add-host: "thathost-nosemicolon10.0.0.1"`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Bad IPv6",
+			input:       []string{`anipv6host:::::1`},
+			expectedErr: `invalid IP address in add-host: "::::1"`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Bad IPv6, trailing colons",
+			input:       []string{`ipv6local:::0::`},
+			expectedErr: `invalid IP address in add-host: "::0::"`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Bad IPv6, missing close bracket",
+			input:       []string{`ipv6addr=[::1`},
+			expectedErr: `invalid IP address in add-host: "[::1"`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Bad IPv6, missing open bracket",
+			input:       []string{`ipv6addr=::1]`},
+			expectedErr: `invalid IP address in add-host: "::1]"`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Missing address, colon sep",
+			input:       []string{`myhost.invalid:`},
+			expectedErr: `invalid IP address in add-host: ""`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "Missing address, eq sep",
+			input:       []string{`myhost.invalid=`},
+			expectedErr: `invalid IP address in add-host: ""`,
+		},
+		{
+			doc:         "No input",
+			input:       []string{``},
+			expectedErr: `bad format for add-host: ""`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		if tc.expectedOut == "" {
+			tc.expectedOut = strings.Join(tc.input, ",")
+		}
+		t.Run(tc.doc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			actualOut, actualErr := toBuildkitExtraHosts(context.TODO(), tc.input, nil)
+			if tc.expectedErr == "" {
+				require.Equal(t, tc.expectedOut, actualOut)
+				require.Nil(t, actualErr)
+			} else {
+				require.Zero(t, actualOut)
+				require.Error(t, actualErr, tc.expectedErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

builder/builder.go

@@ -2,18 +2,31 @@ package builder
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/csv"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"sort"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	k8sutil "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes/util"
+	remoteutil "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote/util"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	dopts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
+	"github.com/google/shlex"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
@@ -157,13 +170,14 @@ func (b *Builder) Boot(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
 		return false, nil
 	}
 
-	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, os.Stderr, progress.PrinterModeAuto)
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, progressui.AutoMode)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
 
 	baseCtx := ctx
 	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	errCh := make(chan error, len(toBoot))
 	for _, idx := range toBoot {
 		func(idx int) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
@@ -171,6 +185,7 @@ func (b *Builder) Boot(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
 				_, err := driver.Boot(ctx, baseCtx, b.nodes[idx].Driver, pw)
 				if err != nil {
 					b.nodes[idx].Err = err
+					errCh <- err
 				}
 				return nil
 			})
@@ -178,11 +193,15 @@ func (b *Builder) Boot(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
 	}
 
 	err = eg.Wait()
+	close(errCh)
 	err1 := printer.Wait()
 	if err == nil {
 		err = err1
 	}
 
+	if err == nil && len(errCh) == len(toBoot) {
+		return false, <-errCh
+	}
 	return true, err
 }
 
@@ -207,7 +226,7 @@ type driverFactory struct {
 }
 
 // Factory returns the driver factory.
-func (b *Builder) Factory(ctx context.Context) (_ driver.Factory, err error) {
+func (b *Builder) Factory(ctx context.Context, dialMeta map[string][]string) (_ driver.Factory, err error) {
 	b.driverFactory.once.Do(func() {
 		if b.Driver != "" {
 			b.driverFactory.Factory, err = driver.GetFactory(b.Driver, true)
@@ -230,7 +249,7 @@ func (b *Builder) Factory(ctx context.Context) (_ driver.Factory, err error) {
 			if _, err = dockerapi.Ping(ctx); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
-			b.driverFactory.Factory, err = driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, ep, dockerapi, false)
+			b.driverFactory.Factory, err = driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, ep, dockerapi, false, dialMeta)
 			if err != nil {
 				return
 			}
@@ -240,6 +259,28 @@ func (b *Builder) Factory(ctx context.Context) (_ driver.Factory, err error) {
 	return b.driverFactory.Factory, err
 }
 
+func (b *Builder) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	var berr string
+	if b.err != nil {
+		berr = strings.TrimSpace(b.err.Error())
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(struct {
+		Name         string
+		Driver       string
+		LastActivity time.Time `json:",omitempty"`
+		Dynamic      bool
+		Nodes        []Node
+		Err          string `json:",omitempty"`
+	}{
+		Name:         b.Name,
+		Driver:       b.Driver,
+		LastActivity: b.LastActivity,
+		Dynamic:      b.Dynamic,
+		Nodes:        b.nodes,
+		Err:          berr,
+	})
+}
+
 // GetBuilders returns all builders
 func GetBuilders(dockerCli command.Cli, txn *store.Txn) ([]*Builder, error) {
 	storeng, err := txn.List()
@@ -290,3 +331,347 @@ func GetBuilders(dockerCli command.Cli, txn *store.Txn) ([]*Builder, error) {
 
 	return builders, nil
 }
+
+type CreateOpts struct {
+	Name                string
+	Driver              string
+	NodeName            string
+	Platforms           []string
+	BuildkitdFlags      string
+	BuildkitdConfigFile string
+	DriverOpts          []string
+	Use                 bool
+	Endpoint            string
+	Append              bool
+}
+
+func Create(ctx context.Context, txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli, opts CreateOpts) (*Builder, error) {
+	var err error
+
+	if opts.Name == "default" {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("default is a reserved name and cannot be used to identify builder instance")
+	} else if opts.Append && opts.Name == "" {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("append requires a builder name")
+	}
+
+	name := opts.Name
+	if name == "" {
+		name, err = store.GenerateName(txn)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !opts.Append {
+		contexts, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, c := range contexts {
+			if c.Name == name {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("instance name %q already exists as context builder", name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	ng, err := txn.NodeGroupByName(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(errors.Cause(err)) {
+			if opts.Append && opts.Name != "" {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to find instance %q for append", opts.Name)
+			}
+		} else {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	buildkitHost := os.Getenv("BUILDKIT_HOST")
+
+	driverName := opts.Driver
+	if driverName == "" {
+		if ng != nil {
+			driverName = ng.Driver
+		} else if opts.Endpoint == "" && buildkitHost != "" {
+			driverName = "remote"
+		} else {
+			f, err := driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, opts.Endpoint, dockerCli.Client(), true, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if f == nil {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("no valid drivers found")
+			}
+			driverName = f.Name()
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ng != nil {
+		if opts.NodeName == "" && !opts.Append {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("existing instance for %q but no append mode, specify the node name to make changes for existing instances", name)
+		}
+		if driverName != ng.Driver {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("existing instance for %q but has mismatched driver %q", name, ng.Driver)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, err := driver.GetFactory(driverName, true); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ngOriginal := ng
+	if ngOriginal != nil {
+		ngOriginal = ngOriginal.Copy()
+	}
+
+	if ng == nil {
+		ng = &store.NodeGroup{
+			Name:   name,
+			Driver: driverName,
+		}
+	}
+
+	driverOpts, err := csvToMap(opts.DriverOpts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	buildkitdFlags, err := parseBuildkitdFlags(opts.BuildkitdFlags, driverName, driverOpts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var ep string
+	var setEp bool
+	switch {
+	case driverName == "kubernetes":
+		if opts.Endpoint != "" {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("kubernetes driver does not support endpoint args %q", opts.Endpoint)
+		}
+		// generate node name if not provided to avoid duplicated endpoint
+		// error: https://github.com/docker/setup-buildx-action/issues/215
+		nodeName := opts.NodeName
+		if nodeName == "" {
+			nodeName, err = k8sutil.GenerateNodeName(name, txn)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		// naming endpoint to make append works
+		ep = (&url.URL{
+			Scheme: driverName,
+			Path:   "/" + name,
+			RawQuery: (&url.Values{
+				"deployment": {nodeName},
+				"kubeconfig": {os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG")},
+			}).Encode(),
+		}).String()
+		setEp = false
+	case driverName == "remote":
+		if opts.Endpoint != "" {
+			ep = opts.Endpoint
+		} else if buildkitHost != "" {
+			ep = buildkitHost
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("no remote endpoint provided")
+		}
+		ep, err = validateBuildkitEndpoint(ep)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		setEp = true
+	case opts.Endpoint != "":
+		ep, err = validateEndpoint(dockerCli, opts.Endpoint)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		setEp = true
+	default:
+		if dockerCli.CurrentContext() == "default" && dockerCli.DockerEndpoint().TLSData != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("could not create a builder instance with TLS data loaded from environment. Please use `docker context create <context-name>` to create a context for current environment and then create a builder instance with context set to <context-name>")
+		}
+		ep, err = dockerutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		setEp = false
+	}
+
+	buildkitdConfigFile := opts.BuildkitdConfigFile
+	if buildkitdConfigFile == "" {
+		// if buildkit daemon config is not provided, check if the default one
+		// is available and use it
+		if f, ok := confutil.DefaultConfigFile(dockerCli); ok {
+			buildkitdConfigFile = f
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := ng.Update(opts.NodeName, ep, opts.Platforms, setEp, opts.Append, buildkitdFlags, buildkitdConfigFile, driverOpts); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := txn.Save(ng); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	b, err := New(dockerCli,
+		WithName(ng.Name),
+		WithStore(txn),
+		WithSkippedValidation(),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, WithData())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if err := node.Err; err != nil {
+			err := errors.Errorf("failed to initialize builder %s (%s): %s", ng.Name, node.Name, err)
+			var err2 error
+			if ngOriginal == nil {
+				err2 = txn.Remove(ng.Name)
+			} else {
+				err2 = txn.Save(ngOriginal)
+			}
+			if err2 != nil {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("could not rollback to previous state: %s", err2)
+			}
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if opts.Use && ep != "" {
+		current, err := dockerutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if err := txn.SetCurrent(current, ng.Name, false, false); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return b, nil
+}
+
+type LeaveOpts struct {
+	Name     string
+	NodeName string
+}
+
+func Leave(ctx context.Context, txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli, opts LeaveOpts) error {
+	if opts.Name == "" {
+		return errors.Errorf("leave requires instance name")
+	}
+	if opts.NodeName == "" {
+		return errors.Errorf("leave requires node name")
+	}
+
+	ng, err := txn.NodeGroupByName(opts.Name)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(errors.Cause(err)) {
+			return errors.Errorf("failed to find instance %q for leave", opts.Name)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := ng.Leave(opts.NodeName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ls, err := localstate.New(confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := ls.RemoveBuilderNode(ng.Name, opts.NodeName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return txn.Save(ng)
+}
+
+func csvToMap(in []string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	if len(in) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	m := make(map[string]string, len(in))
+	for _, s := range in {
+		csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(s))
+		fields, err := csvReader.Read()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, v := range fields {
+			p := strings.SplitN(v, "=", 2)
+			if len(p) != 2 {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid value %q, expecting k=v", v)
+			}
+			m[p[0]] = p[1]
+		}
+	}
+	return m, nil
+}
+
+// validateEndpoint validates that endpoint is either a context or a docker host
+func validateEndpoint(dockerCli command.Cli, ep string) (string, error) {
+	dem, err := dockerutil.GetDockerEndpoint(dockerCli, ep)
+	if err == nil && dem != nil {
+		if ep == "default" {
+			return dem.Host, nil
+		}
+		return ep, nil
+	}
+	h, err := dopts.ParseHost(true, ep)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse endpoint %s", ep)
+	}
+	return h, nil
+}
+
+// validateBuildkitEndpoint validates that endpoint is a valid buildkit host
+func validateBuildkitEndpoint(ep string) (string, error) {
+	if err := remoteutil.IsValidEndpoint(ep); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return ep, nil
+}
+
+// parseBuildkitdFlags parses buildkit flags
+func parseBuildkitdFlags(inp string, driver string, driverOpts map[string]string) (res []string, err error) {
+	if inp != "" {
+		res, err = shlex.Split(inp)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to parse buildkit flags")
+		}
+	}
+
+	var allowInsecureEntitlements []string
+	flags := pflag.NewFlagSet("buildkitd", pflag.ContinueOnError)
+	flags.Usage = func() {}
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&allowInsecureEntitlements, "allow-insecure-entitlement", nil, "")
+	_ = flags.Parse(res)
+
+	var hasNetworkHostEntitlement bool
+	for _, e := range allowInsecureEntitlements {
+		if e == "network.host" {
+			hasNetworkHostEntitlement = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := driverOpts["network"]; ok && v == "host" && !hasNetworkHostEntitlement && driver == "docker-container" {
+		// always set network.host entitlement if user has set network=host
+		res = append(res, "--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host")
+	} else if len(allowInsecureEntitlements) == 0 && (driver == "kubernetes" || driver == "docker-container") {
+		// set network.host entitlement if user does not provide any as
+		// network is isolated for container drivers.
+		res = append(res, "--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host")
+	}
+
+	return res, nil
+}

builder/builder_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+package builder
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCsvToMap(t *testing.T) {
+	d := []string{
+		"\"tolerations=key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,value=bar2\",replicas=1",
+		"namespace=default",
+	}
+	r, err := csvToMap(d)
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Contains(t, r, "tolerations")
+	require.Equal(t, r["tolerations"], "key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,value=bar2")
+
+	require.Contains(t, r, "replicas")
+	require.Equal(t, r["replicas"], "1")
+
+	require.Contains(t, r, "namespace")
+	require.Equal(t, r["namespace"], "default")
+}
+
+func TestParseBuildkitdFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name       string
+		flags      string
+		driver     string
+		driverOpts map[string]string
+		expected   []string
+		wantErr    bool
+	}{
+		{
+			"docker-container no flags",
+			"",
+			"docker-container",
+			nil,
+			[]string{
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host",
+			},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"kubernetes no flags",
+			"",
+			"kubernetes",
+			nil,
+			[]string{
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host",
+			},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"remote no flags",
+			"",
+			"remote",
+			nil,
+			nil,
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"docker-container with insecure flag",
+			"--allow-insecure-entitlement=security.insecure",
+			"docker-container",
+			nil,
+			[]string{
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=security.insecure",
+			},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"docker-container with insecure and host flag",
+			"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host --allow-insecure-entitlement=security.insecure",
+			"docker-container",
+			nil,
+			[]string{
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host",
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=security.insecure",
+			},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"docker-container with network host opt",
+			"",
+			"docker-container",
+			map[string]string{"network": "host"},
+			[]string{
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host",
+			},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"docker-container with host flag and network host opt",
+			"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host",
+			"docker-container",
+			map[string]string{"network": "host"},
+			[]string{
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host",
+			},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"docker-container with insecure, host flag and network host opt",
+			"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host --allow-insecure-entitlement=security.insecure",
+			"docker-container",
+			map[string]string{"network": "host"},
+			[]string{
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host",
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=security.insecure",
+			},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"error parsing flags",
+			"foo'",
+			"docker-container",
+			nil,
+			nil,
+			true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range testCases {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			flags, err := parseBuildkitdFlags(tt.flags, tt.driver, tt.driverOpts)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				return
+			}
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, flags)
+		})
+	}
+}

builder/node.go

@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ package builder
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	ctxkube "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes/context"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
@@ -22,15 +26,18 @@ import (
 type Node struct {
 	store.Node
 	Builder     string
-	Driver      driver.Driver
+	Driver      *driver.DriverHandle
 	DriverInfo  *driver.Info
-	Platforms   []ocispecs.Platform
-	GCPolicy    []client.PruneInfo
-	Labels      map[string]string
 	ImageOpt    imagetools.Opt
 	ProxyConfig map[string]string
 	Version     string
 	Err         error
+
+	// worker settings
+	IDs       []string
+	Platforms []ocispecs.Platform
+	GCPolicy  []client.PruneInfo
+	Labels    map[string]string
 }
 
 // Nodes returns nodes for this builder.
@@ -38,9 +45,35 @@ func (b *Builder) Nodes() []Node {
 	return b.nodes
 }
 
+type LoadNodesOption func(*loadNodesOptions)
+
+type loadNodesOptions struct {
+	data     bool
+	dialMeta map[string][]string
+}
+
+func WithData() LoadNodesOption {
+	return func(o *loadNodesOptions) {
+		o.data = true
+	}
+}
+
+func WithDialMeta(dialMeta map[string][]string) LoadNodesOption {
+	return func(o *loadNodesOptions) {
+		o.dialMeta = dialMeta
+	}
+}
+
 // LoadNodes loads and returns nodes for this builder.
 // TODO: this should be a method on a Node object and lazy load data for each driver.
-func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err error) {
+func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, opts ...LoadNodesOption) (_ []Node, err error) {
+	lno := loadNodesOptions{
+		data: false,
+	}
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(&lno)
+	}
+
 	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 	b.nodes = make([]Node, len(b.NodeGroup.Nodes))
 
@@ -50,7 +83,7 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 		}
 	}()
 
-	factory, err := b.Factory(ctx)
+	factory, err := b.Factory(ctx, lno.dialMeta)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -82,12 +115,12 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 				contextStore := b.opts.dockerCli.ContextStore()
 
 				var kcc driver.KubeClientConfig
-				kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromContext(n.Endpoint, contextStore)
+				kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromEndpoint(n.Endpoint, contextStore)
 				if err != nil {
 					// err is returned if n.Endpoint is non-context name like "unix:///var/run/docker.sock".
 					// try again with name="default".
 					// FIXME(@AkihiroSuda): n should retain real context name.
-					kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromContext("default", contextStore)
+					kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromEndpoint("default", contextStore)
 					if err != nil {
 						logrus.Error(err)
 					}
@@ -109,7 +142,7 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 					}
 				}
 
-				d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_"+n.Name, factory, n.Endpoint, dockerapi, imageopt.Auth, kcc, n.Flags, n.Files, n.DriverOpts, n.Platforms, b.opts.contextPathHash)
+				d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, driver.BuilderName(n.Name), factory, n.Endpoint, dockerapi, imageopt.Auth, kcc, n.BuildkitdFlags, n.Files, n.DriverOpts, n.Platforms, b.opts.contextPathHash, lno.dialMeta)
 				if err != nil {
 					node.Err = err
 					return nil
@@ -117,7 +150,7 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 				node.Driver = d
 				node.ImageOpt = imageopt
 
-				if withData {
+				if lno.data {
 					if err := node.loadData(ctx); err != nil {
 						node.Err = err
 					}
@@ -132,7 +165,7 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 	}
 
 	// TODO: This should be done in the routine loading driver data
-	if withData {
+	if lno.data {
 		kubernetesDriverCount := 0
 		for _, d := range b.nodes {
 			if d.DriverInfo != nil && len(d.DriverInfo.DynamicNodes) > 0 {
@@ -169,6 +202,51 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 	return b.nodes, nil
 }
 
+func (n *Node) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	var status string
+	if n.DriverInfo != nil {
+		status = n.DriverInfo.Status.String()
+	}
+	var nerr string
+	if n.Err != nil {
+		status = "error"
+		nerr = strings.TrimSpace(n.Err.Error())
+	}
+	var pp []string
+	for _, p := range n.Platforms {
+		pp = append(pp, platforms.Format(p))
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(struct {
+		Name           string
+		Endpoint       string
+		BuildkitdFlags []string           `json:"Flags,omitempty"`
+		DriverOpts     map[string]string  `json:",omitempty"`
+		Files          map[string][]byte  `json:",omitempty"`
+		Status         string             `json:",omitempty"`
+		ProxyConfig    map[string]string  `json:",omitempty"`
+		Version        string             `json:",omitempty"`
+		Err            string             `json:",omitempty"`
+		IDs            []string           `json:",omitempty"`
+		Platforms      []string           `json:",omitempty"`
+		GCPolicy       []client.PruneInfo `json:",omitempty"`
+		Labels         map[string]string  `json:",omitempty"`
+	}{
+		Name:           n.Name,
+		Endpoint:       n.Endpoint,
+		BuildkitdFlags: n.BuildkitdFlags,
+		DriverOpts:     n.DriverOpts,
+		Files:          n.Files,
+		Status:         status,
+		ProxyConfig:    n.ProxyConfig,
+		Version:        n.Version,
+		Err:            nerr,
+		IDs:            n.IDs,
+		Platforms:      pp,
+		GCPolicy:       n.GCPolicy,
+		Labels:         n.Labels,
+	})
+}
+
 func (n *Node) loadData(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if n.Driver == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -188,12 +266,14 @@ func (n *Node) loadData(ctx context.Context) error {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
 		}
 		for idx, w := range workers {
+			n.IDs = append(n.IDs, w.ID)
 			n.Platforms = append(n.Platforms, w.Platforms...)
 			if idx == 0 {
 				n.GCPolicy = w.GCPolicy
 				n.Labels = w.Labels
 			}
 		}
+		sort.Strings(n.IDs)
 		n.Platforms = platformutil.Dedupe(n.Platforms)
 		inf, err := driverClient.Info(ctx)
 		if err != nil {

commands/bake.go

@@ -4,13 +4,16 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/containerd/console"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/bake"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
@@ -19,7 +22,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/tracing"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/identity"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -37,9 +41,7 @@ type bakeOptions struct {
 	exportLoad   bool
 }
 
-func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags commonFlags) (err error) {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
+func runBake(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags commonFlags) (err error) {
 	ctx, end, err := tracing.TraceCurrentCommand(ctx, "bake")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -70,12 +72,10 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 
 	overrides := in.overrides
 	if in.exportPush {
-		if in.exportLoad {
-			return errors.Errorf("push and load may not be set together at the moment")
-		}
 		overrides = append(overrides, "*.push=true")
-	} else if in.exportLoad {
-		overrides = append(overrides, "*.output=type=docker")
+	}
+	if in.exportLoad {
+		overrides = append(overrides, "*.load=true")
 	}
 	if cFlags.noCache != nil {
 		overrides = append(overrides, fmt.Sprintf("*.no-cache=%t", *cFlags.noCache))
@@ -95,8 +95,6 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 	defer cancel()
 
 	var nodes []builder.Node
-	var files []bake.File
-	var inp *bake.Input
 	var progressConsoleDesc, progressTextDesc string
 
 	// instance only needed for reading remote bake files or building
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 		if err = updateLastActivity(dockerCli, b.NodeGroup); err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to update builder last activity time")
 		}
-		nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+		nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -124,7 +122,8 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 		term = true
 	}
 
-	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, cFlags.progress,
+	progressMode := progressui.DisplayMode(cFlags.progress)
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, progressMode,
 		progress.WithDesc(progressTextDesc, progressConsoleDesc),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -137,21 +136,21 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 			if err == nil {
 				err = err1
 			}
-			if err == nil && cFlags.progress != progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+			if err == nil && progressMode != progressui.QuietMode && progressMode != progressui.RawJSONMode {
 				desktop.PrintBuildDetails(os.Stderr, printer.BuildRefs(), term)
 			}
 		}
 	}()
 
-	if url != "" {
-		files, inp, err = bake.ReadRemoteFiles(ctx, nodes, url, in.files, printer)
-	} else {
-		files, err = bake.ReadLocalFiles(in.files)
-	}
+	files, inp, err := readBakeFiles(ctx, nodes, url, in.files, dockerCli.In(), printer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if len(files) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("couldn't find a bake definition")
+	}
+
 	tgts, grps, err := bake.ReadTargets(ctx, files, targets, overrides, map[string]string{
 		// don't forget to update documentation if you add a new
 		// built-in variable: docs/bake-reference.md#built-in-variables
@@ -181,14 +180,16 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 		return err
 	}
 
+	def := struct {
+		Group  map[string]*bake.Group  `json:"group,omitempty"`
+		Target map[string]*bake.Target `json:"target"`
+	}{
+		Group:  grps,
+		Target: tgts,
+	}
+
 	if in.printOnly {
-		dt, err := json.MarshalIndent(struct {
-			Group  map[string]*bake.Group  `json:"group,omitempty"`
-			Target map[string]*bake.Target `json:"target"`
-		}{
-			grps,
-			tgts,
-		}, "", "  ")
+		dt, err := json.MarshalIndent(def, "", "  ")
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -201,6 +202,28 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	groupRef := identity.NewID()
+	var refs []string
+	for k, b := range bo {
+		b.Ref = identity.NewID()
+		b.GroupRef = groupRef
+		b.WithProvenanceResponse = len(in.metadataFile) > 0
+		refs = append(refs, b.Ref)
+		bo[k] = b
+	}
+	dt, err := json.Marshal(def)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := saveLocalStateGroup(dockerCli, groupRef, localstate.StateGroup{
+		Definition: dt,
+		Targets:    targets,
+		Inputs:     overrides,
+		Refs:       refs,
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	resp, err := build.Build(ctx, nodes, bo, dockerutil.NewClient(dockerCli), confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli), printer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return wrapBuildError(err, true)
@@ -238,7 +261,7 @@ func bakeCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 			options.builder = rootOpts.builder
 			options.metadataFile = cFlags.metadataFile
 			// Other common flags (noCache, pull and progress) are processed in runBake function.
-			return runBake(dockerCli, args, options, cFlags)
+			return runBake(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, args, options, cFlags)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.BakeTargets(options.files),
 	}
@@ -257,3 +280,54 @@ func bakeCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 	return cmd
 }
+
+func saveLocalStateGroup(dockerCli command.Cli, ref string, lsg localstate.StateGroup) error {
+	l, err := localstate.New(confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return l.SaveGroup(ref, lsg)
+}
+
+func readBakeFiles(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, url string, names []string, stdin io.Reader, pw progress.Writer) (files []bake.File, inp *bake.Input, err error) {
+	var lnames []string // local
+	var rnames []string // remote
+	var anames []string // both
+	for _, v := range names {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "cwd://") {
+			tname := strings.TrimPrefix(v, "cwd://")
+			lnames = append(lnames, tname)
+			anames = append(anames, tname)
+		} else {
+			rnames = append(rnames, v)
+			anames = append(anames, v)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if url != "" {
+		var rfiles []bake.File
+		rfiles, inp, err = bake.ReadRemoteFiles(ctx, nodes, url, rnames, pw)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		files = append(files, rfiles...)
+	}
+
+	if len(lnames) > 0 || url == "" {
+		var lfiles []bake.File
+		progress.Wrap("[internal] load local bake definitions", pw.Write, func(sub progress.SubLogger) error {
+			if url != "" {
+				lfiles, err = bake.ReadLocalFiles(lnames, stdin, sub)
+			} else {
+				lfiles, err = bake.ReadLocalFiles(anames, stdin, sub)
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		files = append(files, lfiles...)
+	}
+
+	return
+}

commands/build.go

@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/csv"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -13,10 +15,13 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/containerd/console"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/commands/debug"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller"
 	cbuild "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/control"
@@ -26,8 +31,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/desktop"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/ioset"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/metricutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/osutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/tracing"
 	"github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool/annotation"
@@ -39,21 +48,25 @@ import (
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/exporter/containerimage/exptypes"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests/lint"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests/outline"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests/targets"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/grpcerrors"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
 	"github.com/morikuni/aec"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 )
 
 type buildOptions struct {
 	allow          []string
+	annotations    []string
 	buildArgs      []string
 	cacheFrom      []string
 	cacheTo        []string
@@ -76,9 +89,6 @@ type buildOptions struct {
 	target         string
 	ulimits        *dockeropts.UlimitOpt
 
-	invoke  *invokeConfig
-	noBuild bool
-
 	attests    []string
 	sbom       string
 	provenance string
@@ -94,30 +104,45 @@ type buildOptions struct {
 	exportLoad   bool
 
 	control.ControlOptions
+
+	invokeConfig *invokeConfig
 }
 
 func (o *buildOptions) toControllerOptions() (*controllerapi.BuildOptions, error) {
 	var err error
+
+	buildArgs, err := listToMap(o.buildArgs, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	labels, err := listToMap(o.labels, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	opts := controllerapi.BuildOptions{
-		Allow:          o.allow,
-		BuildArgs:      listToMap(o.buildArgs, true),
-		CgroupParent:   o.cgroupParent,
-		ContextPath:    o.contextPath,
-		DockerfileName: o.dockerfileName,
-		ExtraHosts:     o.extraHosts,
-		Labels:         listToMap(o.labels, false),
-		NetworkMode:    o.networkMode,
-		NoCacheFilter:  o.noCacheFilter,
-		Platforms:      o.platforms,
-		ShmSize:        int64(o.shmSize),
-		Tags:           o.tags,
-		Target:         o.target,
-		Ulimits:        dockerUlimitToControllerUlimit(o.ulimits),
-		Builder:        o.builder,
-		NoCache:        o.noCache,
-		Pull:           o.pull,
-		ExportPush:     o.exportPush,
-		ExportLoad:     o.exportLoad,
+		Allow:                  o.allow,
+		Annotations:            o.annotations,
+		BuildArgs:              buildArgs,
+		CgroupParent:           o.cgroupParent,
+		ContextPath:            o.contextPath,
+		DockerfileName:         o.dockerfileName,
+		ExtraHosts:             o.extraHosts,
+		Labels:                 labels,
+		NetworkMode:            o.networkMode,
+		NoCacheFilter:          o.noCacheFilter,
+		Platforms:              o.platforms,
+		ShmSize:                int64(o.shmSize),
+		Tags:                   o.tags,
+		Target:                 o.target,
+		Ulimits:                dockerUlimitToControllerUlimit(o.ulimits),
+		Builder:                o.builder,
+		NoCache:                o.noCache,
+		Pull:                   o.pull,
+		ExportPush:             o.exportPush,
+		ExportLoad:             o.exportLoad,
+		WithProvenanceResponse: len(o.metadataFile) > 0,
 	}
 
 	// TODO: extract env var parsing to a method easily usable by library consumers
@@ -185,24 +210,67 @@ func (o *buildOptions) toControllerOptions() (*controllerapi.BuildOptions, error
 	return &opts, nil
 }
 
-func (o *buildOptions) toProgress() (string, error) {
-	switch o.progress {
-	case progress.PrinterModeAuto, progress.PrinterModeTty, progress.PrinterModePlain, progress.PrinterModeQuiet:
-	default:
-		return "", errors.Errorf("progress=%s is not a valid progress option", o.progress)
-	}
-
+func (o *buildOptions) toDisplayMode() (progressui.DisplayMode, error) {
+	progress := progressui.DisplayMode(o.progress)
 	if o.quiet {
-		if o.progress != progress.PrinterModeAuto && o.progress != progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+		if progress != progressui.AutoMode && progress != progressui.QuietMode {
 			return "", errors.Errorf("progress=%s and quiet cannot be used together", o.progress)
 		}
-		return progress.PrinterModeQuiet, nil
+		return progressui.QuietMode, nil
 	}
-	return o.progress, nil
+	return progress, nil
 }
 
-func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
+func buildMetricAttributes(dockerCli command.Cli, b *builder.Builder, options *buildOptions) attribute.Set {
+	return attribute.NewSet(
+		attribute.String("command.name", "build"),
+		attribute.Stringer("command.options.hash", &buildOptionsHash{
+			buildOptions: options,
+			configDir:    confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli),
+		}),
+		attribute.String("driver.name", options.builder),
+		attribute.String("driver.type", b.Driver),
+	)
+}
+
+// buildOptionsHash computes a hash for the buildOptions when the String method is invoked.
+// This is done so we can delay the computation of the hash until needed by OTEL using
+// the fmt.Stringer interface.
+type buildOptionsHash struct {
+	*buildOptions
+	configDir  string
+	result     string
+	resultOnce sync.Once
+}
+
+func (o *buildOptionsHash) String() string {
+	o.resultOnce.Do(func() {
+		target := o.target
+		contextPath := o.contextPath
+		dockerfile := o.dockerfileName
+		if dockerfile == "" {
+			dockerfile = "Dockerfile"
+		}
+
+		if contextPath != "-" && osutil.IsLocalDir(contextPath) {
+			contextPath = osutil.ToAbs(contextPath)
+		}
+		salt := confutil.TryNodeIdentifier(o.configDir)
+
+		h := sha256.New()
+		for _, s := range []string{target, contextPath, dockerfile, salt} {
+			_, _ = io.WriteString(h, s)
+			h.Write([]byte{0})
+		}
+		o.result = hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil))
+	})
+	return o.result
+}
+
+func runBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
+	mp := dockerCli.MeterProvider(ctx)
+	defer metricutil.Shutdown(ctx, mp)
+
 	ctx, end, err := tracing.TraceCurrentCommand(ctx, "build")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -234,7 +302,7 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	_, err = b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -243,19 +311,21 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
 	if _, err := console.ConsoleFromFile(os.Stderr); err == nil {
 		term = true
 	}
+	attributes := buildMetricAttributes(dockerCli, b, &options)
 
 	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
 	defer cancel()
-	progressMode, err := options.toProgress()
+	progressMode, err := options.toDisplayMode()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	var printer *progress.Printer
-	printer, err = progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, progressMode,
+	printer, err = progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, progressMode,
 		progress.WithDesc(
 			fmt.Sprintf("building with %q instance using %s driver", b.Name, b.Driver),
 			fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", b.Driver, b.Name),
 		),
+		progress.WithMetrics(mp, attributes),
 		progress.WithOnClose(func() {
 			printWarnings(os.Stderr, printer.Warnings(), progressMode)
 		}),
@@ -264,9 +334,10 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	done := timeBuildCommand(mp, attributes)
 	var resp *client.SolveResponse
 	var retErr error
-	if isExperimental() {
+	if confutil.IsExperimental() {
 		resp, retErr = runControllerBuild(ctx, dockerCli, opts, options, printer)
 	} else {
 		resp, retErr = runBasicBuild(ctx, dockerCli, opts, options, printer)
@@ -275,14 +346,19 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
 	if err := printer.Wait(); retErr == nil {
 		retErr = err
 	}
+
+	done(retErr)
 	if retErr != nil {
 		return retErr
 	}
 
-	if progressMode != progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
-		desktop.PrintBuildDetails(os.Stderr, printer.BuildRefs(), term)
-	} else {
+	switch progressMode {
+	case progressui.RawJSONMode:
+		// no additional display
+	case progressui.QuietMode:
 		fmt.Println(getImageID(resp.ExporterResponse))
+	default:
+		desktop.PrintBuildDetails(os.Stderr, printer.BuildRefs(), term)
 	}
 	if options.imageIDFile != "" {
 		if err := os.WriteFile(options.imageIDFile, []byte(getImageID(resp.ExporterResponse)), 0644); err != nil {
@@ -312,7 +388,7 @@ func getImageID(resp map[string]string) string {
 }
 
 func runBasicBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *controllerapi.BuildOptions, options buildOptions, printer *progress.Printer) (*client.SolveResponse, error) {
-	resp, res, err := cbuild.RunBuild(ctx, dockerCli, *opts, os.Stdin, printer, false)
+	resp, res, err := cbuild.RunBuild(ctx, dockerCli, *opts, dockerCli.In(), printer, false)
 	if res != nil {
 		res.Done()
 	}
@@ -320,11 +396,10 @@ func runBasicBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *controllera
 }
 
 func runControllerBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *controllerapi.BuildOptions, options buildOptions, printer *progress.Printer) (*client.SolveResponse, error) {
-	if options.invoke != nil && (options.dockerfileName == "-" || options.contextPath == "-") {
+	if options.invokeConfig != nil && (options.dockerfileName == "-" || options.contextPath == "-") {
 		// stdin must be usable for monitor
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("Dockerfile or context from stdin is not supported with invoke")
 	}
-
 	c, err := controller.NewController(ctx, options.ControlOptions, dockerCli, printer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -345,28 +420,36 @@ func runControllerBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *contro
 	var ref string
 	var retErr error
 	var resp *client.SolveResponse
-	f := ioset.NewSingleForwarder()
-	f.SetReader(os.Stdin)
-	if !options.noBuild {
-		pr, pw := io.Pipe()
+
+	var f *ioset.SingleForwarder
+	var pr io.ReadCloser
+	var pw io.WriteCloser
+	if options.invokeConfig == nil {
+		pr = dockerCli.In()
+	} else {
+		f = ioset.NewSingleForwarder()
+		f.SetReader(dockerCli.In())
+		pr, pw = io.Pipe()
 		f.SetWriter(pw, func() io.WriteCloser {
 			pw.Close() // propagate EOF
 			logrus.Debug("propagating stdin close")
 			return nil
 		})
+	}
 
-		ref, resp, err = c.Build(ctx, *opts, pr, printer)
-		if err != nil {
-			var be *controllererrors.BuildError
-			if errors.As(err, &be) {
-				ref = be.Ref
-				retErr = err
-				// We can proceed to monitor
-			} else {
-				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to build")
-			}
+	ref, resp, err = c.Build(ctx, *opts, pr, printer)
+	if err != nil {
+		var be *controllererrors.BuildError
+		if errors.As(err, &be) {
+			ref = be.Ref
+			retErr = err
+			// We can proceed to monitor
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to build")
 		}
+	}
 
+	if options.invokeConfig != nil {
 		if err := pw.Close(); err != nil {
 			logrus.Debug("failed to close stdin pipe writer")
 		}
@@ -375,28 +458,28 @@ func runControllerBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *contro
 		}
 	}
 
-	// post-build operations
-	if options.invoke != nil && options.invoke.needsMonitor(retErr) {
+	if options.invokeConfig != nil && options.invokeConfig.needsDebug(retErr) {
+		// Print errors before launching monitor
+		if err := printError(retErr, printer); err != nil {
+			logrus.Warnf("failed to print error information: %v", err)
+		}
+
 		pr2, pw2 := io.Pipe()
 		f.SetWriter(pw2, func() io.WriteCloser {
 			pw2.Close() // propagate EOF
 			return nil
 		})
-		con := console.Current()
-		if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
-			if err := c.Disconnect(ctx, ref); err != nil {
-				logrus.Warnf("disconnect error: %v", err)
-			}
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
-		}
-		err = monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, ref, opts, options.invoke.InvokeConfig, c, pr2, os.Stdout, os.Stderr, printer)
-		con.Reset()
+		monitorBuildResult, err := options.invokeConfig.runDebug(ctx, ref, opts, c, pr2, os.Stdout, os.Stderr, printer)
 		if err := pw2.Close(); err != nil {
 			logrus.Debug("failed to close monitor stdin pipe reader")
 		}
 		if err != nil {
 			logrus.Warnf("failed to run monitor: %v", err)
 		}
+		if monitorBuildResult != nil {
+			// Update return values with the last build result from monitor
+			resp, retErr = monitorBuildResult.Resp, monitorBuildResult.Err
+		}
 	} else {
 		if err := c.Disconnect(ctx, ref); err != nil {
 			logrus.Warnf("disconnect error: %v", err)
@@ -406,10 +489,37 @@ func runControllerBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *contro
 	return resp, retErr
 }
 
-func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
-	options := buildOptions{}
+func printError(err error, printer *progress.Printer) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := printer.Pause(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer printer.Unpause()
+	for _, s := range errdefs.Sources(err) {
+		s.Print(os.Stderr)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "ERROR: %v\n", err)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func newDebuggableBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) debug.DebuggableCmd {
+	return &debuggableBuild{dockerCli: dockerCli, rootOpts: rootOpts}
+}
+
+type debuggableBuild struct {
+	dockerCli command.Cli
+	rootOpts  *rootOptions
+}
+
+func (b *debuggableBuild) NewDebugger(cfg *debug.DebugConfig) *cobra.Command {
+	return buildCmd(b.dockerCli, b.rootOpts, cfg)
+}
+
+func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions, debugConfig *debug.DebugConfig) *cobra.Command {
 	cFlags := &commonFlags{}
-	var invokeFlag string
+	options := &buildOptions{}
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "build [OPTIONS] PATH | URL | -",
@@ -431,15 +541,15 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 			options.progress = cFlags.progress
 			cmd.Flags().VisitAll(checkWarnedFlags)
 
-			if invokeFlag != "" {
-				invoke, err := parseInvokeConfig(invokeFlag)
-				if err != nil {
+			if debugConfig != nil && (debugConfig.InvokeFlag != "" || debugConfig.OnFlag != "") {
+				iConfig := new(invokeConfig)
+				if err := iConfig.parseInvokeConfig(debugConfig.InvokeFlag, debugConfig.OnFlag); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				options.invoke = &invoke
-				options.noBuild = invokeFlag == "debug-shell"
+				options.invokeConfig = iConfig
 			}
-			return runBuild(dockerCli, options)
+
+			return runBuild(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, *options)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 			return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
@@ -454,25 +564,27 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 
 	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.extraHosts, "add-host", []string{}, `Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: "host:ip")`)
-	flags.SetAnnotation("add-host", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-host"})
+	flags.SetAnnotation("add-host", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#add-host"})
 
 	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.allow, "allow", []string{}, `Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., "network.host", "security.insecure")`)
 
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.annotations, "annotation", "", []string{}, "Add annotation to the image")
+
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.buildArgs, "build-arg", []string{}, "Set build-time variables")
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheFrom, "cache-from", []string{}, `External cache sources (e.g., "user/app:cache", "type=local,src=path/to/dir")`)
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheTo, "cache-to", []string{}, `Cache export destinations (e.g., "user/app:cache", "type=local,dest=path/to/dir")`)
 
-	flags.StringVar(&options.cgroupParent, "cgroup-parent", "", "Optional parent cgroup for the container")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("cgroup-parent", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#cgroup-parent"})
+	flags.StringVar(&options.cgroupParent, "cgroup-parent", "", `Set the parent cgroup for the "RUN" instructions during build`)
+	flags.SetAnnotation("cgroup-parent", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#cgroup-parent"})
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.contexts, "build-context", []string{}, "Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)")
 
 	flags.StringVarP(&options.dockerfileName, "file", "f", "", `Name of the Dockerfile (default: "PATH/Dockerfile")`)
-	flags.SetAnnotation("file", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file"})
+	flags.SetAnnotation("file", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#file"})
 
-	flags.StringVar(&options.imageIDFile, "iidfile", "", "Write the image ID to the file")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.imageIDFile, "iidfile", "", "Write the image ID to a file")
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.labels, "label", []string{}, "Set metadata for an image")
 
@@ -486,8 +598,9 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.platforms, "platform", platformsDefault, "Set target platform for build")
 
-	if isExperimental() {
-		flags.StringVar(&options.printFunc, "print", "", "Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) [experimental]")
+	if confutil.IsExperimental() {
+		flags.StringVar(&options.printFunc, "print", "", "Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets)")
+		cobrautil.MarkFlagsExperimental(flags, "print")
 	}
 
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, `Shorthand for "--output=type=registry"`)
@@ -496,15 +609,15 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.secrets, "secret", []string{}, `Secret to expose to the build (format: "id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]")`)
 
-	flags.Var(&options.shmSize, "shm-size", `Size of "/dev/shm"`)
+	flags.Var(&options.shmSize, "shm-size", `Shared memory size for build containers`)
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.ssh, "ssh", []string{}, `SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: "default|<id>[=<socket>|<key>[,<key>]]")`)
 
 	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.tags, "tag", "t", []string{}, `Name and optionally a tag (format: "name:tag")`)
-	flags.SetAnnotation("tag", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag"})
+	flags.SetAnnotation("tag", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#tag"})
 
 	flags.StringVar(&options.target, "target", "", "Set the target build stage to build")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("target", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#target"})
+	flags.SetAnnotation("target", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#target"})
 
 	options.ulimits = dockeropts.NewUlimitOpt(nil)
 	flags.Var(options.ulimits, "ulimit", "Ulimit options")
@@ -513,11 +626,12 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.StringVar(&options.sbom, "sbom", "", `Shorthand for "--attest=type=sbom"`)
 	flags.StringVar(&options.provenance, "provenance", "", `Shorthand for "--attest=type=provenance"`)
 
-	if isExperimental() {
-		flags.StringVar(&invokeFlag, "invoke", "", "Invoke a command after the build [experimental]")
-		flags.StringVar(&options.Root, "root", "", "Specify root directory of server to connect [experimental]")
-		flags.BoolVar(&options.Detach, "detach", false, "Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) [experimental]")
-		flags.StringVar(&options.ServerConfig, "server-config", "", "Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) [experimental]")
+	if confutil.IsExperimental() {
+		// TODO: move this to debug command if needed
+		flags.StringVar(&options.Root, "root", "", "Specify root directory of server to connect")
+		flags.BoolVar(&options.Detach, "detach", false, "Detach buildx server (supported only on linux)")
+		flags.StringVar(&options.ServerConfig, "server-config", "", "Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server)")
+		cobrautil.MarkFlagsExperimental(flags, "root", "detach", "server-config")
 	}
 
 	// hidden flags
@@ -540,6 +654,7 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.BoolVar(&ignoreBool, "squash", false, "Squash newly built layers into a single new layer")
 	flags.MarkHidden("squash")
 	flags.SetAnnotation("squash", "flag-warn", []string{"experimental flag squash is removed with BuildKit. You should squash inside build using a multi-stage Dockerfile for efficiency."})
+	cobrautil.MarkFlagsExperimental(flags, "squash")
 
 	flags.StringVarP(&ignore, "memory", "m", "", "Memory limit")
 	flags.MarkHidden("memory")
@@ -584,7 +699,7 @@ func commonBuildFlags(options *commonFlags, flags *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	options.noCache = flags.Bool("no-cache", false, "Do not use cache when building the image")
 	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty"). Use plain to show container output`)
 	options.pull = flags.Bool("pull", false, "Always attempt to pull all referenced images")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.metadataFile, "metadata-file", "", "Write build result metadata to the file")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.metadataFile, "metadata-file", "", "Write build result metadata to a file")
 }
 
 func checkWarnedFlags(f *pflag.Flag) {
@@ -656,14 +771,6 @@ func (w *wrapped) Unwrap() error {
 	return w.err
 }
 
-func isExperimental() bool {
-	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL"); ok {
-		vv, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v)
-		return vv
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 func updateLastActivity(dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup) error {
 	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -673,97 +780,24 @@ func updateLastActivity(dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup) error {
 	return txn.UpdateLastActivity(ng)
 }
 
-type invokeConfig struct {
-	controllerapi.InvokeConfig
-	invokeFlag string
-}
-
-func (cfg *invokeConfig) needsMonitor(retErr error) bool {
-	switch cfg.invokeFlag {
-	case "debug-shell":
-		return true
-	case "on-error":
-		return retErr != nil
-	default:
-		return cfg.invokeFlag != ""
-	}
-}
-
-func parseInvokeConfig(invoke string) (cfg invokeConfig, err error) {
-	cfg.invokeFlag = invoke
-	cfg.Tty = true
-	switch invoke {
-	case "default", "debug-shell":
-		return cfg, nil
-	case "on-error":
-		// NOTE: we overwrite the command to run because the original one should fail on the failed step.
-		// TODO: make this configurable via flags or restorable from LLB.
-		// Discussion: https://github.com/docker/buildx/pull/1640#discussion_r1113295900
-		cfg.Cmd = []string{"/bin/sh"}
-		return cfg, nil
-	}
-
-	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(invoke))
-	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
-	if err != nil {
-		return cfg, err
-	}
-	if len(fields) == 1 && !strings.Contains(fields[0], "=") {
-		cfg.Cmd = []string{fields[0]}
-		return cfg, nil
-	}
-	cfg.NoUser = true
-	cfg.NoCwd = true
-	for _, field := range fields {
-		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
-		if len(parts) != 2 {
-			return cfg, errors.Errorf("invalid value %s", field)
-		}
-		key := strings.ToLower(parts[0])
-		value := parts[1]
-		switch key {
-		case "args":
-			cfg.Cmd = append(cfg.Cmd, value) // TODO: support JSON
-		case "entrypoint":
-			cfg.Entrypoint = append(cfg.Entrypoint, value) // TODO: support JSON
-		case "env":
-			cfg.Env = append(cfg.Env, value)
-		case "user":
-			cfg.User = value
-			cfg.NoUser = false
-		case "cwd":
-			cfg.Cwd = value
-			cfg.NoCwd = false
-		case "tty":
-			cfg.Tty, err = strconv.ParseBool(value)
-			if err != nil {
-				return cfg, errors.Errorf("failed to parse tty: %v", err)
-			}
-		default:
-			return cfg, errors.Errorf("unknown key %q", key)
-		}
-	}
-	return cfg, nil
-}
-
-func listToMap(values []string, defaultEnv bool) map[string]string {
+func listToMap(values []string, defaultEnv bool) (map[string]string, error) {
 	result := make(map[string]string, len(values))
 	for _, value := range values {
-		kv := strings.SplitN(value, "=", 2)
-		if len(kv) == 1 {
-			if defaultEnv {
-				v, ok := os.LookupEnv(kv[0])
-				if ok {
-					result[kv[0]] = v
-				}
-			} else {
-				result[kv[0]] = ""
+		k, v, hasValue := strings.Cut(value, "=")
+		if k == "" {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid key-value pair %q: empty key", value)
+		}
+		if hasValue {
+			result[k] = v
+		} else if defaultEnv {
+			if envVal, ok := os.LookupEnv(k); ok {
+				result[k] = envVal
 			}
 		} else {
-			result[kv[0]] = kv[1]
+			result[k] = ""
 		}
 	}
-	return result
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 func dockerUlimitToControllerUlimit(u *dockeropts.UlimitOpt) *controllerapi.UlimitOpt {
@@ -781,8 +815,8 @@ func dockerUlimitToControllerUlimit(u *dockeropts.UlimitOpt) *controllerapi.Ulim
 	return &controllerapi.UlimitOpt{Values: values}
 }
 
-func printWarnings(w io.Writer, warnings []client.VertexWarning, mode string) {
-	if len(warnings) == 0 || mode == progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+func printWarnings(w io.Writer, warnings []client.VertexWarning, mode progressui.DisplayMode) {
+	if len(warnings) == 0 || mode == progressui.QuietMode || mode == progressui.RawJSONMode {
 		return
 	}
 	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n ")
@@ -829,8 +863,12 @@ func printResult(f *controllerapi.PrintFunc, res map[string]string) error {
 		return printValue(targets.PrintTargets, targets.SubrequestsTargetsDefinition.Version, f.Format, res)
 	case "subrequests.describe":
 		return printValue(subrequests.PrintDescribe, subrequests.SubrequestsDescribeDefinition.Version, f.Format, res)
+	case "lint":
+		return printValue(lint.PrintLintViolations, lint.SubrequestLintDefinition.Version, f.Format, res)
 	default:
-		if dt, ok := res["result.txt"]; ok {
+		if dt, ok := res["result.json"]; ok && f.Format == "json" {
+			fmt.Println(dt)
+		} else if dt, ok := res["result.txt"]; ok {
 			fmt.Print(dt)
 		} else {
 			log.Printf("%s %+v", f, res)
@@ -854,3 +892,143 @@ func printValue(printer printFunc, version string, format string, res map[string
 	}
 	return printer([]byte(res["result.json"]), os.Stdout)
 }
+
+type invokeConfig struct {
+	controllerapi.InvokeConfig
+	onFlag     string
+	invokeFlag string
+}
+
+func (cfg *invokeConfig) needsDebug(retErr error) bool {
+	switch cfg.onFlag {
+	case "always":
+		return true
+	case "error":
+		return retErr != nil
+	default:
+		return cfg.invokeFlag != ""
+	}
+}
+
+func (cfg *invokeConfig) runDebug(ctx context.Context, ref string, options *controllerapi.BuildOptions, c control.BuildxController, stdin io.ReadCloser, stdout io.WriteCloser, stderr console.File, progress *progress.Printer) (*monitor.MonitorBuildResult, error) {
+	con := console.Current()
+	if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
+		// TODO: run disconnect in build command (on error case)
+		if err := c.Disconnect(ctx, ref); err != nil {
+			logrus.Warnf("disconnect error: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer con.Reset()
+	return monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, ref, options, cfg.InvokeConfig, c, stdin, stdout, stderr, progress)
+}
+
+func (cfg *invokeConfig) parseInvokeConfig(invoke, on string) error {
+	cfg.onFlag = on
+	cfg.invokeFlag = invoke
+	cfg.Tty = true
+	cfg.NoCmd = true
+	switch invoke {
+	case "default", "":
+		return nil
+	case "on-error":
+		// NOTE: we overwrite the command to run because the original one should fail on the failed step.
+		// TODO: make this configurable via flags or restorable from LLB.
+		// Discussion: https://github.com/docker/buildx/pull/1640#discussion_r1113295900
+		cfg.Cmd = []string{"/bin/sh"}
+		cfg.NoCmd = false
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(invoke))
+	csvReader.LazyQuotes = true
+	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(fields) == 1 && !strings.Contains(fields[0], "=") {
+		cfg.Cmd = []string{fields[0]}
+		cfg.NoCmd = false
+		return nil
+	}
+	cfg.NoUser = true
+	cfg.NoCwd = true
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
+		if len(parts) != 2 {
+			return errors.Errorf("invalid value %s", field)
+		}
+		key := strings.ToLower(parts[0])
+		value := parts[1]
+		switch key {
+		case "args":
+			cfg.Cmd = append(cfg.Cmd, maybeJSONArray(value)...)
+			cfg.NoCmd = false
+		case "entrypoint":
+			cfg.Entrypoint = append(cfg.Entrypoint, maybeJSONArray(value)...)
+			if cfg.Cmd == nil {
+				cfg.Cmd = []string{}
+				cfg.NoCmd = false
+			}
+		case "env":
+			cfg.Env = append(cfg.Env, maybeJSONArray(value)...)
+		case "user":
+			cfg.User = value
+			cfg.NoUser = false
+		case "cwd":
+			cfg.Cwd = value
+			cfg.NoCwd = false
+		case "tty":
+			cfg.Tty, err = strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("failed to parse tty: %v", err)
+			}
+		default:
+			return errors.Errorf("unknown key %q", key)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func maybeJSONArray(v string) []string {
+	var list []string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &list); err == nil {
+		return list
+	}
+	return []string{v}
+}
+
+// timeBuildCommand will start a timer for timing the build command. It records the time when the returned
+// function is invoked into a metric.
+func timeBuildCommand(mp metric.MeterProvider, attrs attribute.Set) func(err error) {
+	meter := metricutil.Meter(mp)
+	counter, _ := meter.Float64Counter("command.time",
+		metric.WithDescription("Measures the duration of the build command."),
+		metric.WithUnit("ms"),
+	)
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	return func(err error) {
+		dur := float64(time.Since(start)) / float64(time.Millisecond)
+		extraAttrs := attribute.NewSet()
+		if err != nil {
+			extraAttrs = attribute.NewSet(
+				attribute.String("error.type", otelErrorType(err)),
+			)
+		}
+		counter.Add(context.Background(), dur,
+			metric.WithAttributeSet(attrs),
+			metric.WithAttributeSet(extraAttrs),
+		)
+	}
+}
+
+// otelErrorType returns an attribute for the error type based on the error category.
+// If nil, this function returns an invalid attribute.
+func otelErrorType(err error) string {
+	name := "generic"
+	if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		name = "canceled"
+	}
+	return name
+}

commands/create.go

@@ -3,302 +3,72 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"encoding/csv"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/url"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
-	k8sutil "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes/util"
-	remoteutil "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote/util"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	dopts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
-	"github.com/google/shlex"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
 type createOptions struct {
-	name         string
-	driver       string
-	nodeName     string
-	platform     []string
-	actionAppend bool
-	actionLeave  bool
-	use          bool
-	flags        string
-	configFile   string
-	driverOpts   []string
-	bootstrap    bool
+	name                string
+	driver              string
+	nodeName            string
+	platform            []string
+	actionAppend        bool
+	actionLeave         bool
+	use                 bool
+	driverOpts          []string
+	buildkitdFlags      string
+	buildkitdConfigFile string
+	bootstrap           bool
 	// upgrade      bool // perform upgrade of the driver
 }
 
-func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
-	if in.name == "default" {
-		return errors.Errorf("default is a reserved name and cannot be used to identify builder instance")
-	}
-
-	if in.actionLeave {
-		if in.name == "" {
-			return errors.Errorf("leave requires instance name")
-		}
-		if in.nodeName == "" {
-			return errors.Errorf("leave requires node name but --node not set")
-		}
-	}
-
-	if in.actionAppend {
-		if in.name == "" {
-			logrus.Warnf("append used without name, creating a new instance instead")
-		}
-	}
-
+func runCreate(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Ensure the file lock gets released no matter what happens.
 	defer release()
 
-	name := in.name
-	if name == "" {
-		name, err = store.GenerateName(txn)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	if !in.actionLeave && !in.actionAppend {
-		contexts, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		for _, c := range contexts {
-			if c.Name == name {
-				logrus.Warnf("instance name %q already exists as context builder", name)
-				break
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	ng, err := txn.NodeGroupByName(name)
-	if err != nil {
-		if os.IsNotExist(errors.Cause(err)) {
-			if in.actionAppend && in.name != "" {
-				logrus.Warnf("failed to find %q for append, creating a new instance instead", in.name)
-			}
-			if in.actionLeave {
-				return errors.Errorf("failed to find instance %q for leave", in.name)
-			}
-		} else {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	buildkitHost := os.Getenv("BUILDKIT_HOST")
-
-	driverName := in.driver
-	if driverName == "" {
-		if ng != nil {
-			driverName = ng.Driver
-		} else if len(args) == 0 && buildkitHost != "" {
-			driverName = "remote"
-		} else {
-			var arg string
-			if len(args) > 0 {
-				arg = args[0]
-			}
-			f, err := driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, arg, dockerCli.Client(), true)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if f == nil {
-				return errors.Errorf("no valid drivers found")
-			}
-			driverName = f.Name()
-		}
-	}
-
-	if ng != nil {
-		if in.nodeName == "" && !in.actionAppend {
-			return errors.Errorf("existing instance for %q but no append mode, specify --node to make changes for existing instances", name)
-		}
-		if driverName != ng.Driver {
-			return errors.Errorf("existing instance for %q but has mismatched driver %q", name, ng.Driver)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if _, err := driver.GetFactory(driverName, true); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	ngOriginal := ng
-	if ngOriginal != nil {
-		ngOriginal = ngOriginal.Copy()
-	}
-
-	if ng == nil {
-		ng = &store.NodeGroup{
-			Name:   name,
-			Driver: driverName,
-		}
-	}
-
-	var flags []string
-	if in.flags != "" {
-		flags, err = shlex.Split(in.flags)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to parse buildkit flags")
-		}
+	if in.actionLeave {
+		return builder.Leave(ctx, txn, dockerCli, builder.LeaveOpts{
+			Name:     in.name,
+			NodeName: in.nodeName,
+		})
 	}
 
 	var ep string
-	var setEp bool
-	if in.actionLeave {
-		if err := ng.Leave(in.nodeName); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		ls, err := localstate.New(confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := ls.RemoveBuilderNode(ng.Name, in.nodeName); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	} else {
-		switch {
-		case driverName == "kubernetes":
-			if len(args) > 0 {
-				logrus.Warnf("kubernetes driver does not support endpoint args %q", args[0])
-			}
-			// generate node name if not provided to avoid duplicated endpoint
-			// error: https://github.com/docker/setup-buildx-action/issues/215
-			nodeName := in.nodeName
-			if nodeName == "" {
-				nodeName, err = k8sutil.GenerateNodeName(name, txn)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-			}
-			// naming endpoint to make --append works
-			ep = (&url.URL{
-				Scheme: driverName,
-				Path:   "/" + name,
-				RawQuery: (&url.Values{
-					"deployment": {nodeName},
-					"kubeconfig": {os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG")},
-				}).Encode(),
-			}).String()
-			setEp = false
-		case driverName == "remote":
-			if len(args) > 0 {
-				ep = args[0]
-			} else if buildkitHost != "" {
-				ep = buildkitHost
-			} else {
-				return errors.Errorf("no remote endpoint provided")
-			}
-			ep, err = validateBuildkitEndpoint(ep)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			setEp = true
-		case len(args) > 0:
-			ep, err = validateEndpoint(dockerCli, args[0])
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			setEp = true
-		default:
-			if dockerCli.CurrentContext() == "default" && dockerCli.DockerEndpoint().TLSData != nil {
-				return errors.Errorf("could not create a builder instance with TLS data loaded from environment. Please use `docker context create <context-name>` to create a context for current environment and then create a builder instance with `docker buildx create <context-name>`")
-			}
-			ep, err = dockerutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			setEp = false
-		}
-
-		m, err := csvToMap(in.driverOpts)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if in.configFile == "" {
-			// if buildkit config is not provided, check if the default one is
-			// available and use it
-			if f, ok := confutil.DefaultConfigFile(dockerCli); ok {
-				logrus.Warnf("Using default BuildKit config in %s", f)
-				in.configFile = f
-			}
-		}
-
-		if err := ng.Update(in.nodeName, ep, in.platform, setEp, in.actionAppend, flags, in.configFile, m); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	if len(args) > 0 {
+		ep = args[0]
 	}
 
-	if err := txn.Save(ng); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
-		builder.WithName(ng.Name),
-		builder.WithStore(txn),
-		builder.WithSkippedValidation(),
-	)
+	b, err := builder.Create(ctx, txn, dockerCli, builder.CreateOpts{
+		Name:                in.name,
+		Driver:              in.driver,
+		NodeName:            in.nodeName,
+		Platforms:           in.platform,
+		DriverOpts:          in.driverOpts,
+		BuildkitdFlags:      in.buildkitdFlags,
+		BuildkitdConfigFile: in.buildkitdConfigFile,
+		Use:                 in.use,
+		Endpoint:            ep,
+		Append:              in.actionAppend,
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, node := range nodes {
-		if err := node.Err; err != nil {
-			err := errors.Errorf("failed to initialize builder %s (%s): %s", ng.Name, node.Name, err)
-			var err2 error
-			if ngOriginal == nil {
-				err2 = txn.Remove(ng.Name)
-			} else {
-				err2 = txn.Save(ngOriginal)
-			}
-			if err2 != nil {
-				logrus.Warnf("Could not rollback to previous state: %s", err2)
-			}
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	if in.use && ep != "" {
-		current, err := dockerutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := txn.SetCurrent(current, ng.Name, false, false); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
+	// The store is no longer used from this point.
+	// Release it so we aren't holding the file lock during the boot.
+	release()
 
 	if in.bootstrap {
 		if _, err = b.Boot(ctx); err != nil {
@@ -306,7 +76,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("%s\n", ng.Name)
+	fmt.Printf("%s\n", b.Name)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -326,7 +96,7 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 		Short: "Create a new builder instance",
 		Args:  cli.RequiresMaxArgs(1),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			return runCreate(dockerCli, options, args)
+			return runCreate(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options, args)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
 	}
@@ -336,12 +106,16 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.StringVar(&options.name, "name", "", "Builder instance name")
 	flags.StringVar(&options.driver, "driver", "", fmt.Sprintf("Driver to use (available: %s)", drivers.String()))
 	flags.StringVar(&options.nodeName, "node", "", "Create/modify node with given name")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.flags, "buildkitd-flags", "", "Flags for buildkitd daemon")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.configFile, "config", "", "BuildKit config file")
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.platform, "platform", []string{}, "Fixed platforms for current node")
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.driverOpts, "driver-opt", []string{}, "Options for the driver")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.bootstrap, "bootstrap", false, "Boot builder after creation")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.buildkitdFlags, "buildkitd-flags", "", "BuildKit daemon flags")
 
+	// we allow for both "--config" and "--buildkitd-config", although the latter is the recommended way to avoid ambiguity.
+	flags.StringVar(&options.buildkitdConfigFile, "buildkitd-config", "", "BuildKit daemon config file")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.buildkitdConfigFile, "config", "", "BuildKit daemon config file")
+	flags.MarkHidden("config")
+
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.bootstrap, "bootstrap", false, "Boot builder after creation")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.actionAppend, "append", false, "Append a node to builder instead of changing it")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.actionLeave, "leave", false, "Remove a node from builder instead of changing it")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.use, "use", false, "Set the current builder instance")
@@ -351,49 +125,3 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 
 	return cmd
 }
-
-func csvToMap(in []string) (map[string]string, error) {
-	if len(in) == 0 {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	m := make(map[string]string, len(in))
-	for _, s := range in {
-		csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(s))
-		fields, err := csvReader.Read()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		for _, v := range fields {
-			p := strings.SplitN(v, "=", 2)
-			if len(p) != 2 {
-				return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid value %q, expecting k=v", v)
-			}
-			m[p[0]] = p[1]
-		}
-	}
-	return m, nil
-}
-
-// validateEndpoint validates that endpoint is either a context or a docker host
-func validateEndpoint(dockerCli command.Cli, ep string) (string, error) {
-	dem, err := dockerutil.GetDockerEndpoint(dockerCli, ep)
-	if err == nil && dem != nil {
-		if ep == "default" {
-			return dem.Host, nil
-		}
-		return ep, nil
-	}
-	h, err := dopts.ParseHost(true, ep)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse endpoint %s", ep)
-	}
-	return h, nil
-}
-
-// validateBuildkitEndpoint validates that endpoint is a valid buildkit host
-func validateBuildkitEndpoint(ep string) (string, error) {
-	if err := remoteutil.IsValidEndpoint(ep); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return ep, nil
-}

commands/create_test.go

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestCsvToMap(t *testing.T) {
-	d := []string{
-		"\"tolerations=key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,value=bar2\",replicas=1",
-		"namespace=default",
-	}
-	r, err := csvToMap(d)
-
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	require.Contains(t, r, "tolerations")
-	require.Equal(t, r["tolerations"], "key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,value=bar2")
-
-	require.Contains(t, r, "replicas")
-	require.Equal(t, r["replicas"], "1")
-
-	require.Contains(t, r, "namespace")
-	require.Equal(t, r["namespace"], "default")
-}

commands/debug-shell.go

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"os"
-	"runtime"
-
-	"github.com/containerd/console"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/control"
-	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/monitor"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-)
-
-func debugShellCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
-	var options control.ControlOptions
-	var progressMode string
-
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "debug-shell",
-		Short: "Start a monitor",
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, os.Stderr, progressMode)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			ctx := context.TODO()
-			c, err := controller.NewController(ctx, options, dockerCli, printer)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			defer func() {
-				if err := c.Close(); err != nil {
-					logrus.Warnf("failed to close server connection %v", err)
-				}
-			}()
-			con := console.Current()
-			if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
-				return errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
-			}
-
-			err = monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, "", nil, controllerapi.InvokeConfig{
-				Tty: true,
-			}, c, os.Stdin, os.Stdout, os.Stderr, printer)
-			con.Reset()
-			return err
-		},
-	}
-
-	flags := cmd.Flags()
-
-	flags.StringVar(&options.Root, "root", "", "Specify root directory of server to connect [experimental]")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.Detach, "detach", runtime.GOOS == "linux", "Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) [experimental]")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.ServerConfig, "server-config", "", "Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) [experimental]")
-	flags.StringVar(&progressMode, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty"). Use plain to show container output`)
-
-	return cmd
-}
-
-func addDebugShellCommand(cmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli command.Cli) {
-	cmd.AddCommand(
-		debugShellCmd(dockerCli),
-	)
-}

commands/debug/root.go

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/console"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/control"
+	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/monitor"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// DebugConfig is a user-specified configuration for the debugger.
+type DebugConfig struct {
+	// InvokeFlag is a flag to configure the launched debugger and the commaned executed on the debugger.
+	InvokeFlag string
+
+	// OnFlag is a flag to configure the timing of launching the debugger.
+	OnFlag string
+}
+
+// DebuggableCmd is a command that supports debugger with recognizing the user-specified DebugConfig.
+type DebuggableCmd interface {
+	// NewDebugger returns the new *cobra.Command with support for the debugger with recognizing DebugConfig.
+	NewDebugger(*DebugConfig) *cobra.Command
+}
+
+func RootCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, children ...DebuggableCmd) *cobra.Command {
+	var controlOptions control.ControlOptions
+	var progressMode string
+	var options DebugConfig
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "debug",
+		Short: "Start debugger",
+		Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, progressui.DisplayMode(progressMode))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			ctx := context.TODO()
+			c, err := controller.NewController(ctx, controlOptions, dockerCli, printer)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			defer func() {
+				if err := c.Close(); err != nil {
+					logrus.Warnf("failed to close server connection %v", err)
+				}
+			}()
+			con := console.Current()
+			if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			_, err = monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, "", nil, controllerapi.InvokeConfig{
+				Tty: true,
+			}, c, dockerCli.In(), os.Stdout, os.Stderr, printer)
+			con.Reset()
+			return err
+		},
+	}
+	cobrautil.MarkCommandExperimental(cmd)
+
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&options.InvokeFlag, "invoke", "", "Launch a monitor with executing specified command")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.OnFlag, "on", "error", "When to launch the monitor ([always, error])")
+
+	flags.StringVar(&controlOptions.Root, "root", "", "Specify root directory of server to connect for the monitor")
+	flags.BoolVar(&controlOptions.Detach, "detach", runtime.GOOS == "linux", "Detach buildx server for the monitor (supported only on linux)")
+	flags.StringVar(&controlOptions.ServerConfig, "server-config", "", "Specify buildx server config file for the monitor (used only when launching new server)")
+	flags.StringVar(&progressMode, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty") for the monitor. Use plain to show container output`)
+
+	cobrautil.MarkFlagsExperimental(flags, "invoke", "on", "root", "detach", "server-config")
+
+	for _, c := range children {
+		cmd.AddCommand(c.NewDebugger(&options))
+	}
+
+	return cmd
+}

commands/dial_stdio.go

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
+	v1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+type stdioOptions struct {
+	builder  string
+	platform string
+	progress string
+}
+
+func runDialStdio(dockerCli command.Cli, opts stdioOptions) error {
+	ctx := appcontext.Context()
+
+	contextPathHash, _ := os.Getwd()
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
+		builder.WithName(opts.builder),
+		builder.WithContextPathHash(contextPathHash),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err = updateLastActivity(dockerCli, b.NodeGroup); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to update builder last activity time")
+	}
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx, os.Stderr, progressui.DisplayMode(opts.progress), progress.WithPhase("dial-stdio"), progress.WithDesc("builder: "+b.Name, "builder:"+b.Name))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var p *v1.Platform
+	if opts.platform != "" {
+		pp, err := platforms.Parse(opts.platform)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid platform %q", opts.platform)
+		}
+		p = &pp
+	}
+
+	defer printer.Wait()
+
+	return progress.Wrap("Proxying to builder", printer.Write, func(sub progress.SubLogger) error {
+		var conn net.Conn
+
+		err := sub.Wrap("Dialing builder", func() error {
+			conn, err = build.Dial(ctx, nodes, printer, p)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		defer conn.Close()
+
+		go func() {
+			<-ctx.Done()
+			closeWrite(conn)
+		}()
+
+		var eg errgroup.Group
+
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			_, err := io.Copy(conn, os.Stdin)
+			closeWrite(conn)
+			return err
+		})
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			_, err := io.Copy(os.Stdout, conn)
+			closeRead(conn)
+			return err
+		})
+		return eg.Wait()
+	})
+}
+
+func closeRead(conn net.Conn) error {
+	if c, ok := conn.(interface{ CloseRead() error }); ok {
+		return c.CloseRead()
+	}
+	return conn.Close()
+}
+
+func closeWrite(conn net.Conn) error {
+	if c, ok := conn.(interface{ CloseWrite() error }); ok {
+		return c.CloseWrite()
+	}
+	return conn.Close()
+}
+
+func dialStdioCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	opts := stdioOptions{}
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "dial-stdio",
+		Short: "Proxy current stdio streams to builder instance",
+		Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			opts.builder = rootOpts.builder
+			return runDialStdio(dockerCli, opts)
+		},
+	}
+
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.platform, "platform", os.Getenv("DOCKER_DEFAULT_PLATFORM"), "Target platform: this is used for node selection")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.progress, "progress", "quiet", "Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty).")
+	return cmd
+}

commands/diskusage.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
@@ -26,9 +26,7 @@ type duOptions struct {
 	verbose bool
 }
 
-func runDiskUsage(dockerCli command.Cli, opts duOptions) error {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
+func runDiskUsage(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts duOptions) error {
 	pi, err := toBuildkitPruneInfo(opts.filter.Value())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -39,7 +37,7 @@ func runDiskUsage(dockerCli command.Cli, opts duOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -114,7 +112,7 @@ func duCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		Args:  cli.NoArgs,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			options.builder = rootOpts.builder
-			return runDiskUsage(dockerCli, options)
+			return runDiskUsage(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
 	}

commands/imagetools/create.go

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
 	ocispec "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -25,12 +25,13 @@ type createOptions struct {
 	builder      string
 	files        []string
 	tags         []string
+	annotations  []string
 	dryrun       bool
 	actionAppend bool
 	progress     string
 }
 
-func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
+func runCreate(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	if len(args) == 0 && len(in.files) == 0 {
 		return errors.Errorf("no sources specified")
 	}
@@ -111,8 +112,6 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
 	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(in.builder))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	dt, desc, err := r.Combine(ctx, srcs)
+	dt, desc, err := r.Combine(ctx, srcs, in.annotations)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 
 	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
 	defer cancel()
-	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, in.progress)
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, progressui.DisplayMode(in.progress))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -272,7 +271,7 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		Short: "Create a new image based on source images",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			options.builder = *opts.Builder
-			return runCreate(dockerCli, options, args)
+			return runCreate(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options, args)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
 	}
@@ -283,6 +282,7 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.dryrun, "dry-run", false, "Show final image instead of pushing")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.actionAppend, "append", false, "Append to existing manifest")
 	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty"). Use plain to show container output`)
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.annotations, "annotation", "", []string{}, "Add annotation to the image")
 
 	return cmd
 }

commands/imagetools/inspect.go

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
+	"context"
+
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool/annotation"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -18,9 +19,7 @@ type inspectOptions struct {
 	raw     bool
 }
 
-func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions, name string) error {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
+func runInspect(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions, name string) error {
 	if in.format != "" && in.raw {
 		return errors.Errorf("format and raw cannot be used together")
 	}
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ func inspectCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		Args:  cli.ExactArgs(1),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
-			return runInspect(dockerCli, options, args[0])
+			return runInspect(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options, args[0])
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
 	}

commands/inspect.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/debug"
 	"github.com/docker/go-units"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -26,9 +25,7 @@ type inspectOptions struct {
 	builder   string
 }
 
-func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
+func runInspect(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
 		builder.WithName(in.builder),
 		builder.WithSkippedValidation(),
@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, builder.WithData())
 	if in.bootstrap {
 		var ok bool
 		ok, err = b.Boot(ctx)
@@ -48,7 +45,7 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 			return err
 		}
 		if ok {
-			nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+			nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, builder.WithData())
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -87,13 +84,16 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error:\t%s\n", err.Error())
 			} else {
 				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Status:\t%s\n", nodes[i].DriverInfo.Status)
-				if len(n.Flags) > 0 {
-					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Flags:\t%s\n", strings.Join(n.Flags, " "))
+				if len(n.BuildkitdFlags) > 0 {
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "BuildKit daemon flags:\t%s\n", strings.Join(n.BuildkitdFlags, " "))
 				}
 				if nodes[i].Version != "" {
-					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Buildkit:\t%s\n", nodes[i].Version)
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "BuildKit version:\t%s\n", nodes[i].Version)
+				}
+				platforms := platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Node.Platforms, n.Platforms)
+				if len(platforms) > 0 {
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Platforms:\t%s\n", strings.Join(platforms, ", "))
 				}
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Platforms:\t%s\n", strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Node.Platforms, n.Platforms), ", "))
 				if debug.IsEnabled() {
 					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Features:\n")
 					features := nodes[i].Driver.Features(ctx)
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ func inspectCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 			if len(args) > 0 {
 				options.builder = args[0]
 			}
-			return runInspect(dockerCli, options)
+			return runInspect(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.BuilderNames(dockerCli),
 	}

commands/ls.go

@@ -2,30 +2,43 @@ package commands
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
-	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command/formatter"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
+const (
+	lsNameNodeHeader       = "NAME/NODE"
+	lsDriverEndpointHeader = "DRIVER/ENDPOINT"
+	lsStatusHeader         = "STATUS"
+	lsLastActivityHeader   = "LAST ACTIVITY"
+	lsBuildkitHeader       = "BUILDKIT"
+	lsPlatformsHeader      = "PLATFORMS"
+
+	lsIndent = ` \_ `
+
+	lsDefaultTableFormat = "table {{.Name}}\t{{.DriverEndpoint}}\t{{.Status}}\t{{.Buildkit}}\t{{.Platforms}}"
+)
+
 type lsOptions struct {
+	format string
 }
 
-func runLs(dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
+func runLs(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
 	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -49,7 +62,7 @@ func runLs(dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
 	for _, b := range builders {
 		func(b *builder.Builder) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
-				_, _ = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+				_, _ = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, builder.WithData())
 				return nil
 			})
 		}(b)
@@ -59,22 +72,9 @@ func runLs(dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(dockerCli.Out(), 0, 0, 1, ' ', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "NAME/NODE\tDRIVER/ENDPOINT\tSTATUS\tBUILDKIT\tPLATFORMS\n")
-
-	printErr := false
-	for _, b := range builders {
-		if current.Name == b.Name {
-			b.Name += " *"
-		}
-		if ok := printBuilder(w, b); !ok {
-			printErr = true
-		}
-	}
-
-	w.Flush()
-
-	if printErr {
+	if hasErrors, err := lsPrint(dockerCli, current, builders, in.format); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if hasErrors {
 		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "\n")
 		for _, b := range builders {
 			if b.Err() != nil {
@@ -92,31 +92,6 @@ func runLs(dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func printBuilder(w io.Writer, b *builder.Builder) (ok bool) {
-	ok = true
-	var err string
-	if b.Err() != nil {
-		ok = false
-		err = "error"
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t\t\n", b.Name, b.Driver, err)
-	if b.Err() == nil {
-		for _, n := range b.Nodes() {
-			var status string
-			if n.DriverInfo != nil {
-				status = n.DriverInfo.Status.String()
-			}
-			if n.Err != nil {
-				ok = false
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t\t\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, "error")
-			} else {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, status, n.Version, strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Node.Platforms, n.Platforms), ", "))
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return
-}
-
 func lsCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 	var options lsOptions
 
@@ -125,13 +100,175 @@ func lsCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 		Short: "List builder instances",
 		Args:  cli.ExactArgs(0),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			return runLs(dockerCli, options)
+			return runLs(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
 	}
 
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&options.format, "format", formatter.TableFormatKey, "Format the output")
+
 	// hide builder persistent flag for this command
 	cobrautil.HideInheritedFlags(cmd, "builder")
 
 	return cmd
 }
+
+func lsPrint(dockerCli command.Cli, current *store.NodeGroup, builders []*builder.Builder, format string) (hasErrors bool, _ error) {
+	if format == formatter.TableFormatKey {
+		format = lsDefaultTableFormat
+	}
+
+	ctx := formatter.Context{
+		Output: dockerCli.Out(),
+		Format: formatter.Format(format),
+	}
+
+	sort.SliceStable(builders, func(i, j int) bool {
+		ierr := builders[i].Err() != nil
+		jerr := builders[j].Err() != nil
+		if ierr && !jerr {
+			return false
+		} else if !ierr && jerr {
+			return true
+		}
+		return i < j
+	})
+
+	render := func(format func(subContext formatter.SubContext) error) error {
+		for _, b := range builders {
+			if err := format(&lsContext{
+				Builder: &lsBuilder{
+					Builder: b,
+					Current: b.Name == current.Name,
+				},
+				format: ctx.Format,
+			}); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if b.Err() != nil {
+				if ctx.Format.IsTable() {
+					hasErrors = true
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			for _, n := range b.Nodes() {
+				if n.Err != nil {
+					if ctx.Format.IsTable() {
+						hasErrors = true
+					}
+				}
+				if err := format(&lsContext{
+					format: ctx.Format,
+					Builder: &lsBuilder{
+						Builder: b,
+						Current: b.Name == current.Name,
+					},
+					node: n,
+				}); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	lsCtx := lsContext{}
+	lsCtx.Header = formatter.SubHeaderContext{
+		"Name":           lsNameNodeHeader,
+		"DriverEndpoint": lsDriverEndpointHeader,
+		"LastActivity":   lsLastActivityHeader,
+		"Status":         lsStatusHeader,
+		"Buildkit":       lsBuildkitHeader,
+		"Platforms":      lsPlatformsHeader,
+	}
+
+	return hasErrors, ctx.Write(&lsCtx, render)
+}
+
+type lsBuilder struct {
+	*builder.Builder
+	Current bool
+}
+
+type lsContext struct {
+	formatter.HeaderContext
+	Builder *lsBuilder
+
+	format formatter.Format
+	node   builder.Node
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(c.Builder)
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Name() string {
+	if c.node.Name == "" {
+		name := c.Builder.Name
+		if c.Builder.Current && c.format.IsTable() {
+			name += "*"
+		}
+		return name
+	}
+	if c.format.IsTable() {
+		return lsIndent + c.node.Name
+	}
+	return c.node.Name
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) DriverEndpoint() string {
+	if c.node.Name == "" {
+		return c.Builder.Driver
+	}
+	if c.format.IsTable() {
+		return lsIndent + c.node.Endpoint
+	}
+	return c.node.Endpoint
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) LastActivity() string {
+	if c.node.Name != "" || c.Builder.LastActivity.IsZero() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return c.Builder.LastActivity.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Status() string {
+	if c.node.Name == "" {
+		if c.Builder.Err() != nil {
+			return "error"
+		}
+		return ""
+	}
+	if c.node.Err != nil {
+		return "error"
+	}
+	if c.node.DriverInfo != nil {
+		return c.node.DriverInfo.Status.String()
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Buildkit() string {
+	if c.node.Name == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return c.node.Version
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Platforms() string {
+	if c.node.Name == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(c.node.Node.Platforms, c.node.Platforms), ", ")
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Error() string {
+	if c.node.Name != "" && c.node.Err != nil {
+		return c.node.Err.Error()
+	} else if err := c.Builder.Err(); err != nil {
+		return err.Error()
+	}
+	return ""
+}

commands/prune.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
 	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
@@ -35,9 +35,7 @@ const (
 	allCacheWarning = `WARNING! This will remove all build cache. Are you sure you want to continue?`
 )
 
-func runPrune(dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
+func runPrune(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
 	pruneFilters := opts.filter.Value()
 	pruneFilters = command.PruneFilters(dockerCli, pruneFilters)
 
@@ -51,8 +49,12 @@ func runPrune(dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
 		warning = allCacheWarning
 	}
 
-	if !opts.force && !command.PromptForConfirmation(dockerCli.In(), dockerCli.Out(), warning) {
-		return nil
+	if !opts.force {
+		if ok, err := prompt(ctx, dockerCli.In(), dockerCli.Out(), warning); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else if !ok {
+			return nil
+		}
 	}
 
 	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ func runPrune(dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ func pruneCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		Args:  cli.NoArgs,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			options.builder = rootOpts.builder
-			return runPrune(dockerCli, options)
+			return runPrune(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
 	}

commands/rm.go

@@ -9,16 +9,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 type rmOptions struct {
-	builder     string
+	builders    []string
 	keepState   bool
 	keepDaemon  bool
 	allInactive bool
@@ -29,11 +27,13 @@ const (
 	rmInactiveWarning = `WARNING! This will remove all builders that are not in running state. Are you sure you want to continue?`
 )
 
-func runRm(dockerCli command.Cli, in rmOptions) error {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
-	if in.allInactive && !in.force && !command.PromptForConfirmation(dockerCli.In(), dockerCli.Out(), rmInactiveWarning) {
-		return nil
+func runRm(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in rmOptions) error {
+	if in.allInactive && !in.force {
+		if ok, err := prompt(ctx, dockerCli.In(), dockerCli.Out(), rmInactiveWarning); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else if !ok {
+			return nil
+		}
 	}
 
 	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
@@ -46,33 +46,52 @@ func runRm(dockerCli command.Cli, in rmOptions) error {
 		return rmAllInactive(ctx, txn, dockerCli, in)
 	}
 
-	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
-		builder.WithName(in.builder),
-		builder.WithStore(txn),
-		builder.WithSkippedValidation(),
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	for _, name := range in.builders {
+		func(name string) {
+			eg.Go(func() (err error) {
+				defer func() {
+					if err == nil {
+						_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "%s removed\n", name)
+					} else {
+						_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "failed to remove %s: %v\n", name, err)
+					}
+				}()
+
+				b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
+					builder.WithName(name),
+					builder.WithStore(txn),
+					builder.WithSkippedValidation(),
+				)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				if cb := b.ContextName(); cb != "" {
+					return errors.Errorf("context builder cannot be removed, run `docker context rm %s` to remove this context", cb)
+				}
+
+				err1 := rm(ctx, nodes, in)
+				if err := txn.Remove(b.Name); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				if err1 != nil {
+					return err1
+				}
+
+				return nil
+			})
+		}(name)
 	}
 
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return errors.New("failed to remove one or more builders")
 	}
-
-	if cb := b.ContextName(); cb != "" {
-		return errors.Errorf("context builder cannot be removed, run `docker context rm %s` to remove this context", cb)
-	}
-
-	err1 := rm(ctx, nodes, in)
-	if err := txn.Remove(b.Name); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err1 != nil {
-		return err1
-	}
-
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "%s removed\n", b.Name)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -80,25 +99,24 @@ func rmCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	var options rmOptions
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "rm [NAME]",
-		Short: "Remove a builder instance",
-		Args:  cli.RequiresMaxArgs(1),
+		Use:   "rm [OPTIONS] [NAME] [NAME...]",
+		Short: "Remove one or more builder instances",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			options.builder = rootOpts.builder
+			options.builders = []string{rootOpts.builder}
 			if len(args) > 0 {
 				if options.allInactive {
 					return errors.New("cannot specify builder name when --all-inactive is set")
 				}
-				options.builder = args[0]
+				options.builders = args
 			}
-			return runRm(dockerCli, options)
+			return runRm(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.BuilderNames(dockerCli),
 	}
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.keepState, "keep-state", false, "Keep BuildKit state")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.keepDaemon, "keep-daemon", false, "Keep the buildkitd daemon running")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.keepDaemon, "keep-daemon", false, "Keep the BuildKit daemon running")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.allInactive, "all-inactive", false, "Remove all inactive builders")
 	flags.BoolVarP(&options.force, "force", "f", false, "Do not prompt for confirmation")
 
@@ -139,7 +157,7 @@ func rmAllInactive(ctx context.Context, txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli, i
 	for _, b := range builders {
 		func(b *builder.Builder) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
-				nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+				nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, builder.WithData())
 				if err != nil {
 					return errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot load %s", b.Name)
 				}

commands/root.go

@@ -3,14 +3,18 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"os"
 
+	debugcmd "github.com/docker/buildx/commands/debug"
 	imagetoolscmd "github.com/docker/buildx/commands/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/remote"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/logutil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool/annotation"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli-plugins/plugin"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/debug"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
@@ -27,12 +31,15 @@ func NewRootCmd(name string, isPlugin bool, dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Comman
 		CompletionOptions: cobra.CompletionOptions{
 			HiddenDefaultCmd: true,
 		},
-	}
-	if isPlugin {
-		cmd.PersistentPreRunE = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+		PersistentPreRunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			cmd.SetContext(appcontext.Context())
+			if !isPlugin {
+				return nil
+			}
 			return plugin.PersistentPreRunE(cmd, args)
-		}
-	} else {
+		},
+	}
+	if !isPlugin {
 		// match plugin behavior for standalone mode
 		// https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/6c9eb708fa6d17765d71965f90e1c59cea686ee9/cli-plugins/plugin/plugin.go#L117-L127
 		cmd.SilenceUsage = true
@@ -40,6 +47,11 @@ func NewRootCmd(name string, isPlugin bool, dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Comman
 		cmd.TraverseChildren = true
 		cmd.DisableFlagsInUseLine = true
 		cli.DisableFlagsInUseLine(cmd)
+
+		// DEBUG=1 should perform the same as --debug at the docker root level
+		if debug.IsEnabled() {
+			debug.Enable()
+		}
 	}
 
 	logrus.SetFormatter(&logutil.Formatter{})
@@ -52,16 +64,9 @@ func NewRootCmd(name string, isPlugin bool, dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Comman
 		"using default config store",
 	))
 
-	// filter out useless commandConn.CloseWrite warning message that can occur
-	// when listing builder instances with "buildx ls" for those that are
-	// unreachable: "commandConn.CloseWrite: commandconn: failed to wait: signal: killed"
-	// https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/3fb4fb83dfb5db0c0753a8316f21aea54dab32c5/cli/connhelper/commandconn/commandconn.go#L203-L214
-	logrus.AddHook(logutil.NewFilter([]logrus.Level{
-		logrus.WarnLevel,
-	},
-		"commandConn.CloseWrite:",
-		"commandConn.CloseRead:",
-	))
+	if !confutil.IsExperimental() {
+		cmd.SetHelpTemplate(cmd.HelpTemplate() + "\nExperimental commands and flags are hidden. Set BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL=1 to show them.\n")
+	}
 
 	addCommands(cmd, dockerCli)
 	return cmd
@@ -76,9 +81,10 @@ func addCommands(cmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli command.Cli) {
 	rootFlags(opts, cmd.PersistentFlags())
 
 	cmd.AddCommand(
-		buildCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+		buildCmd(dockerCli, opts, nil),
 		bakeCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		createCmd(dockerCli),
+		dialStdioCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		rmCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		lsCmd(dockerCli),
 		useCmd(dockerCli, opts),
@@ -91,9 +97,11 @@ func addCommands(cmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli command.Cli) {
 		duCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		imagetoolscmd.RootCmd(dockerCli, imagetoolscmd.RootOptions{Builder: &opts.builder}),
 	)
-	if isExperimental() {
+	if confutil.IsExperimental() {
+		cmd.AddCommand(debugcmd.RootCmd(dockerCli,
+			newDebuggableBuild(dockerCli, opts),
+		))
 		remote.AddControllerCommands(cmd, dockerCli)
-		addDebugShellCommand(cmd, dockerCli)
 	}
 
 	cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc( //nolint:errcheck

commands/stop.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -15,9 +14,7 @@ type stopOptions struct {
 	builder string
 }
 
-func runStop(dockerCli command.Cli, in stopOptions) error {
-	ctx := appcontext.Context()
-
+func runStop(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in stopOptions) error {
 	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
 		builder.WithName(in.builder),
 		builder.WithSkippedValidation(),
@@ -25,7 +22,7 @@ func runStop(dockerCli command.Cli, in stopOptions) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -45,7 +42,7 @@ func stopCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 			if len(args) > 0 {
 				options.builder = args[0]
 			}
-			return runStop(dockerCli, options)
+			return runStop(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: completion.BuilderNames(dockerCli),
 	}

commands/use.go

@@ -35,10 +35,7 @@ func runUse(dockerCli command.Cli, in useOptions) error {
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				if err := txn.SetCurrent(ep, "", false, false); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-				return nil
+				return txn.SetCurrent(ep, "", false, false)
 			}
 			list, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
 			if err != nil {
@@ -58,11 +55,7 @@ func runUse(dockerCli command.Cli, in useOptions) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := txn.SetCurrent(ep, in.builder, in.isGlobal, in.isDefault); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
+	return txn.SetCurrent(ep, in.builder, in.isGlobal, in.isDefault)
 }
 
 func useCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {

commands/util.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/streams"
+)
+
+func prompt(ctx context.Context, ins io.Reader, out io.Writer, msg string) (bool, error) {
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	var ok bool
+	go func() {
+		ok = promptForConfirmation(ins, out, msg)
+		close(done)
+	}()
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return false, context.Cause(ctx)
+	case <-done:
+		return ok, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// promptForConfirmation requests and checks confirmation from user.
+// This will display the provided message followed by ' [y/N] '. If
+// the user input 'y' or 'Y' it returns true other false.  If no
+// message is provided "Are you sure you want to proceed? [y/N] "
+// will be used instead.
+//
+// Copied from github.com/docker/cli since the upstream version changed
+// recently with an incompatible change.
+//
+// See https://github.com/docker/buildx/pull/2359#discussion_r1544736494
+// for discussion on the issue.
+func promptForConfirmation(ins io.Reader, outs io.Writer, message string) bool {
+	if message == "" {
+		message = "Are you sure you want to proceed?"
+	}
+	message += " [y/N] "
+
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprint(outs, message)
+
+	// On Windows, force the use of the regular OS stdin stream.
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		ins = streams.NewIn(os.Stdin)
+	}
+
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(ins)
+	answer, _, _ := reader.ReadLine()
+	return strings.ToLower(string(answer)) == "y"
+}

controller/build/build.go

@@ -53,17 +53,21 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in controllerapi.Build
 			InStream:       inStream,
 			NamedContexts:  contexts,
 		},
-		BuildArgs:     in.BuildArgs,
-		ExtraHosts:    in.ExtraHosts,
-		Labels:        in.Labels,
-		NetworkMode:   in.NetworkMode,
-		NoCache:       in.NoCache,
-		NoCacheFilter: in.NoCacheFilter,
-		Pull:          in.Pull,
-		ShmSize:       dockeropts.MemBytes(in.ShmSize),
-		Tags:          in.Tags,
-		Target:        in.Target,
-		Ulimits:       controllerUlimitOpt2DockerUlimit(in.Ulimits),
+		Ref:                    in.Ref,
+		BuildArgs:              in.BuildArgs,
+		CgroupParent:           in.CgroupParent,
+		ExtraHosts:             in.ExtraHosts,
+		Labels:                 in.Labels,
+		NetworkMode:            in.NetworkMode,
+		NoCache:                in.NoCache,
+		NoCacheFilter:          in.NoCacheFilter,
+		Pull:                   in.Pull,
+		ShmSize:                dockeropts.MemBytes(in.ShmSize),
+		Tags:                   in.Tags,
+		Target:                 in.Target,
+		Ulimits:                controllerUlimitOpt2DockerUlimit(in.Ulimits),
+		GroupRef:               in.GroupRef,
+		WithProvenanceResponse: in.WithProvenanceResponse,
 	}
 
 	platforms, err := platformutil.Parse(in.Platforms)
@@ -73,7 +77,7 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in controllerapi.Build
 	opts.Platforms = platforms
 
 	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
-	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig))
+	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig, nil))
 
 	secrets, err := controllerapi.CreateSecrets(in.Secrets)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -96,39 +100,50 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in controllerapi.Build
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	if in.ExportPush {
-		if in.ExportLoad {
-			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("push and load may not be set together at the moment")
+		var pushUsed bool
+		for i := range outputs {
+			if outputs[i].Type == client.ExporterImage {
+				outputs[i].Attrs["push"] = "true"
+				pushUsed = true
+			}
 		}
-		if len(outputs) == 0 {
-			outputs = []client.ExportEntry{{
-				Type: "image",
+		if !pushUsed {
+			outputs = append(outputs, client.ExportEntry{
+				Type: client.ExporterImage,
 				Attrs: map[string]string{
 					"push": "true",
 				},
-			}}
-		} else {
-			switch outputs[0].Type {
-			case "image":
-				outputs[0].Attrs["push"] = "true"
-			default:
-				return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("push and %q output can't be used together", outputs[0].Type)
-			}
+			})
 		}
 	}
 	if in.ExportLoad {
-		if len(outputs) == 0 {
-			outputs = []client.ExportEntry{{
-				Type:  "docker",
-				Attrs: map[string]string{},
-			}}
-		} else {
-			switch outputs[0].Type {
-			case "docker":
-			default:
-				return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("load and %q output can't be used together", outputs[0].Type)
+		var loadUsed bool
+		for i := range outputs {
+			if outputs[i].Type == client.ExporterDocker {
+				if _, ok := outputs[i].Attrs["dest"]; !ok {
+					loadUsed = true
+					break
+				}
 			}
 		}
+		if !loadUsed {
+			outputs = append(outputs, client.ExportEntry{
+				Type:  client.ExporterDocker,
+				Attrs: map[string]string{},
+			})
+		}
 	}
+
+	annotations, err := buildflags.ParseAnnotations(in.Annotations)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	for _, o := range outputs {
+		for k, v := range annotations {
+			o.Attrs[k.String()] = v
+		}
+	}
+
 	opts.Exports = outputs
 
 	opts.CacheFrom = controllerapi.CreateCaches(in.CacheFrom)
@@ -168,7 +183,7 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in controllerapi.Build
 	if err = updateLastActivity(dockerCli, b.NodeGroup); err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to update builder last activity time")
 	}
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}

controller/pb/controller.pb.go

@@ -271,37 +271,41 @@ func (m *BuildRequest) GetOptions() *BuildOptions {
 }
 
 type BuildOptions struct {
-	ContextPath          string               `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=ContextPath,proto3" json:"ContextPath,omitempty"`
-	DockerfileName       string               `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=DockerfileName,proto3" json:"DockerfileName,omitempty"`
-	PrintFunc            *PrintFunc           `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=PrintFunc,proto3" json:"PrintFunc,omitempty"`
-	NamedContexts        map[string]string    `protobuf:"bytes,4,rep,name=NamedContexts,proto3" json:"NamedContexts,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
-	Allow                []string             `protobuf:"bytes,5,rep,name=Allow,proto3" json:"Allow,omitempty"`
-	Attests              []*Attest            `protobuf:"bytes,6,rep,name=Attests,proto3" json:"Attests,omitempty"`
-	BuildArgs            map[string]string    `protobuf:"bytes,7,rep,name=BuildArgs,proto3" json:"BuildArgs,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
-	CacheFrom            []*CacheOptionsEntry `protobuf:"bytes,8,rep,name=CacheFrom,proto3" json:"CacheFrom,omitempty"`
-	CacheTo              []*CacheOptionsEntry `protobuf:"bytes,9,rep,name=CacheTo,proto3" json:"CacheTo,omitempty"`
-	CgroupParent         string               `protobuf:"bytes,10,opt,name=CgroupParent,proto3" json:"CgroupParent,omitempty"`
-	Exports              []*ExportEntry       `protobuf:"bytes,11,rep,name=Exports,proto3" json:"Exports,omitempty"`
-	ExtraHosts           []string             `protobuf:"bytes,12,rep,name=ExtraHosts,proto3" json:"ExtraHosts,omitempty"`
-	Labels               map[string]string    `protobuf:"bytes,13,rep,name=Labels,proto3" json:"Labels,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
-	NetworkMode          string               `protobuf:"bytes,14,opt,name=NetworkMode,proto3" json:"NetworkMode,omitempty"`
-	NoCacheFilter        []string             `protobuf:"bytes,15,rep,name=NoCacheFilter,proto3" json:"NoCacheFilter,omitempty"`
-	Platforms            []string             `protobuf:"bytes,16,rep,name=Platforms,proto3" json:"Platforms,omitempty"`
-	Secrets              []*Secret            `protobuf:"bytes,17,rep,name=Secrets,proto3" json:"Secrets,omitempty"`
-	ShmSize              int64                `protobuf:"varint,18,opt,name=ShmSize,proto3" json:"ShmSize,omitempty"`
-	SSH                  []*SSH               `protobuf:"bytes,19,rep,name=SSH,proto3" json:"SSH,omitempty"`
-	Tags                 []string             `protobuf:"bytes,20,rep,name=Tags,proto3" json:"Tags,omitempty"`
-	Target               string               `protobuf:"bytes,21,opt,name=Target,proto3" json:"Target,omitempty"`
-	Ulimits              *UlimitOpt           `protobuf:"bytes,22,opt,name=Ulimits,proto3" json:"Ulimits,omitempty"`
-	Builder              string               `protobuf:"bytes,23,opt,name=Builder,proto3" json:"Builder,omitempty"`
-	NoCache              bool                 `protobuf:"varint,24,opt,name=NoCache,proto3" json:"NoCache,omitempty"`
-	Pull                 bool                 `protobuf:"varint,25,opt,name=Pull,proto3" json:"Pull,omitempty"`
-	ExportPush           bool                 `protobuf:"varint,26,opt,name=ExportPush,proto3" json:"ExportPush,omitempty"`
-	ExportLoad           bool                 `protobuf:"varint,27,opt,name=ExportLoad,proto3" json:"ExportLoad,omitempty"`
-	SourcePolicy         *pb.Policy           `protobuf:"bytes,28,opt,name=SourcePolicy,proto3" json:"SourcePolicy,omitempty"`
-	XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{}             `json:"-"`
-	XXX_unrecognized     []byte               `json:"-"`
-	XXX_sizecache        int32                `json:"-"`
+	ContextPath            string               `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=ContextPath,proto3" json:"ContextPath,omitempty"`
+	DockerfileName         string               `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=DockerfileName,proto3" json:"DockerfileName,omitempty"`
+	PrintFunc              *PrintFunc           `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=PrintFunc,proto3" json:"PrintFunc,omitempty"`
+	NamedContexts          map[string]string    `protobuf:"bytes,4,rep,name=NamedContexts,proto3" json:"NamedContexts,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
+	Allow                  []string             `protobuf:"bytes,5,rep,name=Allow,proto3" json:"Allow,omitempty"`
+	Attests                []*Attest            `protobuf:"bytes,6,rep,name=Attests,proto3" json:"Attests,omitempty"`
+	BuildArgs              map[string]string    `protobuf:"bytes,7,rep,name=BuildArgs,proto3" json:"BuildArgs,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
+	CacheFrom              []*CacheOptionsEntry `protobuf:"bytes,8,rep,name=CacheFrom,proto3" json:"CacheFrom,omitempty"`
+	CacheTo                []*CacheOptionsEntry `protobuf:"bytes,9,rep,name=CacheTo,proto3" json:"CacheTo,omitempty"`
+	CgroupParent           string               `protobuf:"bytes,10,opt,name=CgroupParent,proto3" json:"CgroupParent,omitempty"`
+	Exports                []*ExportEntry       `protobuf:"bytes,11,rep,name=Exports,proto3" json:"Exports,omitempty"`
+	ExtraHosts             []string             `protobuf:"bytes,12,rep,name=ExtraHosts,proto3" json:"ExtraHosts,omitempty"`
+	Labels                 map[string]string    `protobuf:"bytes,13,rep,name=Labels,proto3" json:"Labels,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
+	NetworkMode            string               `protobuf:"bytes,14,opt,name=NetworkMode,proto3" json:"NetworkMode,omitempty"`
+	NoCacheFilter          []string             `protobuf:"bytes,15,rep,name=NoCacheFilter,proto3" json:"NoCacheFilter,omitempty"`
+	Platforms              []string             `protobuf:"bytes,16,rep,name=Platforms,proto3" json:"Platforms,omitempty"`
+	Secrets                []*Secret            `protobuf:"bytes,17,rep,name=Secrets,proto3" json:"Secrets,omitempty"`
+	ShmSize                int64                `protobuf:"varint,18,opt,name=ShmSize,proto3" json:"ShmSize,omitempty"`
+	SSH                    []*SSH               `protobuf:"bytes,19,rep,name=SSH,proto3" json:"SSH,omitempty"`
+	Tags                   []string             `protobuf:"bytes,20,rep,name=Tags,proto3" json:"Tags,omitempty"`
+	Target                 string               `protobuf:"bytes,21,opt,name=Target,proto3" json:"Target,omitempty"`
+	Ulimits                *UlimitOpt           `protobuf:"bytes,22,opt,name=Ulimits,proto3" json:"Ulimits,omitempty"`
+	Builder                string               `protobuf:"bytes,23,opt,name=Builder,proto3" json:"Builder,omitempty"`
+	NoCache                bool                 `protobuf:"varint,24,opt,name=NoCache,proto3" json:"NoCache,omitempty"`
+	Pull                   bool                 `protobuf:"varint,25,opt,name=Pull,proto3" json:"Pull,omitempty"`
+	ExportPush             bool                 `protobuf:"varint,26,opt,name=ExportPush,proto3" json:"ExportPush,omitempty"`
+	ExportLoad             bool                 `protobuf:"varint,27,opt,name=ExportLoad,proto3" json:"ExportLoad,omitempty"`
+	SourcePolicy           *pb.Policy           `protobuf:"bytes,28,opt,name=SourcePolicy,proto3" json:"SourcePolicy,omitempty"`
+	Ref                    string               `protobuf:"bytes,29,opt,name=Ref,proto3" json:"Ref,omitempty"`
+	GroupRef               string               `protobuf:"bytes,30,opt,name=GroupRef,proto3" json:"GroupRef,omitempty"`
+	Annotations            []string             `protobuf:"bytes,31,rep,name=Annotations,proto3" json:"Annotations,omitempty"`
+	WithProvenanceResponse bool                 `protobuf:"varint,32,opt,name=WithProvenanceResponse,proto3" json:"WithProvenanceResponse,omitempty"`
+	XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral   struct{}             `json:"-"`
+	XXX_unrecognized       []byte               `json:"-"`
+	XXX_sizecache          int32                `json:"-"`
 }
 
 func (m *BuildOptions) Reset()         { *m = BuildOptions{} }
@@ -524,6 +528,34 @@ func (m *BuildOptions) GetSourcePolicy() *pb.Policy {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (m *BuildOptions) GetRef() string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Ref
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (m *BuildOptions) GetGroupRef() string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.GroupRef
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (m *BuildOptions) GetAnnotations() []string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Annotations
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *BuildOptions) GetWithProvenanceResponse() bool {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.WithProvenanceResponse
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 type ExportEntry struct {
 	Type                 string            `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=Type,proto3" json:"Type,omitempty"`
 	Attrs                map[string]string `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=Attrs,proto3" json:"Attrs,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
@@ -1527,6 +1559,7 @@ func (m *InitMessage) GetInvokeConfig() *InvokeConfig {
 type InvokeConfig struct {
 	Entrypoint           []string `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=Entrypoint,proto3" json:"Entrypoint,omitempty"`
 	Cmd                  []string `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=Cmd,proto3" json:"Cmd,omitempty"`
+	NoCmd                bool     `protobuf:"varint,11,opt,name=NoCmd,proto3" json:"NoCmd,omitempty"`
 	Env                  []string `protobuf:"bytes,3,rep,name=Env,proto3" json:"Env,omitempty"`
 	User                 string   `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=User,proto3" json:"User,omitempty"`
 	NoUser               bool     `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=NoUser,proto3" json:"NoUser,omitempty"`
@@ -1578,6 +1611,13 @@ func (m *InvokeConfig) GetCmd() []string {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (m *InvokeConfig) GetNoCmd() bool {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.NoCmd
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 func (m *InvokeConfig) GetEnv() []string {
 	if m != nil {
 		return m.Env
@@ -2046,125 +2086,129 @@ func init() {
 func init() { proto.RegisterFile("controller.proto", fileDescriptor_ed7f10298fa1d90f) }
 
 var fileDescriptor_ed7f10298fa1d90f = []byte{
-	// 1881 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
-	0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xff, 0xa4, 0x58, 0x5f, 0x6f, 0xdb, 0xc8,
-	0x11, 0x2f, 0x25, 0x59, 0x7f, 0x46, 0x96, 0xe3, 0x6c, 0x9d, 0x74, 0xc3, 0xa4, 0x17, 0x87, 0x49,
-	0xae, 0x42, 0x53, 0x48, 0x77, 0xbe, 0xa6, 0xbe, 0x5c, 0xee, 0x80, 0xda, 0xb2, 0x05, 0xfb, 0x90,
-	0xd8, 0xc6, 0xca, 0xc9, 0xa1, 0x2d, 0xd0, 0x80, 0x92, 0xd6, 0x32, 0x21, 0x8a, 0xab, 0x72, 0x57,
-	0xb6, 0xd5, 0xa7, 0xbe, 0xf4, 0xad, 0xe8, 0xf7, 0x28, 0xfa, 0x11, 0xfa, 0xd2, 0x7e, 0xa1, 0xa2,
-	0x1f, 0xa1, 0xd8, 0x3f, 0xa4, 0x48, 0x4b, 0x94, 0xed, 0xf6, 0x49, 0x3b, 0xc3, 0xdf, 0x6f, 0x76,
-	0x67, 0x38, 0x3b, 0x33, 0x14, 0xac, 0xf7, 0x58, 0x20, 0x42, 0xe6, 0xfb, 0x34, 0x6c, 0x8c, 0x43,
-	0x26, 0x18, 0xda, 0xe8, 0x4e, 0x3c, 0xbf, 0x7f, 0xd5, 0x48, 0x3c, 0xb8, 0xf8, 0xd2, 0x7e, 0x3b,
-	0xf0, 0xc4, 0xf9, 0xa4, 0xdb, 0xe8, 0xb1, 0x51, 0x73, 0xc4, 0xba, 0xd3, 0xa6, 0x42, 0x0d, 0x3d,
-	0xd1, 0x74, 0xc7, 0x5e, 0x93, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0xc2, 0xeb, 0x51, 0xde, 0x34, 0xa4, 0xe8, 0x57, 0x9b,
-	0xb4, 0x5f, 0x67, 0x92, 0x39, 0x9b, 0x84, 0x3d, 0x3a, 0x66, 0xbe, 0xd7, 0x9b, 0x36, 0xc7, 0xdd,
-	0xa6, 0x5e, 0x69, 0x9a, 0x53, 0x87, 0x8d, 0x77, 0x1e, 0x17, 0x27, 0x21, 0xeb, 0x51, 0xce, 0x29,
-	0x27, 0xf4, 0x0f, 0x13, 0xca, 0x05, 0x5a, 0x87, 0x3c, 0xa1, 0x67, 0xd8, 0xda, 0xb4, 0xea, 0x15,
-	0x22, 0x97, 0xce, 0x09, 0x3c, 0xb8, 0x86, 0xe4, 0x63, 0x16, 0x70, 0x8a, 0xb6, 0x61, 0xe5, 0x30,
-	0x38, 0x63, 0x1c, 0x5b, 0x9b, 0xf9, 0x7a, 0x75, 0xeb, 0x59, 0x63, 0x91, 0x73, 0x0d, 0xc3, 0x93,
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 }
 
 // Reference imports to suppress errors if they are not otherwise used.

controller/pb/controller.proto

@@ -77,6 +77,10 @@ message BuildOptions {
   bool ExportPush = 26;
   bool ExportLoad = 27;
   moby.buildkit.v1.sourcepolicy.Policy SourcePolicy = 28;
+  string Ref = 29;
+  string GroupRef = 30;
+  repeated string Annotations = 31;
+  bool WithProvenanceResponse = 32;
 }
 
 message ExportEntry {
@@ -192,6 +196,7 @@ message InitMessage {
 message InvokeConfig {
   repeated string Entrypoint = 1;
   repeated string Cmd = 2;
+  bool NoCmd = 11; // Do not set cmd but use the image's default
   repeated string Env = 3;
   string User = 4;
   bool NoUser = 5; // Do not set user but use the image's default

controller/pb/export.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ func CreateExports(entries []*ExportEntry) ([]client.ExportEntry, error) {
 	if len(entries) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
+	var stdoutUsed bool
 	for _, entry := range entries {
 		if entry.Type == "" {
 			return nil, errors.Errorf("type is required for output")
@@ -68,10 +69,14 @@ func CreateExports(entries []*ExportEntry) ([]client.ExportEntry, error) {
 				entry.Destination = "-"
 			}
 			if entry.Destination == "-" {
+				if stdoutUsed {
+					return nil, errors.Errorf("multiple outputs configured to write to stdout")
+				}
 				if _, err := console.ConsoleFromFile(os.Stdout); err == nil {
 					return nil, errors.Errorf("dest file is required for %s exporter. refusing to write to console", out.Type)
 				}
 				out.Output = wrapWriteCloser(os.Stdout)
+				stdoutUsed = true
 			} else if entry.Destination != "" {
 				fi, err := os.Stat(entry.Destination)
 				if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {

controller/pb/path_test.go

@@ -236,6 +236,7 @@ func TestResolvePaths(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			got, err := ResolveOptionPaths(&tt.options)
 			require.NoError(t, err)

controller/processes/processes.go

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func (m *Manager) StartProcess(pid string, resultCtx *build.ResultHandle, cfg *p
 	go func() {
 		var err error
 		if err = ctr.Exec(ctx, cfg, in.Stdin, in.Stdout, in.Stderr); err != nil {
-			logrus.Errorf("failed to exec process: %v", err)
+			logrus.Debugf("process error: %v", err)
 		}
 		logrus.Debugf("finished process %s %v", pid, cfg.Entrypoint)
 		m.processes.Delete(pid)

controller/remote/controller.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/log"
+	"github.com/containerd/log"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	cbuild "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/control"

controller/remote/server.go

@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ func (m *Server) ListProcesses(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListProcessesRequest
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("unknown ref %q", req.Ref)
 	}
 	res = new(pb.ListProcessesResponse)
-	for _, p := range s.processes.ListProcesses() {
-		res.Infos = append(res.Infos, p)
-	}
+	res.Infos = append(res.Infos, s.processes.ListProcesses()...)
 	return res, nil
 }
 

docker-bake.hcl

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 variable "GO_VERSION" {
-  default = "1.20"
+  default = null
 }
 variable "DOCS_FORMATS" {
   default = "md"
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ variable "DOCS_FORMATS" {
 variable "DESTDIR" {
   default = "./bin"
 }
+variable "GOLANGCI_LINT_MULTIPLATFORM" {
+  default = null
+}
 
 # Special target: https://github.com/docker/metadata-action#bake-definition
 target "meta-helper" {
@@ -32,6 +35,17 @@ target "lint" {
   inherits = ["_common"]
   dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/lint.Dockerfile"
   output = ["type=cacheonly"]
+  platforms = GOLANGCI_LINT_MULTIPLATFORM != null ? [
+    "darwin/amd64",
+    "darwin/arm64",
+    "linux/amd64",
+    "linux/arm64",
+    "linux/s390x",
+    "linux/ppc64le",
+    "linux/riscv64",
+    "windows/amd64",
+    "windows/arm64"
+  ] : []
 }
 
 target "validate-vendor" {
@@ -166,6 +180,9 @@ variable "HTTPS_PROXY" {
 variable "NO_PROXY" {
   default = ""
 }
+variable "TEST_BUILDKIT_TAG" {
+  default = null
+}
 
 target "integration-test-base" {
   inherits = ["_common"]
@@ -173,6 +190,7 @@ target "integration-test-base" {
     HTTP_PROXY = HTTP_PROXY
     HTTPS_PROXY = HTTPS_PROXY
     NO_PROXY = NO_PROXY
+    BUILDKIT_VERSION = TEST_BUILDKIT_TAG
   }
   target = "integration-test-base"
   output = ["type=cacheonly"]

docs/bake-reference.md

@@ -12,18 +12,118 @@ You can define your Bake file in the following file formats:
 
 By default, Bake uses the following lookup order to find the configuration file:
 
-1. `docker-bake.override.hcl`
-2. `docker-bake.hcl`
-3. `docker-bake.override.json`
-4. `docker-bake.json`
-5. `docker-compose.yaml`
-6. `docker-compose.yml`
+1. `compose.yaml`
+2. `compose.yml`
+3. `docker-compose.yml`
+4. `docker-compose.yaml`
+5. `docker-bake.json`
+6. `docker-bake.override.json`
+7. `docker-bake.hcl`
+8. `docker-bake.override.hcl`
 
-Bake searches for the file in the current working directory.
 You can specify the file location explicitly using the `--file` flag:
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx bake --file=../docker/bake.hcl --print
+$ docker buildx bake --file ../docker/bake.hcl --print
+```
+
+If you don't specify a file explicitly, Bake searches for the file in the
+current working directory. If more than one Bake file is found, all files are
+merged into a single definition. Files are merged according to the lookup
+order. That means that if your project contains both a `compose.yaml` file and
+a `docker-bake.hcl` file, Bake loads the `compose.yaml` file first, and then
+the `docker-bake.hcl` file.
+
+If merged files contain duplicate attribute definitions, those definitions are
+either merged or overridden by the last occurrence, depending on the attribute.
+The following attributes are overridden by the last occurrence:
+
+- `target.cache-to`
+- `target.dockerfile-inline`
+- `target.dockerfile`
+- `target.outputs`
+- `target.platforms`
+- `target.pull`
+- `target.tags`
+- `target.target`
+
+For example, if `compose.yaml` and `docker-bake.hcl` both define the `tags`
+attribute, the `docker-bake.hcl` is used.
+
+```console
+$ cat compose.yaml
+services:
+  webapp:
+    build:
+      context: .
+      tags:
+        - bar
+$ cat docker-bake.hcl
+target "webapp" {
+  tags = ["foo"]
+}
+$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "tags": [
+        "foo"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+All other attributes are merged. For example, if `compose.yaml` and
+`docker-bake.hcl` both define unique entries for the `labels` attribute, all
+entries are included. Duplicate entries for the same label are overridden.
+
+```console
+$ cat compose.yaml
+services:
+  webapp:
+    build:
+      context: .
+      labels: 
+        com.example.foo: "foo"
+        com.example.name: "Alice"
+$ cat docker-bake.hcl
+target "webapp" {
+  labels = {
+    "com.example.bar" = "bar"
+    "com.example.name" = "Bob"
+  }
+}
+$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "labels": {
+        "com.example.foo": "foo",
+        "com.example.bar": "bar",
+        "com.example.name": "Bob"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
 ```
 
 ## Syntax
@@ -113,8 +213,9 @@ target "webapp" {
 The following table shows the complete list of attributes that you can assign to a target:
 
 | Name                                            | Type    | Description                                                          |
-| ----------------------------------------------- | ------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+|-------------------------------------------------|---------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
 | [`args`](#targetargs)                           | Map     | Build arguments                                                      |
+| [`annotations`](#targetannotations)             | List    | Exporter annotations                                                 |
 | [`attest`](#targetattest)                       | List    | Build attestations                                                   |
 | [`cache-from`](#targetcache-from)               | List    | External cache sources                                               |
 | [`cache-to`](#targetcache-to)                   | List    | External cache destinations                                          |
@@ -132,9 +233,11 @@ The following table shows the complete list of attributes that you can assign to
 | [`platforms`](#targetplatforms)                 | List    | Target platforms                                                     |
 | [`pull`](#targetpull)                           | Boolean | Always pull images                                                   |
 | [`secret`](#targetsecret)                       | List    | Secrets to expose to the build                                       |
+| [`shm-size`](#targetshm-size)                   | List    | Size of `/dev/shm`                                                   |
 | [`ssh`](#targetssh)                             | List    | SSH agent sockets or keys to expose to the build                     |
 | [`tags`](#targettags)                           | List    | Image names and tags                                                 |
 | [`target`](#targettarget)                       | String  | Target build stage                                                   |
+| [`ulimits`](#targetulimits)                     | List    | Ulimit options                                                       |
 
 ### `target.args`
 
@@ -171,6 +274,41 @@ target "db" {
 }
 ```
 
+### `target.annotations`
+
+The `annotations` attribute lets you add annotations to images built with bake.
+The key takes a list of annotations, in the format of `KEY=VALUE`.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  output = ["type=image,name=foo"]
+  annotations = ["org.opencontainers.image.authors=dvdksn"]
+}
+```
+
+is the same as
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  output = ["type=image,name=foo,annotation.org.opencontainers.image.authors=dvdksn"]
+}
+```
+
+By default, the annotation is added to image manifests. You can configure the
+level of the annotations by adding a prefix to the annotation, containing a
+comma-separated list of all the levels that you want to annotate. The following
+example adds annotations to both the image index and manifests.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  output = ["type=image,name=foo"]
+  annotations = ["index,manifest:org.opencontainers.image.authors=dvdksn"]
+}
+```
+
+Read about the supported levels in
+[Specifying annotation levels](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/annotations/#specifying-annotation-levels).
+
 ### `target.attest`
 
 The `attest` attribute lets you apply [build attestations][attestations] to the target.
@@ -696,6 +834,29 @@ RUN --mount=type=secret,id=KUBECONFIG \
     KUBECONFIG=$(cat /run/secrets/KUBECONFIG) helm upgrade --install
 ```
 
+### `target.shm-size`
+
+Sets the size of the shared memory allocated for build containers when using
+`RUN` instructions.
+
+The format is `<number><unit>`. `number` must be greater than `0`. Unit is
+optional and can be `b` (bytes), `k` (kilobytes), `m` (megabytes), or `g`
+(gigabytes). If you omit the unit, the system uses bytes.
+
+This is the same as the `--shm-size` flag for `docker build`.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  shm-size = "128m"
+}
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> In most cases, it is recommended to let the builder automatically determine
+> the appropriate configurations. Manual adjustments should only be considered
+> when specific performance tuning is required for complex build scenarios.
+
 ### `target.ssh`
 
 Defines SSH agent sockets or keys to expose to the build.
@@ -742,6 +903,32 @@ target "default" {
 }
 ```
 
+### `target.ulimits`
+
+Ulimits overrides the default ulimits of build's containers when using `RUN`
+instructions and are specified with a soft and hard limit as such:
+`<type>=<soft limit>[:<hard limit>]`, for example:
+
+```hcl
+target "app" {
+  ulimits = [
+    "nofile=1024:1024"
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> If you do not provide a `hard limit`, the `soft limit` is used
+> for both values. If no `ulimits` are set, they are inherited from
+> the default `ulimits` set on the daemon.
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> In most cases, it is recommended to let the builder automatically determine
+> the appropriate configurations. Manual adjustments should only be considered
+> when specific performance tuning is required for complex build scenarios.
+
 ## Group
 
 Groups allow you to invoke multiple builds (targets) at once.
@@ -933,20 +1120,20 @@ target "webapp-dev" {
 
 [attestations]: https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/
 [bake_stdlib]: https://github.com/docker/buildx/blob/master/bake/hclparser/stdlib.go
-[build-arg]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#build-arg
-[build-context]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#build-context
+[build-arg]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#build-arg
+[build-context]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#build-context
 [cache-backends]: https://docs.docker.com/build/cache/backends/
-[cache-from]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#cache-from
-[cache-to]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#cache-to
-[context]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#build-context
-[file]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file
+[cache-from]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#cache-from
+[cache-to]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#cache-to
+[context]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#build-context
+[file]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#file
 [go-cty]: https://github.com/zclconf/go-cty/tree/main/cty/function/stdlib
 [hcl-funcs]: https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/hcl-funcs/
-[output]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#output
-[platform]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#platform
-[run_mount_secret]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---mounttypesecret
-[secret]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#secret
-[ssh]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#ssh
-[tag]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag
-[target]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#target
+[output]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#output
+[platform]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#platform
+[run_mount_secret]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/dockerfile/#run---mounttypesecret
+[secret]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#secret
+[ssh]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#ssh
+[tag]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#tag
+[target]: https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#target
 [userfunc]: https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/main/ext/userfunc

docs/generate.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package main
 import (
 	"log"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/commands"
 	clidocstool "github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool"
@@ -26,6 +27,28 @@ type options struct {
 	formats []string
 }
 
+// fixUpExperimentalCLI trims the " (EXPERIMENTAL)" suffix from the CLI output,
+// as docs.docker.com already displays "experimental (CLI)",
+//
+// https://github.com/docker/buildx/pull/2188#issuecomment-1889487022
+func fixUpExperimentalCLI(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+	const (
+		annotationExperimentalCLI = "experimentalCLI"
+		suffixExperimental        = " (EXPERIMENTAL)"
+	)
+	if _, ok := cmd.Annotations[annotationExperimentalCLI]; ok {
+		cmd.Short = strings.TrimSuffix(cmd.Short, suffixExperimental)
+	}
+	cmd.Flags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+		if _, ok := f.Annotations[annotationExperimentalCLI]; ok {
+			f.Usage = strings.TrimSuffix(f.Usage, suffixExperimental)
+		}
+	})
+	for _, c := range cmd.Commands() {
+		fixUpExperimentalCLI(c)
+	}
+}
+
 func gen(opts *options) error {
 	log.SetFlags(0)
 
@@ -57,6 +80,8 @@ func gen(opts *options) error {
 				return err
 			}
 		case "yaml":
+			// fix up is needed only for yaml (used for generating docs.docker.com contents)
+			fixUpExperimentalCLI(cmd)
 			if err = c.GenYamlTree(cmd); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}

docs/guides/debugging.md

@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@ your environment.
 $ export BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL=1
 ```
 
-To start a debug session for a build, you can use the `--invoke` flag with the
-build command to specify a command to launch in the resulting image.
+To start a debug session for a build, you can use the `buildx debug` command with `--invoke` flag to specify a command to launch in the resulting image.
+`buildx debug` command provides `buildx debug build` subcommand that provides the same features as the normal `buildx build` command but allows launching the debugger session after the build.
+
+Arguments available after `buildx debug build` are the same as the normal `buildx build`.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --invoke /bin/sh .
+$ docker buildx debug --invoke /bin/sh build .
 [+] Building 4.2s (19/19) FINISHED
  => [internal] connecting to local controller                                                                                   0.0s
  => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                            0.0s
@@ -49,13 +51,23 @@ bin    etc    lib    mnt    proc   run    srv    tmp    var
 dev    home   media  opt    root   sbin   sys    usr    work
 ```
 
-#### `on-error`
+Optional long form allows you specifying detailed configurations of the process. 
+It must be CSV-styled comma-separated key-value pairs.
+Supported keys are `args` (can be JSON array format), `entrypoint` (can be JSON array format), `env` (can be JSON array format), `user`, `cwd` and `tty` (bool).
+
+Example:
+
+```
+$ docker buildx debug --invoke 'entrypoint=["sh"],"args=[""-c"", ""env | grep -e FOO -e AAA""]","env=[""FOO=bar"", ""AAA=bbb""]"' build .
+```
+
+#### `on` flag
 
 If you want to start a debug session when a build fails, you can use
-`--invoke=on-error` to start a debug session when the build fails.
+`--on=error` to start a debug session when the build fails.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --invoke on-error .
+$ docker buildx debug --on=error build .
 [+] Building 4.2s (19/19) FINISHED
  => [internal] connecting to local controller                                                                                   0.0s
  => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                            0.0s
@@ -75,13 +87,13 @@ Interactive container was restarted with process "edmzor60nrag7rh1mbi4o9lm8". Pr
 
 This allows you to explore the state of the image when the build failed.
 
-#### `debug-shell`
+#### Launch the debug session directly with `buildx debug` subcommand
 
 If you want to drop into a debug session without first starting the build, you
-can use `--invoke=debug-shell` to start a debug session.
+can use `buildx debug` command to start a debug session.
 
 ```
-$ docker buildx build --invoke debug-shell .
+$ docker buildx debug
 [+] Building 4.2s (19/19) FINISHED
  => [internal] connecting to local controller                                                                                   0.0s
 (buildx)
@@ -106,12 +118,12 @@ Available commands are:
   disconnect	disconnect a client from a buildx server. Specific session ID can be specified an arg
   exec		execute a process in the interactive container
   exit		exits monitor
-  help		shows this message
+  help		shows this message. Optionally pass a command name as an argument to print the detailed usage.
   kill		kill buildx server
   list		list buildx sessions
   ps		list processes invoked by "exec". Use "attach" to attach IO to that process
   reload	reloads the context and build it
-  rollback	re-runs the interactive container with initial rootfs contents
+  rollback	re-runs the interactive container with the step's rootfs contents
 ```
 
 ## Build controllers
@@ -125,15 +137,15 @@ To detach the build process from the CLI, you can use the `--detach=true` flag w
 the build command.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --detach=true --invoke /bin/sh .
+$ docker buildx debug --invoke /bin/sh build --detach=true .
 ```
 
 If you start a debugging session using the `--invoke` flag with a detached
-build, then you can attach to it using the `buildx debug-shell` subcommand to
+build, then you can attach to it using the `buildx debug` command to
 immediately enter the monitor mode.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx debug-shell
+$ docker buildx debug
 [+] Building 0.0s (1/1) FINISHED                                                                                                                                                                                
  => [internal] connecting to remote controller
 (buildx) list

docs/reference/buildx.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx [OPTIONS] COMMAND
 ```
 
@@ -9,24 +9,22 @@ Extended build capabilities with BuildKit
 
 ### Subcommands
 
-| Name                                           | Description                                |
-|:-----------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------|
-| [`_INTERNAL_SERVE`](buildx__INTERNAL_SERVE.md) |                                            |
-| [`bake`](buildx_bake.md)                       | Build from a file                          |
-| [`build`](buildx_build.md)                     | Start a build                              |
-| [`create`](buildx_create.md)                   | Create a new builder instance              |
-| [`debug-shell`](buildx_debug-shell.md)         | Start a monitor                            |
-| [`du`](buildx_du.md)                           | Disk usage                                 |
-| [`imagetools`](buildx_imagetools.md)           | Commands to work on images in registry     |
-| [`inspect`](buildx_inspect.md)                 | Inspect current builder instance           |
-| [`install`](buildx_install.md)                 | Install buildx as a 'docker builder' alias |
-| [`ls`](buildx_ls.md)                           | List builder instances                     |
-| [`prune`](buildx_prune.md)                     | Remove build cache                         |
-| [`rm`](buildx_rm.md)                           | Remove a builder instance                  |
-| [`stop`](buildx_stop.md)                       | Stop builder instance                      |
-| [`uninstall`](buildx_uninstall.md)             | Uninstall the 'docker builder' alias       |
-| [`use`](buildx_use.md)                         | Set the current builder instance           |
-| [`version`](buildx_version.md)                 | Show buildx version information            |
+| Name                                 | Description                                     |
+|:-------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------|
+| [`bake`](buildx_bake.md)             | Build from a file                               |
+| [`build`](buildx_build.md)           | Start a build                                   |
+| [`create`](buildx_create.md)         | Create a new builder instance                   |
+| [`debug`](buildx_debug.md)           | Start debugger (EXPERIMENTAL)                   |
+| [`dial-stdio`](buildx_dial-stdio.md) | Proxy current stdio streams to builder instance |
+| [`du`](buildx_du.md)                 | Disk usage                                      |
+| [`imagetools`](buildx_imagetools.md) | Commands to work on images in registry          |
+| [`inspect`](buildx_inspect.md)       | Inspect current builder instance                |
+| [`ls`](buildx_ls.md)                 | List builder instances                          |
+| [`prune`](buildx_prune.md)           | Remove build cache                              |
+| [`rm`](buildx_rm.md)                 | Remove one or more builder instances            |
+| [`stop`](buildx_stop.md)             | Stop builder instance                           |
+| [`use`](buildx_use.md)               | Set the current builder instance                |
+| [`version`](buildx_version.md)       | Show buildx version information                 |
 
 
 ### Options

docs/reference/buildx_bake.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx bake
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx bake [OPTIONS] [TARGET...]
 ```
 
@@ -13,27 +13,27 @@ Build from a file
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name                             | Type          | Default | Description                                                                              |
-|:---------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| [`--builder`](#builder)          | `string`      |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                 |
-| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file) | `stringArray` |         | Build definition file                                                                    |
-| `--load`                         |               |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=docker`                                               |
-| `--metadata-file`                | `string`      |         | Write build result metadata to the file                                                  |
-| [`--no-cache`](#no-cache)        |               |         | Do not use cache when building the image                                                 |
-| [`--print`](#print)              |               |         | Print the options without building                                                       |
-| [`--progress`](#progress)        | `string`      | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
-| [`--provenance`](#provenance)    | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=provenance`                                           |
-| [`--pull`](#pull)                |               |         | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                             |
-| `--push`                         |               |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=registry`                                             |
-| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=sbom`                                                 |
-| [`--set`](#set)                  | `stringArray` |         | Override target value (e.g., `targetpattern.key=value`)                                  |
+| Name                                | Type          | Default | Description                                                                              |
+|:------------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--builder`](#builder)             | `string`      |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                 |
+| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file)    | `stringArray` |         | Build definition file                                                                    |
+| `--load`                            |               |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=docker`                                               |
+| [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file) | `string`      |         | Write build result metadata to a file                                                    |
+| [`--no-cache`](#no-cache)           |               |         | Do not use cache when building the image                                                 |
+| [`--print`](#print)                 |               |         | Print the options without building                                                       |
+| [`--progress`](#progress)           | `string`      | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
+| [`--provenance`](#provenance)       | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=provenance`                                           |
+| [`--pull`](#pull)                   |               |         | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                             |
+| `--push`                            |               |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=registry`                                             |
+| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                   | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=sbom`                                                 |
+| [`--set`](#set)                     | `stringArray` |         | Override target value (e.g., `targetpattern.key=value`)                                  |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
 ## Description
 
-Bake is a high-level build command. Each specified target will run in parallel
+Bake is a high-level build command. Each specified target runs in parallel
 as part of the build.
 
 Read [High-level build options with Bake](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/)
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
 ### <a name="file"></a> Specify a build definition file (-f, --file)
 
 Use the `-f` / `--file` option to specify the build definition file to use.
-The file can be an HCL, JSON or Compose file. If multiple files are specified
-they are all read and configurations are combined.
+The file can be an HCL, JSON or Compose file. If multiple files are specified,
+all are read and the build configurations are combined.
 
 You can pass the names of the targets to build, to build only specific target(s).
 The following example builds the `db` and `webapp-release` targets that are
@@ -90,9 +90,80 @@ $ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.dev.hcl db webapp-release
 See the [Bake file reference](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/reference/)
 for more details.
 
-### <a name="no-cache"></a> Do not use cache when building the image (--no-cache)
+### <a name="metadata-file"></a> Write build results metadata to a file (--metadata-file)
 
-Same as `build --no-cache`. Do not use cache when building the image.
+Similar to [`buildx build --metadata-file`](buildx_build.md#metadata-file) but
+writes a map of results for each target such as:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["db", "webapp-dev"]
+}
+
+target "db" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.db"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/db"]
+}
+
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp"]
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --load --metadata-file metadata.json .
+$ cat metadata.json
+```
+
+```json
+{
+  "db": {
+    "buildx.build.provenance": {},
+    "buildx.build.ref": "mybuilder/mybuilder0/0fjb6ubs52xx3vygf6fgdl611",
+    "containerimage.config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
+    "containerimage.descriptor": {
+      "annotations": {
+        "config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
+        "org.opencontainers.image.created": "2022-02-08T21:28:03Z"
+      },
+      "digest": "sha256:19ffeab6f8bc9293ac2c3fdf94ebe28396254c993aea0b5a542cfb02e0883fa3",
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "size": 506
+    },
+    "containerimage.digest": "sha256:19ffeab6f8bc9293ac2c3fdf94ebe28396254c993aea0b5a542cfb02e0883fa3"
+  },
+  "webapp-dev": {
+    "buildx.build.provenance": {},
+    "buildx.build.ref": "mybuilder/mybuilder0/kamngmcgyzebqxwu98b4lfv3n",
+    "containerimage.config.digest": "sha256:9651cc2b3c508f697c9c43b67b64c8359c2865c019e680aac1c11f4b875b67e0",
+    "containerimage.descriptor": {
+      "annotations": {
+        "config.digest": "sha256:9651cc2b3c508f697c9c43b67b64c8359c2865c019e680aac1c11f4b875b67e0",
+        "org.opencontainers.image.created": "2022-02-08T21:28:15Z"
+      },
+      "digest": "sha256:6d9ac9237a84afe1516540f40a0fafdc86859b2141954b4d643af7066d598b74",
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "size": 506
+    },
+    "containerimage.digest": "sha256:6d9ac9237a84afe1516540f40a0fafdc86859b2141954b4d643af7066d598b74"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> Build record [provenance](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/slsa-provenance/#provenance-attestation-example)
+> (`buildx.build.provenance`) includes minimal provenance by default. Set the
+> `BUILDX_METADATA_PROVENANCE` environment variable to customize this behavior:
+> * `min` sets minimal provenance (default).
+> * `max` sets full provenance.
+> * `disabled`, `false` or `0` does not set any provenance.
+
+### <a name="no-cache"></a> Don't use cache when building the image (--no-cache)
+
+Same as `build --no-cache`. Don't use cache when building the image.
 
 ### <a name="print"></a> Print the options without building (--print)
 
@@ -154,7 +225,7 @@ $ docker buildx bake --set *.platform=linux/arm64     # overrides platform for a
 $ docker buildx bake --set foo*.no-cache              # bypass caching only for targets starting with 'foo'
 ```
 
-Complete list of overridable fields:
+You can override the following fields:
 
 * `args`
 * `cache-from`
@@ -162,6 +233,7 @@ Complete list of overridable fields:
 * `context`
 * `dockerfile`
 * `labels`
+* `load`
 * `no-cache`
 * `no-cache-filter`
 * `output`

docs/reference/buildx_build.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx build
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx build [OPTIONS] PATH | URL | -
 ```
 
@@ -13,44 +13,44 @@ Start a build
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name                                                                                                                                                   | Type          | Default   | Description                                                                                         |
-|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------|:----------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| [`--add-host`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-host)                                                                   | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                 |
-| [`--allow`](#allow)                                                                                                                                    | `stringSlice` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                      |
-| [`--attest`](#attest)                                                                                                                                  | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                        |
-| [`--build-arg`](#build-arg)                                                                                                                            | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                            |
-| [`--build-context`](#build-context)                                                                                                                    | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                         |
-| [`--builder`](#builder)                                                                                                                                | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                            |
-| [`--cache-from`](#cache-from)                                                                                                                          | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                       |
-| [`--cache-to`](#cache-to)                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                   |
-| [`--cgroup-parent`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#cgroup-parent)                                                         | `string`      |           | Optional parent cgroup for the container                                                            |
-| `--detach`                                                                                                                                             |               |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) [experimental]                                       |
-| [`-f`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file), [`--file`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file) | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                 |
-| `--iidfile`                                                                                                                                            | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to the file                                                                      |
-| `--invoke`                                                                                                                                             | `string`      |           | Invoke a command after the build [experimental]                                                     |
-| `--label`                                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                           |
-| [`--load`](#load)                                                                                                                                      |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                |
-| [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file)                                                                                                                    | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to the file                                                             |
-| `--network`                                                                                                                                            | `string`      | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build                                     |
-| `--no-cache`                                                                                                                                           |               |           | Do not use cache when building the image                                                            |
-| `--no-cache-filter`                                                                                                                                    | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                       |
-| [`-o`](#output), [`--output`](#output)                                                                                                                 | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                 |
-| [`--platform`](#platform)                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                       |
-| `--print`                                                                                                                                              | `string`      |           | Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) [experimental]                         |
-| [`--progress`](#progress)                                                                                                                              | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output            |
-| [`--provenance`](#provenance)                                                                                                                          | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                            |
-| `--pull`                                                                                                                                               |               |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                        |
-| [`--push`](#push)                                                                                                                                      |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                              |
-| `-q`, `--quiet`                                                                                                                                        |               |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                             |
-| `--root`                                                                                                                                               | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect [experimental]                                          |
-| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                                                                                                                                      | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                  |
-| [`--secret`](#secret)                                                                                                                                  | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                           |
-| `--server-config`                                                                                                                                      | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) [experimental]              |
-| [`--shm-size`](#shm-size)                                                                                                                              | `bytes`       | `0`       | Size of `/dev/shm`                                                                                  |
-| [`--ssh`](#ssh)                                                                                                                                        | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
-| [`-t`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag), [`--tag`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag)    | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                      |
-| [`--target`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#target)                                                                       | `string`      |           | Set the target build stage to build                                                                 |
-| [`--ulimit`](#ulimit)                                                                                                                                  | `ulimit`      |           | Ulimit options                                                                                      |
+| Name                                                                                                                                               | Type          | Default   | Description                                                                                         |
+|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------|:----------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--add-host`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#add-host)                                                                 | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                 |
+| [`--allow`](#allow)                                                                                                                                | `stringSlice` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                      |
+| [`--annotation`](#annotation)                                                                                                                      | `stringArray` |           | Add annotation to the image                                                                         |
+| [`--attest`](#attest)                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                        |
+| [`--build-arg`](#build-arg)                                                                                                                        | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                            |
+| [`--build-context`](#build-context)                                                                                                                | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                         |
+| [`--builder`](#builder)                                                                                                                            | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                            |
+| [`--cache-from`](#cache-from)                                                                                                                      | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                       |
+| [`--cache-to`](#cache-to)                                                                                                                          | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                   |
+| [`--cgroup-parent`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#cgroup-parent)                                                       | `string`      |           | Set the parent cgroup for the `RUN` instructions during build                                       |
+| `--detach`                                                                                                                                         |               |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) (EXPERIMENTAL)                                       |
+| [`-f`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#file), [`--file`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#file) | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                 |
+| `--iidfile`                                                                                                                                        | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to a file                                                                        |
+| `--label`                                                                                                                                          | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                           |
+| [`--load`](#load)                                                                                                                                  |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                |
+| [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file)                                                                                                                | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to a file                                                               |
+| `--network`                                                                                                                                        | `string`      | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build                                     |
+| `--no-cache`                                                                                                                                       |               |           | Do not use cache when building the image                                                            |
+| [`--no-cache-filter`](#no-cache-filter)                                                                                                            | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                       |
+| [`-o`](#output), [`--output`](#output)                                                                                                             | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                 |
+| [`--platform`](#platform)                                                                                                                          | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                       |
+| `--print`                                                                                                                                          | `string`      |           | Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) (EXPERIMENTAL)                         |
+| [`--progress`](#progress)                                                                                                                          | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output            |
+| [`--provenance`](#provenance)                                                                                                                      | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                            |
+| `--pull`                                                                                                                                           |               |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                        |
+| [`--push`](#push)                                                                                                                                  |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                              |
+| `-q`, `--quiet`                                                                                                                                    |               |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                             |
+| `--root`                                                                                                                                           | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect (EXPERIMENTAL)                                          |
+| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                                                                                                                                  | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                  |
+| [`--secret`](#secret)                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                           |
+| `--server-config`                                                                                                                                  | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) (EXPERIMENTAL)              |
+| [`--shm-size`](#shm-size)                                                                                                                          | `bytes`       | `0`       | Shared memory size for build containers                                                             |
+| [`--ssh`](#ssh)                                                                                                                                    | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
+| [`-t`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#tag), [`--tag`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#tag)    | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                      |
+| [`--target`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#target)                                                                     | `string`      |           | Set the target build stage to build                                                                 |
+| [`--ulimit`](#ulimit)                                                                                                                              | `ulimit`      |           | Ulimit options                                                                                      |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -64,14 +64,60 @@ The `buildx build` command starts a build using BuildKit. This command is simila
 to the UI of `docker build` command and takes the same flags and arguments.
 
 For documentation on most of these flags, refer to the [`docker build`
-documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/). In
-here we'll document a subset of the new flags.
+documentation](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/).
+This page describes a subset of the new flags.
 
 ## Examples
 
+### <a name="annotation"></a> Create annotations (--annotation)
+
+```text
+--annotation="key=value"
+--annotation="[type:]key=value"
+```
+
+Add OCI annotations to the image index, manifest, or descriptor.
+The following example adds the `foo=bar` annotation to the image manifests:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build -t TAG --annotation "foo=bar" --push .
+```
+
+You can optionally add a type prefix to specify the level of the annotation. By
+default, the image manifest is annotated. The following example adds the
+`foo=bar` annotation the image index instead of the manifests:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build -t TAG --annotation "index:foo=bar" --push .
+```
+
+You can specify multiple types, separated by a comma (,) to add the annotation
+to multiple image components. The following example adds the `foo=bar`
+annotation to image index, descriptors, manifests:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build -t TAG --annotation "index,manifest,manifest-descriptor:foo=bar" --push .
+```
+
+You can also specify a platform qualifier in square brackets (`[os/arch]`) in
+the type prefix, to apply the annotation to a subset of manifests with the
+matching platform. The following example adds the `foo=bar` annotation only to
+the manifest with the `linux/amd64` platform:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build -t TAG --annotation "manifest[linux/amd64]:foo=bar" --push .
+```
+
+Wildcards are not supported in the platform qualifier; you can't specify a type
+prefix like `manifest[linux/*]` to add annotations only to manifests which has
+`linux` as the OS platform.
+
+For more information about annotations, see
+[Annotations](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/annotations/).
+
 ### <a name="attest"></a> Create attestations (--attest)
 
-```
+```text
 --attest=type=sbom,...
 --attest=type=provenance,...
 ```
@@ -98,7 +144,7 @@ BuildKit currently supports:
 
 ### <a name="allow"></a> Allow extra privileged entitlement (--allow)
 
-```
+```text
 --allow=ENTITLEMENT
 ```
 
@@ -106,12 +152,10 @@ Allow extra privileged entitlement. List of entitlements:
 
 - `network.host` - Allows executions with host networking.
 - `security.insecure` - Allows executions without sandbox. See
-  [related Dockerfile extensions](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---securitysandbox).
+  [related Dockerfile extensions](https://docs.docker.com/reference/dockerfile/#run---security).
 
-For entitlements to be enabled, the `buildkitd` daemon also needs to allow them
-with `--allow-insecure-entitlement` (see [`create --buildkitd-flags`](buildx_create.md#buildkitd-flags))
-
-**Examples**
+For entitlements to be enabled, the BuildKit daemon also needs to allow them
+with `--allow-insecure-entitlement` (see [`create --buildkitd-flags`](buildx_create.md#buildkitd-flags)).
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx create --use --name insecure-builder --buildkitd-flags '--allow-insecure-entitlement security.insecure'
@@ -120,26 +164,23 @@ $ docker buildx build --allow security.insecure .
 
 ### <a name="build-arg"></a> Set build-time variables (--build-arg)
 
-Same as [`docker build` command](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#build-arg).
+Same as [`docker build` command](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#build-arg).
 
-There are also useful built-in build args like:
+There are also useful built-in build arguments, such as:
 
-* `BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR=<bool>` trigger git context to keep the `.git` directory
-* `BUILDKIT_INLINE_BUILDINFO_ATTRS=<bool>` inline build info attributes in image config or not
-* `BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=<bool>` inline cache metadata to image config or not
-* `BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM=<bool>` opt into deterministic output regardless of multi-platform output or not
+* `BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR=<bool>`: trigger git context to keep the `.git` directory
+* `BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=<bool>`: inline cache metadata to image config or not
+* `BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM=<bool>`: opt into deterministic output regardless of multi-platform output or not
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx build --build-arg BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM=1 .
 ```
 
-> **Note**
->
-> More built-in build args can be found in [Dockerfile reference docs](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#buildkit-built-in-build-args).
+Learn more about the built-in build arguments in the [Dockerfile reference docs](https://docs.docker.com/reference/dockerfile/#buildkit-built-in-build-args).
 
 ### <a name="build-context"></a> Additional build contexts (--build-context)
 
-```
+```text
 --build-context=name=VALUE
 ```
 
@@ -167,7 +208,7 @@ FROM alpine
 COPY --from=project myfile /
 ```
 
-#### <a name="source-oci-layout"></a> Source image from OCI layout directory
+#### <a name="source-oci-layout"></a> Use an OCI layout directory as build context
 
 Source an image from a local [OCI layout compliant directory](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/image-layout.md),
 either by tag, or by digest:
@@ -195,7 +236,7 @@ Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
 
 ### <a name="cache-from"></a> Use an external cache source for a build (--cache-from)
 
-```
+```text
 --cache-from=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
 ```
 
@@ -231,7 +272,7 @@ More info about cache exporters and available attributes: https://github.com/mob
 
 ### <a name="cache-to"></a> Export build cache to an external cache destination (--cache-to)
 
-```
+```text
 --cache-to=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
 ```
 
@@ -248,9 +289,8 @@ Export build cache to an external cache destination. Supported types are
 - [`s3` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#s3-cache-experimental) exports
   cache to a S3 bucket.
 
-`docker` driver currently only supports exporting inline cache metadata to image
-configuration. Alternatively, `--build-arg BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=1` can be used
-to trigger inline cache exporter.
+The `docker` driver only supports cache exports using the `inline` and `local`
+cache backends.
 
 Attribute key:
 
@@ -274,7 +314,7 @@ More info about cache exporters and available attributes: https://github.com/mob
 Shorthand for [`--output=type=docker`](#docker). Will automatically load the
 single-platform build result to `docker images`.
 
-### <a name="metadata-file"></a> Write build result metadata to the file (--metadata-file)
+### <a name="metadata-file"></a> Write build result metadata to a file (--metadata-file)
 
 To output build metadata such as the image digest, pass the `--metadata-file` flag.
 The metadata will be written as a JSON object to the specified file. The
@@ -284,28 +324,11 @@ directory of the specified file must already exist and be writable.
 $ docker buildx build --load --metadata-file metadata.json .
 $ cat metadata.json
 ```
+
 ```json
 {
-  "containerimage.buildinfo": {
-    "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
-    "attrs": {
-      "context": "https://github.com/crazy-max/buildkit-buildsources-test.git#master",
-      "filename": "Dockerfile",
-      "source": "docker/dockerfile:master"
-    },
-    "sources": [
-      {
-        "type": "docker-image",
-        "ref": "docker.io/docker/buildx-bin:0.6.1@sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0",
-        "pin": "sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0"
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "docker-image",
-        "ref": "docker.io/library/alpine:3.13",
-        "pin": "sha256:026f721af4cf2843e07bba648e158fb35ecc876d822130633cc49f707f0fc88c"
-      }
-    ]
-  },
+  "buildx.build.provenance": {},
+  "buildx.build.ref": "mybuilder/mybuilder0/0fjb6ubs52xx3vygf6fgdl611",
   "containerimage.config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
   "containerimage.descriptor": {
     "annotations": {
@@ -320,16 +343,80 @@ $ cat metadata.json
 }
 ```
 
+> **Note**
+>
+> Build record [provenance](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/slsa-provenance/#provenance-attestation-example)
+> (`buildx.build.provenance`) includes minimal provenance by default. Set the
+> `BUILDX_METADATA_PROVENANCE` environment variable to customize this behavior:
+> * `min` sets minimal provenance (default).
+> * `max` sets full provenance.
+> * `disabled`, `false` or `0` does not set any provenance.
+
+### <a name="no-cache-filter"></a> Ignore build cache for specific stages (--no-cache-filter)
+
+The `--no-cache-filter` lets you specify one or more stages of a multi-stage
+Dockerfile for which build cache should be ignored. To specify multiple stages,
+use a comma-separated syntax:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --no-cache-filter stage1,stage2,stage3 .
+```
+
+For example, the following Dockerfile contains four stages:
+
+- `base`
+- `install`
+- `test`
+- `release`
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+
+FROM oven/bun:1 as base
+WORKDIR /app
+
+FROM base AS install
+WORKDIR /temp/dev
+RUN --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
+    --mount=type=bind,source=bun.lockb,target=bun.lockb \
+    bun install --frozen-lockfile
+
+FROM base AS test
+COPY --from=install /temp/dev/node_modules node_modules
+COPY . .
+RUN bun test
+
+FROM base AS release
+ENV NODE_ENV=production
+COPY --from=install /temp/dev/node_modules node_modules
+COPY . .
+ENTRYPOINT ["bun", "run", "index.js"]
+```
+
+To ignore the cache for the `install` stage:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --no-cache-filter install .
+```
+
+To ignore the cache the `install` and `release` stages:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --no-cache-filter install,release .
+```
+
+The arguments for the `--no-cache-filter` flag must be names of stages.
+
 ### <a name="output"></a> Set the export action for the build result (-o, --output)
 
-```
+```text
 -o, --output=[PATH,-,type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]
 ```
 
 Sets the export action for the build result. In `docker build` all builds finish
 by creating a container image and exporting it to `docker images`. `buildx` makes
 this step configurable allowing results to be exported directly to the client,
-oci image tarballs, registry etc.
+OCI image tarballs, registry etc.
 
 Buildx with `docker` driver currently only supports local, tarball exporter and
 image exporter. `docker-container` driver supports all the exporters.
@@ -341,12 +428,16 @@ exporter and write to `stdout`.
 ```console
 $ docker buildx build -o . .
 $ docker buildx build -o outdir .
-$ docker buildx build -o - - > out.tar
+$ docker buildx build -o - . > out.tar
 $ docker buildx build -o type=docker .
 $ docker buildx build -o type=docker,dest=- . > myimage.tar
 $ docker buildx build -t tonistiigi/foo -o type=registry
 ```
 
+> **Note **
+>
+> Since BuildKit v0.13.0 multiple outputs can be specified by repeating the flag.
+
 Supported exported types are:
 
 #### `local`
@@ -384,15 +475,15 @@ The `docker` export type writes the single-platform result image as a [Docker im
 specification](https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/v20.10.2/image/spec/v1.2.md)
 tarball on the client. Tarballs created by this exporter are also OCI compatible.
 
-Currently, multi-platform images cannot be exported with the `docker` export type.
-The most common usecase for multi-platform images is to directly push to a registry
-(see [`registry`](#registry)).
+The default image store in Docker Engine doesn't support loading multi-platform
+images. You can enable the containerd image store, or push multi-platform images
+is to directly push to a registry, see [`registry`](#registry).
 
 Attribute keys:
 
-- `dest` - destination path where tarball will be written. If not specified the
-  tar will be loaded automatically to the current docker instance.
-- `context` - name for the docker context where to import the result
+- `dest` - destination path where tarball will be written. If not specified,
+  the tar will be loaded automatically to the local image store.
+- `context` - name for the Docker context where to import the result
 
 #### `image`
 
@@ -403,7 +494,7 @@ can be automatically pushed to a registry by specifying attributes.
 Attribute keys:
 
 - `name` - name (references) for the new image.
-- `push` - boolean to automatically push the image.
+- `push` - Boolean to automatically push the image.
 
 #### `registry`
 
@@ -411,7 +502,7 @@ The `registry` exporter is a shortcut for `type=image,push=true`.
 
 ### <a name="platform"></a> Set the target platforms for the build (--platform)
 
-```
+```text
 --platform=value[,value]
 ```
 
@@ -440,12 +531,12 @@ and `arm` architectures. You can see what runtime platforms your current builder
 instance supports by running `docker buildx inspect --bootstrap`.
 
 Inside a `Dockerfile`, you can access the current platform value through
-`TARGETPLATFORM` build argument. Please refer to the [`docker build`
-documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#automatic-platform-args-in-the-global-scope)
+`TARGETPLATFORM` build argument. Refer to the [`docker build`
+documentation](https://docs.docker.com/reference/dockerfile/#automatic-platform-args-in-the-global-scope)
 for the full description of automatic platform argument variants .
 
-The formatting for the platform specifier is defined in the [containerd source
-code](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/v1.4.3/platforms/platforms.go#L63).
+You can find the formatting definition for the platform specifier in the
+[containerd source code](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/v1.4.3/platforms/platforms.go#L63).
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx build --platform=linux/arm64 .
@@ -455,11 +546,11 @@ $ docker buildx build --platform=darwin .
 
 ### <a name="progress"></a> Set type of progress output (--progress)
 
-```
+```text
 --progress=VALUE
 ```
 
-Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container
+Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container
 output (default "auto").
 
 > **Note**
@@ -493,15 +584,18 @@ provenance attestations for the build result. For example,
 `--provenance=mode=max` can be used as an abbreviation for
 `--attest=type=provenance,mode=max`.
 
-Additionally, `--provenance` can be used with boolean values to broadly enable
-or disable provenance attestations. For example, `--provenance=false` can be
-used to disable all provenance attestations, while `--provenance=true` can be
-used to enable all provenance attestations.
+Additionally, `--provenance` can be used with Boolean values to enable or disable
+provenance attestations. For example, `--provenance=false` disables all provenance attestations,
+while `--provenance=true` enables all provenance attestations.
 
 By default, a minimal provenance attestation will be created for the build
-result, which will only be attached for images pushed to registries.
+result. Note that the default image store in Docker Engine doesn't support
+attestations. Provenance attestations only persist for images pushed directly
+to a registry if you use the default image store. Alternatively, you can switch
+to using the containerd image store.
 
-For more information, see [here](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/slsa-provenance/).
+For more information about provenance attestations, see
+[here](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/slsa-provenance/).
 
 ### <a name="push"></a> Push the build result to a registry (--push)
 
@@ -515,28 +609,40 @@ attestations for the build result. For example,
 `--sbom=generator=<user>/<generator-image>` can be used as an abbreviation for
 `--attest=type=sbom,generator=<user>/<generator-image>`.
 
-Additionally, `--sbom` can be used with boolean values to broadly enable or
-disable SBOM attestations. For example, `--sbom=false` can be used to disable
-all SBOM attestations.
+Additionally, `--sbom` can be used with Boolean values to enable or disable
+SBOM attestations. For example, `--sbom=false` disables all SBOM attestations.
+
+Note that the default image store in Docker Engine doesn't support
+attestations. Provenance attestations only persist for images pushed directly
+to a registry if you use the default image store. Alternatively, you can switch
+to using the containerd image store.
 
 For more information, see [here](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/sbom/).
 
 ### <a name="secret"></a> Secret to expose to the build (--secret)
 
-```
+```text
 --secret=[type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]
 ```
 
-Exposes secret to the build. The secret can be used by the build using
-[`RUN --mount=type=secret` mount](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---mounttypesecret).
+Exposes secrets (authentication credentials, tokens) to the build.
+A secret can be mounted into the build using a `RUN --mount=type=secret` mount in the
+[Dockerfile](https://docs.docker.com/reference/dockerfile/#run---mounttypesecret).
+For more information about how to use build secrets, see
+[Build secrets](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/secrets/).
 
-If `type` is unset it will be detected. Supported types are:
+Supported types are:
+
+- [`file`](#file)
+- [`env`](#env)
+
+Buildx attempts to detect the `type` automatically if unset.
 
 #### `file`
 
 Attribute keys:
 
-- `id` - ID of the secret. Defaults to basename of the `src` path.
+- `id` - ID of the secret. Defaults to base name of the `src` path.
 - `src`, `source` - Secret filename. `id` used if unset.
 
 ```dockerfile
@@ -570,15 +676,24 @@ RUN --mount=type=bind,target=. \
 $ SECRET_TOKEN=token docker buildx build --secret id=SECRET_TOKEN .
 ```
 
-### <a name="shm-size"></a> Size of /dev/shm (--shm-size)
+### <a name="shm-size"></a> Shared memory size for build containers (--shm-size)
+
+Sets the size of the shared memory allocated for build containers when using
+`RUN` instructions.
 
 The format is `<number><unit>`. `number` must be greater than `0`. Unit is
 optional and can be `b` (bytes), `k` (kilobytes), `m` (megabytes), or `g`
 (gigabytes). If you omit the unit, the system uses bytes.
 
+> **Note**
+>
+> In most cases, it is recommended to let the builder automatically determine
+> the appropriate configurations. Manual adjustments should only be considered
+> when specific performance tuning is required for complex build scenarios.
+
 ### <a name="ssh"></a> SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (--ssh)
 
-```
+```text
 --ssh=default|<id>[=<socket>|<key>[,<key>]]
 ```
 
@@ -586,7 +701,7 @@ This can be useful when some commands in your Dockerfile need specific SSH
 authentication (e.g., cloning a private repository).
 
 `--ssh` exposes SSH agent socket or keys to the build and can be used with the
-[`RUN --mount=type=ssh` mount](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---mounttypessh).
+[`RUN --mount=type=ssh` mount](https://docs.docker.com/reference/dockerfile/#run---mounttypessh).
 
 Example to access Gitlab using an SSH agent socket:
 
@@ -609,7 +724,8 @@ $ docker buildx build --ssh default=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK .
 
 ### <a name="ulimit"></a> Set ulimits (--ulimit)
 
-`--ulimit` is specified with a soft and hard limit as such:
+`--ulimit` overrides the default ulimits of build's containers when using `RUN`
+instructions and are specified with a soft and hard limit as such:
 `<type>=<soft limit>[:<hard limit>]`, for example:
 
 ```console
@@ -618,6 +734,12 @@ $ docker buildx build --ulimit nofile=1024:1024 .
 
 > **Note**
 >
-> If you do not provide a `hard limit`, the `soft limit` is used
-> for both values. If no `ulimits` are set, they are inherited from
+> If you don't provide a `hard limit`, the `soft limit` is used
+> for both values. If no `ulimits` are set, they're inherited from
 > the default `ulimits` set on the daemon.
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> In most cases, it is recommended to let the builder automatically determine
+> the appropriate configurations. Manual adjustments should only be considered
+> when specific performance tuning is required for complex build scenarios.

docs/reference/buildx_create.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx create
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx create [OPTIONS] [CONTEXT|ENDPOINT]
 ```
 
@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ Create a new builder instance
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name                                    | Type          | Default | Description                                                           |
-|:----------------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| [`--append`](#append)                   |               |         | Append a node to builder instead of changing it                       |
-| `--bootstrap`                           |               |         | Boot builder after creation                                           |
-| [`--buildkitd-flags`](#buildkitd-flags) | `string`      |         | Flags for buildkitd daemon                                            |
-| [`--config`](#config)                   | `string`      |         | BuildKit config file                                                  |
-| [`--driver`](#driver)                   | `string`      |         | Driver to use (available: `docker-container`, `kubernetes`, `remote`) |
-| [`--driver-opt`](#driver-opt)           | `stringArray` |         | Options for the driver                                                |
-| [`--leave`](#leave)                     |               |         | Remove a node from builder instead of changing it                     |
-| [`--name`](#name)                       | `string`      |         | Builder instance name                                                 |
-| [`--node`](#node)                       | `string`      |         | Create/modify node with given name                                    |
-| [`--platform`](#platform)               | `stringArray` |         | Fixed platforms for current node                                      |
-| [`--use`](#use)                         |               |         | Set the current builder instance                                      |
+| Name                                      | Type          | Default | Description                                                           |
+|:------------------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--append`](#append)                     |               |         | Append a node to builder instead of changing it                       |
+| `--bootstrap`                             |               |         | Boot builder after creation                                           |
+| [`--buildkitd-config`](#buildkitd-config) | `string`      |         | BuildKit daemon config file                                           |
+| [`--buildkitd-flags`](#buildkitd-flags)   | `string`      |         | BuildKit daemon flags                                                 |
+| [`--driver`](#driver)                     | `string`      |         | Driver to use (available: `docker-container`, `kubernetes`, `remote`) |
+| [`--driver-opt`](#driver-opt)             | `stringArray` |         | Options for the driver                                                |
+| [`--leave`](#leave)                       |               |         | Remove a node from builder instead of changing it                     |
+| [`--name`](#name)                         | `string`      |         | Builder instance name                                                 |
+| [`--node`](#node)                         | `string`      |         | Create/modify node with given name                                    |
+| [`--platform`](#platform)                 | `stringArray` |         | Fixed platforms for current node                                      |
+| [`--use`](#use)                           |               |         | Set the current builder instance                                      |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ Create a new builder instance
 
 ## Description
 
-Create makes a new builder instance pointing to a docker context or endpoint,
+Create makes a new builder instance pointing to a Docker context or endpoint,
 where context is the name of a context from `docker context ls` and endpoint is
-the address for docker socket (eg. `DOCKER_HOST` value).
+the address for Docker socket (eg. `DOCKER_HOST` value).
 
 By default, the current Docker configuration is used for determining the
 context/endpoint value.
@@ -55,31 +55,18 @@ $ docker buildx create --name eager_beaver --append mycontext2
 eager_beaver
 ```
 
-### <a name="buildkitd-flags"></a> Specify options for the buildkitd daemon (--buildkitd-flags)
+### <a name="buildkitd-config"></a> Specify a configuration file for the BuildKit daemon (--buildkitd-config)
 
-```
---buildkitd-flags FLAGS
+```text
+--buildkitd-config FILE
 ```
 
-Adds flags when starting the buildkitd daemon. They take precedence over the
-configuration file specified by [`--config`](#config). See `buildkitd --help`
-for the available flags.
+Specifies the configuration file for the BuildKit daemon to use. The
+configuration can be overridden by [`--buildkitd-flags`](#buildkitd-flags).
+See an [example BuildKit daemon configuration file](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md).
 
-```
---buildkitd-flags '--debug --debugaddr 0.0.0.0:6666'
-```
+If you don't specify a configuration file, Buildx looks for one by default in:
 
-### <a name="config"></a> Specify a configuration file for the buildkitd daemon (--config)
-
-```
---config FILE
-```
-
-Specifies the configuration file for the buildkitd daemon to use. The configuration
-can be overridden by [`--buildkitd-flags`](#buildkitd-flags).
-See an [example buildkitd configuration file](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md).
-
-If the configuration file is not specified, will look for one by default in:
 * `$BUILDX_CONFIG/buildkitd.default.toml`
 * `$DOCKER_CONFIG/buildx/buildkitd.default.toml`
 * `~/.docker/buildx/buildkitd.default.toml`
@@ -89,25 +76,62 @@ certificates for registries in the `buildkitd.toml` configuration, the files
 will be copied into the container under `/etc/buildkit/certs` and configuration
 will be updated to reflect that.
 
+### <a name="buildkitd-flags"></a> Specify options for the BuildKit daemon (--buildkitd-flags)
+
+```text
+--buildkitd-flags FLAGS
+```
+
+Adds flags when starting the BuildKit daemon. They take precedence over the
+configuration file specified by [`--buildkitd-config`](#buildkitd-config). See
+`buildkitd --help` for the available flags.
+
+```text
+--buildkitd-flags '--debug --debugaddr 0.0.0.0:6666'
+```
+
+#### BuildKit daemon network mode
+
+You can specify the network mode for the BuildKit daemon with either the
+configuration file specified by [`--buildkitd-config`](#buildkitd-config) using the
+`worker.oci.networkMode` option or `--oci-worker-net` flag here. The default
+value is `auto` and can be one of `bridge`, `cni`, `host`:
+
+```text
+--buildkitd-flags '--oci-worker-net bridge'
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> Network mode "bridge" is supported since BuildKit v0.13 and will become the
+> default in next v0.14.
+
 ### <a name="driver"></a> Set the builder driver to use (--driver)
 
-```
+```text
 --driver DRIVER
 ```
 
-Sets the builder driver to be used. There are two available drivers, each have
-their own specificities.
+Sets the builder driver to be used. A driver is a configuration of a BuildKit
+backend. Buildx supports the following drivers:
+
+* `docker` (default)
+* `docker-container`
+* `kubernetes`
+* `remote`
+
+For more information about build drivers, see [here](https://docs.docker.com/build/drivers/).
 
 #### `docker` driver
 
-Uses the builder that is built into the docker daemon. With this driver,
+Uses the builder that is built into the Docker daemon. With this driver,
 the [`--load`](buildx_build.md#load) flag is implied by default on
 `buildx build`. However, building multi-platform images or exporting cache is
 not currently supported.
 
 #### `docker-container` driver
 
-Uses a BuildKit container that will be spawned via docker. With this driver,
+Uses a BuildKit container that will be spawned via Docker. With this driver,
 both building multi-platform images and exporting cache are supported.
 
 Unlike `docker` driver, built images will not automatically appear in
@@ -116,7 +140,7 @@ to achieve that.
 
 #### `kubernetes` driver
 
-Uses a kubernetes pods. With this driver, you can spin up pods with defined
+Uses Kubernetes pods. With this driver, you can spin up pods with defined
 BuildKit container image to build your images.
 
 Unlike `docker` driver, built images will not automatically appear in
@@ -125,8 +149,8 @@ to achieve that.
 
 #### `remote` driver
 
-Uses a remote instance of buildkitd over an arbitrary connection. With this
-driver, you manually create and manage instances of buildkit yourself, and
+Uses a remote instance of BuildKit daemon over an arbitrary connection. With
+this driver, you manually create and manage instances of buildkit yourself, and
 configure buildx to point at it.
 
 Unlike `docker` driver, built images will not automatically appear in
@@ -135,48 +159,18 @@ to achieve that.
 
 ### <a name="driver-opt"></a> Set additional driver-specific options (--driver-opt)
 
-```
+```text
 --driver-opt OPTIONS
 ```
 
 Passes additional driver-specific options.
+For information about available driver options, refer to the detailed
+documentation for the specific driver:
 
-Note: When using quoted values for example for the `nodeselector` or
-`tolerations` options, ensure that quotes are escaped correctly for your shell.
-
-#### `docker` driver
-
-No driver options.
-
-#### `docker-container` driver
-
-- `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
-- `network=NETMODE` - Sets the network mode for running the buildkit container.
-- `cgroup-parent=CGROUP` - Sets the cgroup parent of the buildkit container if docker is using the "cgroupfs" driver. Defaults to `/docker/buildx`.
-
-#### `kubernetes` driver
-
-- `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
-- `namespace=NS` - Sets the Kubernetes namespace. Defaults to the current namespace.
-- `replicas=N` - Sets the number of `Pod` replicas. Defaults to 1.
-- `requests.cpu` - Sets the request CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `requests.cpu=100m`, `requests.cpu=2`
-- `requests.memory` - Sets the request memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `requests.memory=500Mi`, `requests.memory=4G`
-- `limits.cpu` - Sets the limit CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `limits.cpu=100m`, `limits.cpu=2`
-- `limits.memory` - Sets the limit memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `limits.memory=500Mi`, `limits.memory=4G`
-- `serviceaccount` - Sets the created pod's service account. Example `serviceaccount=example-sa`
-- `"nodeselector=label1=value1,label2=value2"` - Sets the kv of `Pod` nodeSelector. No Defaults. Example `nodeselector=kubernetes.io/arch=arm64`
-- `"tolerations=key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,operator=exists;key=foo3,effect=NoSchedule"` - Sets the `Pod` tolerations. Accepts the same values as the kube manifest tolera>tions. Key-value pairs are separated by `,`, tolerations are separated by `;`. No Defaults. Example `tolerations=operator=exists`
-- `rootless=(true|false)` - Run the container as a non-root user without `securityContext.privileged`. Needs Kubernetes 1.19 or later. [Using Ubuntu host kernel is recommended](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/rootless.md). Defaults to false.
-- `loadbalance=(sticky|random)` - Load-balancing strategy. If set to "sticky", the pod is chosen using the hash of the context path. Defaults to "sticky"
-- `qemu.install=(true|false)` - Install QEMU emulation for multi platforms support.
-- `qemu.image=IMAGE` - Sets the QEMU emulation image. Defaults to `tonistiigi/binfmt:latest`
-
-#### `remote` driver
-
-- `key=KEY` - Sets the TLS client key.
-- `cert=CERT` - Sets the TLS client certificate to present to buildkitd.
-- `cacert=CACERT` - Sets the TLS certificate authority used for validation.
-- `servername=SERVER` - Sets the TLS server name to be used in requests (defaults to the endpoint hostname).
+* [`docker` driver](https://docs.docker.com/build/drivers/docker/)
+* [`docker-container` driver](https://docs.docker.com/build/drivers/docker-container/)
+* [`kubernetes` driver](https://docs.docker.com/build/drivers/kubernetes/)
+* [`remote` driver](https://docs.docker.com/build/drivers/remote/)
 
 ### <a name="leave"></a> Remove a node from a builder (--leave)
 
@@ -190,7 +184,7 @@ $ docker buildx create --name mybuilder --node mybuilder0 --leave
 
 ### <a name="name"></a> Specify the name of the builder (--name)
 
-```
+```text
 --name NAME
 ```
 
@@ -199,17 +193,17 @@ If none is specified, one will be automatically generated.
 
 ### <a name="node"></a> Specify the name of the node (--node)
 
-```
+```text
 --node NODE
 ```
 
 The `--node` flag specifies the name of the node to be created or modified. If
-none is specified, it is the name of the builder it belongs to, with an index
-number suffix.
+you don't specify a name, the node name defaults to the name of the builder it
+belongs to, with an index number suffix.
 
 ### <a name="platform"></a> Set the platforms supported by the node (--platform)
 
-```
+```text
 --platform PLATFORMS
 ```
 
@@ -221,7 +215,7 @@ building for the same platform.
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx create --platform linux/amd64
-$ docker buildx create --platform linux/arm64,linux/arm/v8
+$ docker buildx create --platform linux/arm64,linux/arm/v7
 ```
 
 ### <a name="use"></a> Automatically switch to the newly created builder (--use)

docs/reference/buildx_debug-shell.md

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# docker buildx debug-shell
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Start a monitor
-
-### Options
-
-| Name              | Type     | Default | Description                                                                              |
-|:------------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `--builder`       | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                 |
-| `--detach`        |          |         | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) [experimental]                            |
-| `--progress`      | `string` | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
-| `--root`          | `string` |         | Specify root directory of server to connect [experimental]                               |
-| `--server-config` | `string` |         | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) [experimental]   |
-
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
-

docs/reference/buildx_debug.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# docker buildx debug
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Start debugger (EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+### Subcommands
+
+| Name                             | Description   |
+|:---------------------------------|:--------------|
+| [`build`](buildx_debug_build.md) | Start a build |
+
+
+### Options
+
+| Name              | Type     | Default | Description                                                                                              |
+|:------------------|:---------|:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `--builder`       | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                                 |
+| `--detach`        | `bool`   | `true`  | Detach buildx server for the monitor (supported only on linux) (EXPERIMENTAL)                            |
+| `--invoke`        | `string` |         | Launch a monitor with executing specified command (EXPERIMENTAL)                                         |
+| `--on`            | `string` | `error` | When to launch the monitor ([always, error]) (EXPERIMENTAL)                                              |
+| `--progress`      | `string` | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`) for the monitor. Use plain to show container output |
+| `--root`          | `string` |         | Specify root directory of server to connect for the monitor (EXPERIMENTAL)                               |
+| `--server-config` | `string` |         | Specify buildx server config file for the monitor (used only when launching new server) (EXPERIMENTAL)   |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+

docs/reference/buildx_debug_build.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# docker buildx debug build
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Start a build
+
+### Aliases
+
+`docker buildx debug build`, `docker buildx debug b`
+
+### Options
+
+| Name                                                                                                                                               | Type          | Default   | Description                                                                                         |
+|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------|:----------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--add-host`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#add-host)                                                                 | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                 |
+| `--allow`                                                                                                                                          | `stringSlice` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                      |
+| `--annotation`                                                                                                                                     | `stringArray` |           | Add annotation to the image                                                                         |
+| `--attest`                                                                                                                                         | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                        |
+| `--build-arg`                                                                                                                                      | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                            |
+| `--build-context`                                                                                                                                  | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                         |
+| `--builder`                                                                                                                                        | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                            |
+| `--cache-from`                                                                                                                                     | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                       |
+| `--cache-to`                                                                                                                                       | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                   |
+| [`--cgroup-parent`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#cgroup-parent)                                                       | `string`      |           | Set the parent cgroup for the `RUN` instructions during build                                       |
+| `--detach`                                                                                                                                         |               |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) (EXPERIMENTAL)                                       |
+| [`-f`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#file), [`--file`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#file) | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                 |
+| `--iidfile`                                                                                                                                        | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to a file                                                                        |
+| `--label`                                                                                                                                          | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                           |
+| `--load`                                                                                                                                           |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                |
+| `--metadata-file`                                                                                                                                  | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to a file                                                               |
+| `--network`                                                                                                                                        | `string`      | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build                                     |
+| `--no-cache`                                                                                                                                       |               |           | Do not use cache when building the image                                                            |
+| `--no-cache-filter`                                                                                                                                | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                       |
+| `-o`, `--output`                                                                                                                                   | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                 |
+| `--platform`                                                                                                                                       | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                       |
+| `--print`                                                                                                                                          | `string`      |           | Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) (EXPERIMENTAL)                         |
+| `--progress`                                                                                                                                       | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output            |
+| `--provenance`                                                                                                                                     | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                            |
+| `--pull`                                                                                                                                           |               |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                        |
+| `--push`                                                                                                                                           |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                              |
+| `-q`, `--quiet`                                                                                                                                    |               |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                             |
+| `--root`                                                                                                                                           | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect (EXPERIMENTAL)                                          |
+| `--sbom`                                                                                                                                           | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                  |
+| `--secret`                                                                                                                                         | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                           |
+| `--server-config`                                                                                                                                  | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) (EXPERIMENTAL)              |
+| `--shm-size`                                                                                                                                       | `bytes`       | `0`       | Shared memory size for build containers                                                             |
+| `--ssh`                                                                                                                                            | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
+| [`-t`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#tag), [`--tag`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#tag)    | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                      |
+| [`--target`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/image/build/#target)                                                                     | `string`      |           | Set the target build stage to build                                                                 |
+| `--ulimit`                                                                                                                                         | `ulimit`      |           | Ulimit options                                                                                      |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+

docs/reference/buildx_dial-stdio.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# docker buildx dial-stdio
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Proxy current stdio streams to builder instance
+
+### Options
+
+| Name         | Type     | Default | Description                                      |
+|:-------------|:---------|:--------|:-------------------------------------------------|
+| `--builder`  | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance         |
+| `--platform` | `string` |         | Target platform: this is used for node selection |
+| `--progress` | `string` | `quiet` | Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty).  |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
+## Description
+
+dial-stdio uses the stdin and stdout streams of the command to proxy to the configured builder instance.
+It is not intended to be used by humans, but rather by other tools that want to interact with the builder instance via BuildKit API.
+
+## Examples
+
+Example go program that uses the dial-stdio command wire up a buildkit client.
+This is for example use only and may not be suitable for production use.
+
+```go
+client.New(ctx, "", client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
+    c1, c2 := net.Pipe()
+    cmd := exec.Command("docker", "buildx", "dial-stdio")
+    cmd.Stdin = c1
+    cmd.Stdout = c1
+
+    if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+        c1.Close()
+        c2.Close()
+        return nil, err
+    }
+
+    go func() {
+        cmd.Wait()
+        c2.Close()
+    }()
+
+    return c2
+}))
+```

docs/reference/buildx_du.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx du
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx du
 ```
 
@@ -13,13 +13,106 @@ Disk usage
 |:------------------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------|
 | [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
 | `--filter`              | `filter` |         | Provide filter values                    |
-| `--verbose`             |          |         | Provide a more verbose output            |
+| [`--verbose`](#verbose) |          |         | Provide a more verbose output            |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
 ## Examples
 
+### Show disk usage
+
+The `docker buildx du` command shows the disk usage for the currently selected
+builder.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx du
+ID                                RECLAIMABLE    SIZE          LAST ACCESSED
+12wgll9os87pazzft8lt0yztp*        true           1.704GB       13 days ago
+iupsv3it5ubh92aweb7c1wojc*        true           1.297GB       36 minutes ago
+ek4ve8h4obyv5kld6vicmtqyn         true           811.7MB       13 days ago
+isovrfnmkelzhtdx942w9vjcb*        true           811.7MB       13 days ago
+0jty7mjrndi1yo7xkv1baralh         true           810.5MB       13 days ago
+jyzkefmsysqiaakgwmjgxjpcz*        true           810.5MB       13 days ago
+z8w1y95jn93gvj92jtaj6uhwk         true           318MB         2 weeks ago
+rz2zgfcwlfxsxd7d41w2sz2tt         true           8.224kB*      43 hours ago
+n5bkzpewmk2eiu6hn9tzx18jd         true           8.224kB*      43 hours ago
+ao94g6vtbzdl6k5zgdmrmnwpt         true           8.224kB*      43 hours ago
+2pyjep7njm0wh39vcingxb97i         true           8.224kB*      43 hours ago
+Shared:        115.5MB
+Private:       10.25GB
+Reclaimable:   10.36GB
+Total:         10.36GB
+```
+
+If `RECLAIMABLE` is false, the `docker buildx du prune` command won't delete
+the record, even if you use `--all`. That's because the record is actively in
+use by some component of the builder.
+
+The asterisks (\*) in the default output indicate the following:
+
+- An asterisk next to an ID (`zu7m6evdpebh5h8kfkpw9dlf2*`) indicates that the record
+  is mutable. The size of the record may change, or another build can take ownership of
+  it and change or commit to it. If you run the `du` command again, this item may
+  not be there anymore, or the size might be different.
+- An asterisk next to a size (`8.288kB*`) indicates that the record is shared.
+  Storage of the record is shared with some other resource, typically an image.
+  If you prune such a record then you will lose build cache but only metadata
+  will be deleted as the image still needs to actual storage layers.
+
+### <a name="verbose"></a> Use verbose output (--verbose)
+
+The verbose output of the `docker buildx du` command is useful for inspecting
+the disk usage records in more detail. The verbose output shows the mutable and
+shared states more clearly, as well as additional information about the
+corresponding layer.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx du --verbose
+...
+Last used:      2 days ago
+Type:           regular
+
+ID:             05d0elirb4mmvpmnzbrp3ssrg
+Parent:         e8sfdn4mygrg7msi9ak1dy6op
+Created at:     2023-11-20 09:53:30.881558721 +0000 UTC
+Mutable:        false
+Reclaimable:    true
+Shared:         false
+Size:           0B
+Description:    [gobase 3/3] WORKDIR /src
+Usage count:    3
+Last used:      24 hours ago
+Type:           regular
+
+Reclaimable:    4.453GB
+Total:          4.453GB
+```
+
 ### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
 
-Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
+Use the `--builder` flag to inspect the disk usage of a particular builder.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx du --builder youthful_shtern
+ID                                RECLAIMABLE    SIZE          LAST ACCESSED
+g41agepgdczekxg2mtw0dujsv*        true           1.312GB       47 hours ago
+e6ycrsa0bn9akigqgzu0sc6kr         true           318MB         47 hours ago
+our9zg4ndly65ze1ccczdksiz         true           204.9MB       45 hours ago
+b7xv3xpxnwupc81tc9ya3mgq6*        true           120.6MB       47 hours ago
+zihgye15ss6vum3wmck9egdoy*        true           79.81MB       2 days ago
+aaydharssv1ug98yhuwclkfrh*        true           79.81MB       2 days ago
+ta1r4vmnjug5dhub76as4kkol*        true           74.51MB       47 hours ago
+murma9f83j9h8miifbq68udjf*        true           74.51MB       47 hours ago
+47f961866a49g5y8myz80ixw1*        true           74.51MB       47 hours ago
+tzh99xtzlaf6txllh3cobag8t         true           74.49MB       47 hours ago
+ld6laoeuo1kwapysu6afwqybl*        true           59.89MB       47 hours ago
+yitxizi5kaplpyomqpos2cryp*        true           59.83MB       47 hours ago
+iy8aa4b7qjn0qmy9wiga9cj8w         true           33.65MB       47 hours ago
+mci7okeijyp8aqqk16j80dy09         true           19.86MB       47 hours ago
+lqvj091he652slxdla4wom3pz         true           14.08MB       47 hours ago
+fkt31oiv793nd26h42llsjcw7*        true           11.87MB       2 days ago
+uj802yxtvkcjysnjb4kgwvn2v         true           11.68MB       45 hours ago
+Reclaimable:    2.627GB
+Total:          2.627GB
+```

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx imagetools
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx imagetools [OPTIONS] COMMAND
 ```
 
@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@ Commands to work on images in registry
 
 ## Description
 
-Imagetools contains commands for working with manifest lists in the registry.
-These commands are useful for inspecting multi-platform build results.
+The `imagetools` commands contains subcommands for working with manifest lists
+in container registries. These commands are useful for inspecting manifests
+to check multi-platform configuration and attestations.
 
 ## Examples
 

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_create.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx imagetools create
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx imagetools create [OPTIONS] [SOURCE] [SOURCE...]
 ```
 
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ Create a new image based on source images
 
 | Name                             | Type          | Default | Description                                                                              |
 |:---------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--annotation`](#annotation)    | `stringArray` |         | Add annotation to the image                                                              |
 | [`--append`](#append)            |               |         | Append to existing manifest                                                              |
 | [`--builder`](#builder)          | `string`      |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                 |
 | [`--dry-run`](#dry-run)          |               |         | Show final image instead of pushing                                                      |
@@ -30,6 +31,34 @@ specified, create performs a carbon copy.
 
 ## Examples
 
+### <a name="annotation"></a> Add annotations to an image (--annotation)
+
+The `--annotation` flag lets you add annotations the image index, manifest,
+and descriptors when creating a new image.
+
+The following command creates a `foo/bar:latest` image with the
+`org.opencontainers.image.authors` annotation on the image index.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools create \
+  --annotation "index:org.opencontainers.image.authors=dvdksn" \
+  --tag foo/bar:latest \
+  foo/bar:alpha foo/bar:beta foo/bar:gamma
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> The `imagetools create` command supports adding annotations to the image
+> index and descriptor, using the following type prefixes:
+>
+> - `index:`
+> - `manifest-descriptor:`
+>
+> It doesn't support annotating manifests or OCI layouts.
+
+For more information about annotations, see
+[Annotations](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/annotations/).
+
 ### <a name="append"></a> Append new sources to an existing manifest list (--append)
 
 Use the `--append` flag to append the new sources to an existing manifest list
@@ -45,7 +74,7 @@ Use the `--dry-run` flag to not push the image, just show it.
 
 ### <a name="file"></a> Read source descriptor from a file (-f, --file)
 
-```
+```text
 -f FILE or --file FILE
 ```
 
@@ -66,7 +95,7 @@ The supported fields for the descriptor are defined in [OCI spec](https://github
 
 ### <a name="tag"></a> Set reference for new image  (-t, --tag)
 
-```
+```text
 -t IMAGE or --tag IMAGE
 ```
 

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_inspect.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx imagetools inspect
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx imagetools inspect [OPTIONS] NAME
 ```
 
@@ -123,23 +123,93 @@ Manifests:
 
 #### JSON output
 
-A `json` go template func is also available if you want to render fields as
-JSON bytes:
+A `json` template function is also available if you want to render fields in
+JSON format:
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/loop --format "{{json .Manifest}}"
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .Manifest}}"
 ```
+
 ```json
 {
-  "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
-  "digest": "sha256:a9ca35b798e0b198f9be7f3b8b53982e9a6cf96814cb10d78083f40ad8c127f1",
-  "size": 949
+  "schemaVersion": 2,
+  "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json",
+  "digest": "sha256:7007b387ccd52bd42a050f2e8020e56e64622c9269bf7bbe257b326fe99daf19",
+  "size": 855,
+  "manifests": [
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:fbd10fe50b4b174bb9ea273e2eb9827fa8bf5c88edd8635a93dc83e0d1aecb55",
+      "size": 673,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "amd64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:a9de632c16998489fd63fbca42a03431df00639cfb2ecb8982bf9984b83c5b2b",
+      "size": 839,
+      "annotations": {
+        "vnd.docker.reference.digest": "sha256:fbd10fe50b4b174bb9ea273e2eb9827fa8bf5c88edd8635a93dc83e0d1aecb55",
+        "vnd.docker.reference.type": "attestation-manifest"
+      },
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "unknown",
+        "os": "unknown"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .Image}}"
+```
+
+```json
+{
+  "created": "2022-12-01T11:46:47.713777178Z",
+  "architecture": "amd64",
+  "os": "linux",
+  "config": {
+    "Env": [
+      "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
+    ],
+    "Cmd": [
+      "/bin/sh"
+    ]
+  },
+  "rootfs": {
+    "type": "layers",
+    "diff_ids": [
+      "sha256:ded7a220bb058e28ee3254fbba04ca90b679070424424761a53a043b93b612bf",
+      "sha256:d85d09ab4b4e921666ccc2db8532e857bf3476b7588e52c9c17741d7af14204f"
+    ]
+  },
+  "history": [
+    {
+      "created": "2022-11-22T22:19:28.870801855Z",
+      "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:587cae71969871d3c6456d844a8795df9b64b12c710c275295a1182b46f630e7 in / "
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-11-22T22:19:29.008562326Z",
+      "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD [\"/bin/sh\"]",
+      "empty_layer": true
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-12-01T11:46:47.713777178Z",
+      "created_by": "RUN /bin/sh -c apk add curl # buildkit",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+    }
+  ]
 }
 ```
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools inspect moby/buildkit:master --format "{{json .Manifest}}"
 ```
+
 ```json
 {
   "schemaVersion": 2,
@@ -284,11 +354,13 @@ $ docker buildx imagetools inspect moby/buildkit:master --format "{{json .Manife
 }
 ```
 
-Following command provides [SLSA](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/attestations/slsa-provenance.md) JSON output:
+The following command provides [SLSA](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/attestations/slsa-provenance.md)
+JSON output:
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .Provenance}}"
 ```
+
 ```json
 {
   "SLSA": {
@@ -343,11 +415,13 @@ $ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .Pr
 }
 ```
 
-Following command provides [SBOM](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/attestations/sbom.md) JSON output:
+The following command provides [SBOM](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/attestations/sbom.md)
+JSON output:
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .SBOM}}"
 ```
+
 ```json
 {
   "SPDX": {
@@ -372,6 +446,7 @@ $ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .SB
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .}}"
 ```
+
 ```json
 {
   "name": "crazymax/buildkit:attest",
@@ -440,75 +515,6 @@ $ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .}}
         "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
       }
     ]
-  },
-  "Provenance": {
-    "SLSA": {
-      "builder": {
-        "id": ""
-      },
-      "buildType": "https://mobyproject.org/buildkit@v1",
-      "materials": [
-        {
-          "uri": "pkg:docker/docker/buildkit-syft-scanner@stable-1",
-          "digest": {
-            "sha256": "b45f1d207e16c3a3a5a10b254ad8ad358d01f7ea090d382b95c6b2ee2b3ef765"
-          }
-        },
-        {
-          "uri": "pkg:docker/alpine@latest?platform=linux%2Famd64",
-          "digest": {
-            "sha256": "8914eb54f968791faf6a8638949e480fef81e697984fba772b3976835194c6d4"
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      "invocation": {
-        "configSource": {},
-        "parameters": {
-          "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
-          "locals": [
-            {
-              "name": "context"
-            },
-            {
-              "name": "dockerfile"
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        "environment": {
-          "platform": "linux/amd64"
-        }
-      },
-      "metadata": {
-        "buildInvocationID": "02tdha2xkbxvin87mz9drhag4",
-        "buildStartedOn": "2022-12-01T11:50:07.264704131Z",
-        "buildFinishedOn": "2022-12-01T11:50:08.243788739Z",
-        "reproducible": false,
-        "completeness": {
-          "parameters": true,
-          "environment": true,
-          "materials": false
-        },
-        "https://mobyproject.org/buildkit@v1#metadata": {}
-      }
-    }
-  },
-  "SBOM": {
-    "SPDX": {
-      "SPDXID": "SPDXRef-DOCUMENT",
-      "creationInfo": {
-        "created": "2022-12-01T11:46:48.063400162Z",
-        "creators": [
-          "Tool: syft-v0.60.3",
-          "Tool: buildkit-1ace2bb",
-          "Organization: Anchore, Inc"
-        ],
-        "licenseListVersion": "3.18"
-      },
-      "dataLicense": "CC0-1.0",
-      "documentNamespace": "https://anchore.com/syft/dir/run/src/core-0a4ccc6d-1a72-4c3a-a40e-3df1a2ffca94",
-      "files": [...],
-      "spdxVersion": "SPDX-2.2"
-    }
   }
 }
 ```
@@ -522,6 +528,7 @@ go template function:
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools inspect --format '{{json (index .Image "linux/s390x")}}' moby/buildkit:master
 ```
+
 ```json
 {
   "created": "2022-11-30T17:42:26.414957336Z",
@@ -588,15 +595,14 @@ $ docker buildx imagetools inspect --format '{{json (index .Image "linux/s390x")
 }
 ```
 
-### <a name="raw"></a> Show original, unformatted JSON manifest (--raw)
+### <a name="raw"></a> Show original JSON manifest (--raw)
 
-Use the `--raw` option to print the unformatted JSON manifest bytes.
-
-> `jq` is used here to get a better rendering of the output result.
+Use the `--raw` option to print the raw JSON manifest.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw crazymax/loop | jq
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw crazymax/loop
 ```
+
 ```json
 {
   "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
@@ -629,6 +635,7 @@ $ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw crazymax/loop | jq
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw moby/buildkit:master | jq
 ```
+
 ```json
 {
   "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json",

docs/reference/buildx_inspect.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx inspect
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx inspect [NAME]
 ```
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Shows information about the current or specified builder.
 
 Use the `--bootstrap` option to ensure that the builder is running before
 inspecting it. If the driver is `docker-container`, then `--bootstrap` starts
-the buildkit container and waits until it is operational. Bootstrapping is
+the BuildKit container and waits until it's operational. Bootstrapping is
 automatically done during build, and therefore not necessary. The same BuildKit
 container is used during the lifetime of the associated builder node (as
 displayed in `buildx ls`).
@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ The following example shows information about a builder instance named
 
 > **Note**
 >
-> Asterisk `*` next to node build platform(s) indicate they had been set manually during `buildx create`. Otherwise, it had been autodetected.
+> The asterisk (`*`) next to node build platform(s) indicate they have been
+> manually set during `buildx create`. Otherwise the platforms were
+> automatically detected.
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx inspect elated_tesla

docs/reference/buildx_install.md

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# buildx install
-
-```
-docker buildx install
-```
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Install buildx as a 'docker builder' alias
-
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->

docs/reference/buildx_ls.md

@@ -1,29 +1,84 @@
 # buildx ls
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx ls
 ```
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
 List builder instances
 
+### Options
+
+| Name                  | Type     | Default | Description       |
+|:----------------------|:---------|:--------|:------------------|
+| [`--format`](#format) | `string` | `table` | Format the output |
+
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
 ## Description
 
-Lists all builder instances and the nodes for each instance
+Lists all builder instances and the nodes for each instance.
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx ls
-NAME/NODE       DRIVER/ENDPOINT             STATUS  BUILDKIT PLATFORMS
-elated_tesla *  docker-container
-  elated_tesla0 unix:///var/run/docker.sock running v0.10.3  linux/amd64
-  elated_tesla1 ssh://ubuntu@1.2.3.4        running v0.10.3  linux/arm64*, linux/arm/v7, linux/arm/v6
-default         docker
-  default       default                     running v0.8.2   linux/amd64
+NAME/NODE           DRIVER/ENDPOINT                   STATUS    BUILDKIT   PLATFORMS
+elated_tesla*       docker-container
+ \_ elated_tesla0    \_ unix:///var/run/docker.sock   running   v0.10.3    linux/amd64
+ \_ elated_tesla1    \_ ssh://ubuntu@1.2.3.4          running   v0.10.3    linux/arm64*, linux/arm/v7, linux/arm/v6
+default             docker
+ \_ default          \_ default                       running   v0.8.2     linux/amd64
 ```
 
 Each builder has one or more nodes associated with it. The current builder's
 name is marked with a `*` in `NAME/NODE` and explicit node to build against for
 the target platform marked with a `*` in the `PLATFORMS` column.
+
+## Examples
+
+### <a name="format"></a> Format the output (--format)
+
+The formatting options (`--format`) pretty-prints builder instances output
+using a Go template.
+
+Valid placeholders for the Go template are listed below:
+
+| Placeholder       | Description                                 |
+|-------------------|---------------------------------------------|
+| `.Name`           | Builder or node name                        |
+| `.DriverEndpoint` | Driver (for builder) or Endpoint (for node) |
+| `.LastActivity`   | Builder last activity                       |
+| `.Status`         | Builder or node status                      |
+| `.Buildkit`       | BuildKit version of the node                |
+| `.Platforms`      | Available node's platforms                  |
+| `.Error`          | Error                                       |
+| `.Builder`        | Builder object                              |
+
+When using the `--format` option, the `ls` command will either output the data
+exactly as the template declares or, when using the `table` directive, includes
+column headers as well.
+
+The following example uses a template without headers and outputs the
+`Name` and `DriverEndpoint` entries separated by a colon (`:`):
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx ls --format "{{.Name}}: {{.DriverEndpoint}}"
+elated_tesla: docker-container
+elated_tesla0: unix:///var/run/docker.sock
+elated_tesla1: ssh://ubuntu@1.2.3.4
+default: docker
+default: default
+```
+
+The `Builder` placeholder can be used to access the builder object and its
+fields. For example, the following template outputs the builder's and
+nodes' names with their respective endpoints:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx ls --format "{{.Builder.Name}}: {{range .Builder.Nodes}}\n  {{.Name}}: {{.Endpoint}}{{end}}"
+elated_tesla:
+  elated_tesla0: unix:///var/run/docker.sock
+  elated_tesla1: ssh://ubuntu@1.2.3.4
+default: docker
+  default: default
+```

docs/reference/buildx_prune.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx prune
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx prune
 ```
 

docs/reference/buildx_rm.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # buildx rm
 
-```
-docker buildx rm [NAME]
+```text
+docker buildx rm [OPTIONS] [NAME] [NAME...]
 ```
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Remove a builder instance
+Remove one or more builder instances
 
 ### Options
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Remove a builder instance
 | [`--all-inactive`](#all-inactive)   |          |         | Remove all inactive builders             |
 | [`--builder`](#builder)             | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
 | [`-f`](#force), [`--force`](#force) |          |         | Do not prompt for confirmation           |
-| [`--keep-daemon`](#keep-daemon)     |          |         | Keep the buildkitd daemon running        |
+| [`--keep-daemon`](#keep-daemon)     |          |         | Keep the BuildKit daemon running         |
 | [`--keep-state`](#keep-state)       |          |         | Keep BuildKit state                      |
 
 
@@ -48,12 +48,15 @@ Do not prompt for confirmation before removing inactive builders.
 $ docker buildx rm --all-inactive --force
 ```
 
-### <a name="keep-daemon"></a> Keep the buildkitd daemon running (--keep-daemon)
+### <a name="keep-daemon"></a> Keep the BuildKit daemon running (--keep-daemon)
 
-Keep the buildkitd daemon running after the buildx context is removed. This is useful when you manage buildkitd daemons and buildx contexts independently.
-Currently, only supported by the [`docker-container` and `kubernetes` drivers](buildx_create.md#driver).
+Keep the BuildKit daemon running after the buildx context is removed. This is
+useful when you manage BuildKit daemons and buildx contexts independently.
+Only supported by the
+[`docker-container`](https://docs.docker.com/build/drivers/docker-container/)
+and [`kubernetes`](https://docs.docker.com/build/drivers/kubernetes/) drivers.
 
 ### <a name="keep-state"></a> Keep BuildKit state (--keep-state)
 
 Keep BuildKit state, so it can be reused by a new builder with the same name.
-Currently, only supported by the [`docker-container` driver](buildx_create.md#driver).
+Currently, only supported by the [`docker-container` driver](https://docs.docker.com/build/drivers/docker-container/).

docs/reference/buildx_stop.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Stop builder instance
 
 ## Description
 
-Stops the specified or current builder. This will not prevent buildx build to
+Stops the specified or current builder. This does not prevent buildx build to
 restart the builder. The implementation of stop depends on the driver.
 
 ## Examples

docs/reference/buildx_uninstall.md

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# buildx uninstall
-
-```
-docker buildx uninstall
-```
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Uninstall the 'docker builder' alias
-
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->

docs/reference/buildx_version.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # buildx version
 
-```
+```text
 docker buildx version
 ```
 
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@ View version information
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx version
-github.com/docker/buildx v0.5.1-docker 11057da37336192bfc57d81e02359ba7ba848e4a
+github.com/docker/buildx v0.11.2 9872040b6626fb7d87ef7296fd5b832e8cc2ad17
 ```

driver/docker-container/driver.go

@@ -17,30 +17,46 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	dockertypes "github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
+	imagetypes "github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/mount"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/system"
 	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/errdefs"
 	dockerarchive "github.com/docker/docker/pkg/archive"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/idtools"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/stdcopy"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
 const (
-	volumeStateSuffix = "_state"
+	volumeStateSuffix   = "_state"
+	buildkitdConfigFile = "buildkitd.toml"
 )
 
 type Driver struct {
 	driver.InitConfig
-	factory      driver.Factory
-	netMode      string
-	image        string
-	cgroupParent string
-	env          []string
+	factory driver.Factory
+
+	// if you add fields, remember to update docs:
+	// https://github.com/docker/docs/blob/main/content/build/drivers/docker-container.md
+	netMode       string
+	image         string
+	memory        opts.MemBytes
+	memorySwap    opts.MemSwapBytes
+	cpuQuota      int64
+	cpuPeriod     int64
+	cpuShares     int64
+	cpusetCpus    string
+	cpusetMems    string
+	cgroupParent  string
+	restartPolicy container.RestartPolicy
+	env           []string
+	defaultLoad   bool
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) IsMobyDriver() bool {
@@ -64,10 +80,7 @@ func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
 			if err := d.start(ctx, sub); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			if err := d.wait(ctx, sub); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			return nil
+			return d.wait(ctx, sub)
 		})
 	})
 }
@@ -83,7 +96,7 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		rc, err := d.DockerAPI.ImageCreate(ctx, imageName, dockertypes.ImageCreateOptions{
+		rc, err := d.DockerAPI.ImageCreate(ctx, imageName, imagetypes.CreateOptions{
 			RegistryAuth: ra,
 		})
 		if err != nil {
@@ -105,14 +118,13 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 		Image: imageName,
 		Env:   d.env,
 	}
-	if d.InitConfig.BuildkitFlags != nil {
-		cfg.Cmd = d.InitConfig.BuildkitFlags
-	}
+	cfg.Cmd = getBuildkitFlags(d.InitConfig)
 
 	useInit := true // let it cleanup exited processes created by BuildKit's container API
-	if err := l.Wrap("creating container "+d.Name, func() error {
+	return l.Wrap("creating container "+d.Name, func() error {
 		hc := &container.HostConfig{
-			Privileged: true,
+			Privileged:    true,
+			RestartPolicy: d.restartPolicy,
 			Mounts: []mount.Mount{
 				{
 					Type:   mount.TypeVolume,
@@ -125,6 +137,27 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 		if d.netMode != "" {
 			hc.NetworkMode = container.NetworkMode(d.netMode)
 		}
+		if d.memory != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.Memory = int64(d.memory)
+		}
+		if d.memorySwap != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.MemorySwap = int64(d.memorySwap)
+		}
+		if d.cpuQuota != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.CPUQuota = d.cpuQuota
+		}
+		if d.cpuPeriod != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.CPUPeriod = d.cpuPeriod
+		}
+		if d.cpuShares != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.CPUShares = d.cpuShares
+		}
+		if d.cpusetCpus != "" {
+			hc.Resources.CpusetCpus = d.cpusetCpus
+		}
+		if d.cpusetMems != "" {
+			hc.Resources.CpusetMems = d.cpusetMems
+		}
 		if info, err := d.DockerAPI.Info(ctx); err == nil {
 			if info.CgroupDriver == "cgroupfs" {
 				// Place all buildkit containers inside this cgroup by default so limits can be attached
@@ -135,7 +168,7 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 				}
 			}
 
-			secOpts, err := dockertypes.DecodeSecurityOptions(info.SecurityOptions)
+			secOpts, err := system.DecodeSecurityOptions(info.SecurityOptions)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -148,23 +181,19 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 
 		}
 		_, err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerCreate(ctx, cfg, hc, &network.NetworkingConfig{}, nil, d.Name)
-		if err != nil {
+		if err != nil && !errdefs.IsConflict(err) {
 			return err
 		}
-		if err := d.copyToContainer(ctx, d.InitConfig.Files); err != nil {
-			return err
+		if err == nil {
+			if err := d.copyToContainer(ctx, d.InitConfig.Files); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := d.start(ctx, l); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
-		if err := d.start(ctx, l); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := d.wait(ctx, l); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return nil
-	}); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
+		return d.wait(ctx, l)
+	})
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) wait(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
@@ -198,7 +227,7 @@ func (d *Driver) wait(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) copyLogs(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
-	rc, err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerLogs(ctx, d.Name, dockertypes.ContainerLogsOptions{
+	rc, err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerLogs(ctx, d.Name, container.LogsOptions{
 		ShowStdout: true, ShowStderr: true,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -227,7 +256,9 @@ func (d *Driver) copyToContainer(ctx context.Context, files map[string][]byte) e
 		return err
 	}
 	defer srcArchive.Close()
-	return d.DockerAPI.CopyToContainer(ctx, d.Name, "/", srcArchive, dockertypes.CopyToContainerOptions{})
+
+	baseDir := path.Dir(confutil.DefaultBuildKitConfigDir)
+	return d.DockerAPI.CopyToContainer(ctx, d.Name, baseDir, srcArchive, dockertypes.CopyToContainerOptions{})
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) exec(ctx context.Context, cmd []string) (string, net.Conn, error) {
@@ -274,7 +305,7 @@ func (d *Driver) run(ctx context.Context, cmd []string, stdout, stderr io.Writer
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) start(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
-	return d.DockerAPI.ContainerStart(ctx, d.Name, dockertypes.ContainerStartOptions{})
+	return d.DockerAPI.ContainerStart(ctx, d.Name, container.StartOptions{})
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Info(ctx context.Context) (*driver.Info, error) {
@@ -332,18 +363,18 @@ func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if info.Status != driver.Inactive {
-		container, err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerInspect(ctx, d.Name)
+		ctr, err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerInspect(ctx, d.Name)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		if rmDaemon {
-			if err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerRemove(ctx, d.Name, dockertypes.ContainerRemoveOptions{
+			if err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerRemove(ctx, d.Name, container.RemoveOptions{
 				RemoveVolumes: true,
 				Force:         force,
 			}); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			for _, v := range container.Mounts {
+			for _, v := range ctr.Mounts {
 				if v.Name != d.Name+volumeStateSuffix {
 					continue
 				}
@@ -356,30 +387,30 @@ func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
+func (d *Driver) Dial(ctx context.Context) (net.Conn, error) {
 	_, conn, err := d.exec(ctx, []string{"buildctl", "dial-stdio"})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	conn = demuxConn(conn)
+	return conn, nil
+}
 
-	exp, err := detect.Exporter()
+func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context, opts ...client.ClientOpt) (*client.Client, error) {
+	conn, err := d.Dial(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	var opts []client.ClientOpt
 	var counter int64
-	opts = append(opts, client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
-		if atomic.AddInt64(&counter, 1) > 1 {
-			return nil, net.ErrClosed
-		}
-		return conn, nil
-	}))
-	if td, ok := exp.(client.TracerDelegate); ok {
-		opts = append(opts, client.WithTracerDelegate(td))
-	}
+	opts = append([]client.ClientOpt{
+		client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			if atomic.AddInt64(&counter, 1) > 1 {
+				return nil, net.ErrClosed
+			}
+			return conn, nil
+		}),
+	}, opts...)
 	return client.New(ctx, "", opts...)
 }
 
@@ -388,21 +419,19 @@ func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
-	var historyAPI bool
-	c, err := d.Client(ctx)
-	if err == nil {
-		historyAPI = driver.HistoryAPISupported(ctx, c)
-		c.Close()
-	}
 	return map[driver.Feature]bool{
 		driver.OCIExporter:    true,
 		driver.DockerExporter: true,
 		driver.CacheExport:    true,
 		driver.MultiPlatform:  true,
-		driver.HistoryAPI:     historyAPI,
+		driver.DefaultLoad:    d.defaultLoad,
 	}
 }
 
+func (d *Driver) HostGatewayIP(ctx context.Context) (net.IP, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("host-gateway is not supported by the docker-container driver")
+}
+
 func demuxConn(c net.Conn) net.Conn {
 	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
 	// TODO: rewrite parser with Reader() to avoid goroutine switch
@@ -446,15 +475,34 @@ func writeConfigFiles(m map[string][]byte) (_ string, err error) {
 			os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
 		}
 	}()
+	configDir := filepath.Base(confutil.DefaultBuildKitConfigDir)
 	for f, dt := range m {
-		f = path.Join(confutil.DefaultBuildKitConfigDir, f)
-		p := filepath.Join(tmpDir, f)
-		if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(p), 0700); err != nil {
+		p := filepath.Join(tmpDir, configDir, f)
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(p), 0755); err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
-		if err := os.WriteFile(p, dt, 0600); err != nil {
+		if err := os.WriteFile(p, dt, 0644); err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
 	}
 	return tmpDir, nil
 }
+
+func getBuildkitFlags(initConfig driver.InitConfig) []string {
+	flags := initConfig.BuildkitdFlags
+	if _, ok := initConfig.Files[buildkitdConfigFile]; ok {
+		// There's no way for us to determine the appropriate default configuration
+		// path and the default path can vary depending on if the image is normal
+		// or rootless.
+		//
+		// In order to ensure that --config works, copy to a specific path and
+		// specify the location.
+		//
+		// This should be appended before the user-specified arguments
+		// so that this option could be overwritten by the user.
+		newFlags := make([]string, 0, len(flags)+2)
+		newFlags = append(newFlags, "--config", path.Join("/etc/buildkit", buildkitdConfigFile))
+		flags = append(newFlags, flags...)
+	}
+	return flags
+}

driver/docker-container/factory.go

@@ -3,15 +3,18 @@ package docker
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	dockeropts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
 const prioritySupported = 30
 const priorityUnsupported = 70
+const defaultRestartPolicy = "unless-stopped"
 
 func init() {
 	driver.Register(&factory{})
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return "docker-container"
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient, dialMeta map[string][]string) int {
 	if api == nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}
@@ -39,18 +42,63 @@ func (f *factory) New(ctx context.Context, cfg driver.InitConfig) (driver.Driver
 	if cfg.DockerAPI == nil {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("%s driver requires docker API access", f.Name())
 	}
-	d := &Driver{factory: f, InitConfig: cfg}
+	rp, err := dockeropts.ParseRestartPolicy(defaultRestartPolicy)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	d := &Driver{
+		factory:       f,
+		InitConfig:    cfg,
+		restartPolicy: rp,
+	}
 	for k, v := range cfg.DriverOpts {
 		switch {
 		case k == "network":
 			d.netMode = v
-			if v == "host" {
-				d.InitConfig.BuildkitFlags = append(d.InitConfig.BuildkitFlags, "--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host")
-			}
 		case k == "image":
 			d.image = v
+		case k == "memory":
+			if err := d.memory.Set(v); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		case k == "memory-swap":
+			if err := d.memorySwap.Set(v); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		case k == "cpu-period":
+			vv, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			d.cpuPeriod = vv
+		case k == "cpu-quota":
+			vv, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			d.cpuQuota = vv
+		case k == "cpu-shares":
+			vv, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			d.cpuShares = vv
+		case k == "cpuset-cpus":
+			d.cpusetCpus = v
+		case k == "cpuset-mems":
+			d.cpusetMems = v
 		case k == "cgroup-parent":
 			d.cgroupParent = v
+		case k == "restart-policy":
+			d.restartPolicy, err = dockeropts.ParseRestartPolicy(v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		case k == "default-load":
+			d.defaultLoad, err = strconv.ParseBool(v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
 		case strings.HasPrefix(k, "env."):
 			envName := strings.TrimPrefix(k, "env.")
 			if envName == "" {

driver/docker/driver.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"net"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
@@ -14,6 +15,11 @@ import (
 type Driver struct {
 	factory driver.Factory
 	driver.InitConfig
+
+	// if you add fields, remember to update docs:
+	// https://github.com/docker/docs/blob/main/content/build/drivers/docker.md
+	features    features
+	hostGateway hostGateway
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
@@ -50,35 +56,83 @@ func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
-	return client.New(ctx, "", client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
-		return d.DockerAPI.DialHijack(ctx, "/grpc", "h2c", nil)
-	}), client.WithSessionDialer(func(ctx context.Context, proto string, meta map[string][]string) (net.Conn, error) {
-		return d.DockerAPI.DialHijack(ctx, "/session", proto, meta)
-	}))
+func (d *Driver) Dial(ctx context.Context) (net.Conn, error) {
+	return d.DockerAPI.DialHijack(ctx, "/grpc", "h2c", d.DialMeta)
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context, opts ...client.ClientOpt) (*client.Client, error) {
+	opts = append([]client.ClientOpt{
+		client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			return d.Dial(ctx)
+		}), client.WithSessionDialer(func(ctx context.Context, proto string, meta map[string][]string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			return d.DockerAPI.DialHijack(ctx, "/session", proto, meta)
+		}),
+	}, opts...)
+	return client.New(ctx, "", opts...)
+}
+
+type features struct {
+	once sync.Once
+	list map[driver.Feature]bool
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
-	var useContainerdSnapshotter bool
-	var historyAPI bool
-	c, err := d.Client(ctx)
-	if err == nil {
-		workers, _ := c.ListWorkers(ctx)
+	d.features.once.Do(func() {
+		var useContainerdSnapshotter bool
+		if c, err := d.Client(ctx); err == nil {
+			workers, _ := c.ListWorkers(ctx)
+			for _, w := range workers {
+				if _, ok := w.Labels["org.mobyproject.buildkit.worker.snapshotter"]; ok {
+					useContainerdSnapshotter = true
+				}
+			}
+			c.Close()
+		}
+		d.features.list = map[driver.Feature]bool{
+			driver.OCIExporter:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
+			driver.DockerExporter: useContainerdSnapshotter,
+			driver.CacheExport:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
+			driver.MultiPlatform:  useContainerdSnapshotter,
+			driver.DefaultLoad:    true,
+		}
+	})
+	return d.features.list
+}
+
+type hostGateway struct {
+	once sync.Once
+	ip   net.IP
+	err  error
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) HostGatewayIP(ctx context.Context) (net.IP, error) {
+	d.hostGateway.once.Do(func() {
+		c, err := d.Client(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			d.hostGateway.err = err
+			return
+		}
+		defer c.Close()
+		workers, err := c.ListWorkers(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			d.hostGateway.err = errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
+			return
+		}
 		for _, w := range workers {
-			if _, ok := w.Labels["org.mobyproject.buildkit.worker.snapshotter"]; ok {
-				useContainerdSnapshotter = true
+			// should match github.com/docker/docker/builder/builder-next/worker/label.HostGatewayIP const
+			if v, ok := w.Labels["org.mobyproject.buildkit.worker.moby.host-gateway-ip"]; ok && v != "" {
+				ip := net.ParseIP(v)
+				if ip == nil {
+					d.hostGateway.err = errors.Errorf("failed to parse host-gateway IP: %s", v)
+					return
+				}
+				d.hostGateway.ip = ip
+				return
 			}
 		}
-		historyAPI = driver.HistoryAPISupported(ctx, c)
-		c.Close()
-	}
-	return map[driver.Feature]bool{
-		driver.OCIExporter:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
-		driver.DockerExporter: useContainerdSnapshotter,
-		driver.CacheExport:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
-		driver.MultiPlatform:  useContainerdSnapshotter,
-		driver.HistoryAPI:     historyAPI,
-	}
+		d.hostGateway.err = errors.New("host-gateway IP not found")
+	})
+	return d.hostGateway.ip, d.hostGateway.err
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {

driver/docker/factory.go

@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return "docker"
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient, dialMeta map[string][]string) int {
 	if api == nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}
 
-	c, err := api.DialHijack(ctx, "/grpc", "h2c", nil)
+	c, err := api.DialHijack(ctx, "/grpc", "h2c", dialMeta)
 	if err != nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}

driver/driver.go

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package driver
 import (
 	"context"
 	"io"
+	"net"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
@@ -58,13 +60,28 @@ type Driver interface {
 	Version(context.Context) (string, error)
 	Stop(ctx context.Context, force bool) error
 	Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error
-	Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error)
+	Dial(ctx context.Context) (net.Conn, error)
+	Client(ctx context.Context, opts ...client.ClientOpt) (*client.Client, error)
 	Features(ctx context.Context) map[Feature]bool
+	HostGatewayIP(ctx context.Context) (net.IP, error)
 	IsMobyDriver() bool
 	Config() InitConfig
 }
 
-func Boot(ctx, clientContext context.Context, d Driver, pw progress.Writer) (*client.Client, error) {
+const builderNamePrefix = "buildx_buildkit_"
+
+func BuilderName(name string) string {
+	return builderNamePrefix + name
+}
+
+func ParseBuilderName(name string) (string, error) {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(name, builderNamePrefix) {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("invalid builder name %q, must have %q prefix", name, builderNamePrefix)
+	}
+	return strings.TrimPrefix(name, builderNamePrefix), nil
+}
+
+func Boot(ctx, clientContext context.Context, d *DriverHandle, pw progress.Writer) (*client.Client, error) {
 	try := 0
 	for {
 		info, err := d.Info(ctx)
@@ -92,7 +109,7 @@ func Boot(ctx, clientContext context.Context, d Driver, pw progress.Writer) (*cl
 	}
 }
 
-func HistoryAPISupported(ctx context.Context, c *client.Client) bool {
+func historyAPISupported(ctx context.Context, c *client.Client) bool {
 	cl, err := c.ControlClient().ListenBuildHistory(ctx, &controlapi.BuildHistoryRequest{
 		ActiveOnly: true,
 		Ref:        "buildx-test-history-api-feature", // dummy ref to check if the server supports the API

driver/features.go

@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@ const OCIExporter Feature = "OCI exporter"
 const DockerExporter Feature = "Docker exporter"
 
 const CacheExport Feature = "Cache export"
-const MultiPlatform Feature = "Multiple platforms"
+const MultiPlatform Feature = "Multi-platform build"
 
-const HistoryAPI Feature = "History API"
+const DefaultLoad Feature = "Automatically load images to the Docker Engine image store"

driver/kubernetes/context/load.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ type EndpointMeta struct {
 	AuthProvider     *clientcmdapi.AuthProviderConfig `json:",omitempty"`
 	Exec             *clientcmdapi.ExecConfig         `json:",omitempty"`
 	UsernamePassword *UsernamePassword                `json:"usernamePassword,omitempty"`
+	Token            string                           `json:"token,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // UsernamePassword contains username/password auth info
@@ -77,6 +78,9 @@ func (c *Endpoint) KubernetesConfig() clientcmd.ClientConfig {
 		authInfo.Username = c.UsernamePassword.Username
 		authInfo.Password = c.UsernamePassword.Password
 	}
+	if c.Token != "" {
+		authInfo.Token = c.Token
+	}
 	authInfo.AuthProvider = c.AuthProvider
 	authInfo.Exec = c.Exec
 	cfg.Clusters["cluster"] = cluster

driver/kubernetes/context/save.go

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ func FromKubeConfig(kubeconfig, kubeContext, namespaceOverride string) (Endpoint
 			AuthProvider:     clientcfg.AuthProvider,
 			Exec:             clientcfg.ExecProvider,
 			UsernamePassword: usernamePassword,
+			Token:            clientcfg.BearerToken,
 		},
 		TLSData: tlsData,
 	}, nil

driver/kubernetes/driver.go

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
 	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
@@ -38,7 +37,10 @@ const (
 
 type Driver struct {
 	driver.InitConfig
-	factory          driver.Factory
+	factory driver.Factory
+
+	// if you add fields, remember to update docs:
+	// https://github.com/docker/docs/blob/main/content/build/drivers/kubernetes.md
 	minReplicas      int
 	deployment       *appsv1.Deployment
 	configMaps       []*corev1.ConfigMap
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ type Driver struct {
 	podClient        clientcorev1.PodInterface
 	configMapClient  clientcorev1.ConfigMapInterface
 	podChooser       podchooser.PodChooser
+	defaultLoad      bool
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) IsMobyDriver() bool {
@@ -87,10 +90,7 @@ func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
 		return sub.Wrap(
 			fmt.Sprintf("waiting for %d pods to be ready", d.minReplicas),
 			func() error {
-				if err := d.wait(ctx); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-				return nil
+				return d.wait(ctx)
 			})
 	})
 }
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
+func (d *Driver) Dial(ctx context.Context) (net.Conn, error) {
 	restClient := d.clientset.CoreV1().RESTClient()
 	restClientConfig, err := d.KubeClientConfig.ClientConfig()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -208,19 +208,15 @@ func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	return conn, nil
+}
 
-	exp, err := detect.Exporter()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var opts []client.ClientOpt
-	opts = append(opts, client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
-		return conn, nil
-	}))
-	if td, ok := exp.(client.TracerDelegate); ok {
-		opts = append(opts, client.WithTracerDelegate(td))
-	}
+func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context, opts ...client.ClientOpt) (*client.Client, error) {
+	opts = append([]client.ClientOpt{
+		client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			return d.Dial(ctx)
+		}),
+	}, opts...)
 	return client.New(ctx, "", opts...)
 }
 
@@ -228,18 +224,16 @@ func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {
 	return d.factory
 }
 
-func (d *Driver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
-	var historyAPI bool
-	c, err := d.Client(ctx)
-	if err == nil {
-		historyAPI = driver.HistoryAPISupported(ctx, c)
-		c.Close()
-	}
+func (d *Driver) Features(_ context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
 	return map[driver.Feature]bool{
 		driver.OCIExporter:    true,
 		driver.DockerExporter: d.DockerAPI != nil,
 		driver.CacheExport:    true,
 		driver.MultiPlatform:  true, // Untested (needs multiple Driver instances)
-		driver.HistoryAPI:     historyAPI,
+		driver.DefaultLoad:    d.defaultLoad,
 	}
 }
+
+func (d *Driver) HostGatewayIP(_ context.Context) (net.IP, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("host-gateway is not supported by the kubernetes driver")
+}

driver/kubernetes/factory.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return DriverName
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient, dialMeta map[string][]string) int {
 	if api == nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}
@@ -68,11 +68,13 @@ func (f *factory) New(ctx context.Context, cfg driver.InitConfig) (driver.Driver
 		clientset:  clientset,
 	}
 
-	deploymentOpt, loadbalance, namespace, err := f.processDriverOpts(deploymentName, namespace, cfg)
+	deploymentOpt, loadbalance, namespace, defaultLoad, err := f.processDriverOpts(deploymentName, namespace, cfg)
 	if nil != err {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	d.defaultLoad = defaultLoad
+
 	d.deployment, d.configMaps, err = manifest.NewDeployment(deploymentOpt)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -100,17 +102,19 @@ func (f *factory) New(ctx context.Context, cfg driver.InitConfig) (driver.Driver
 	return d, nil
 }
 
-func (f *factory) processDriverOpts(deploymentName string, namespace string, cfg driver.InitConfig) (*manifest.DeploymentOpt, string, string, error) {
+func (f *factory) processDriverOpts(deploymentName string, namespace string, cfg driver.InitConfig) (*manifest.DeploymentOpt, string, string, bool, error) {
 	deploymentOpt := &manifest.DeploymentOpt{
 		Name:          deploymentName,
 		Image:         bkimage.DefaultImage,
 		Replicas:      1,
-		BuildkitFlags: cfg.BuildkitFlags,
+		BuildkitFlags: cfg.BuildkitdFlags,
 		Rootless:      false,
 		Platforms:     cfg.Platforms,
 		ConfigFiles:   cfg.Files,
 	}
 
+	defaultLoad := false
+
 	deploymentOpt.Qemu.Image = bkimage.QemuImage
 
 	loadbalance := LoadbalanceSticky
@@ -127,20 +131,24 @@ func (f *factory) processDriverOpts(deploymentName string, namespace string, cfg
 		case "replicas":
 			deploymentOpt.Replicas, err = strconv.Atoi(v)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, "", "", err
+				return nil, "", "", false, err
 			}
 		case "requests.cpu":
 			deploymentOpt.RequestsCPU = v
 		case "requests.memory":
 			deploymentOpt.RequestsMemory = v
+		case "requests.ephemeral-storage":
+			deploymentOpt.RequestsEphemeralStorage = v
 		case "limits.cpu":
 			deploymentOpt.LimitsCPU = v
 		case "limits.memory":
 			deploymentOpt.LimitsMemory = v
+		case "limits.ephemeral-storage":
+			deploymentOpt.LimitsEphemeralStorage = v
 		case "rootless":
 			deploymentOpt.Rootless, err = strconv.ParseBool(v)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, "", "", err
+				return nil, "", "", false, err
 			}
 			if _, isImage := cfg.DriverOpts["image"]; !isImage {
 				deploymentOpt.Image = bkimage.DefaultRootlessImage
@@ -148,15 +156,20 @@ func (f *factory) processDriverOpts(deploymentName string, namespace string, cfg
 		case "serviceaccount":
 			deploymentOpt.ServiceAccountName = v
 		case "nodeselector":
-			kvs := strings.Split(strings.Trim(v, `"`), ",")
-			s := map[string]string{}
-			for i := range kvs {
-				kv := strings.Split(kvs[i], "=")
-				if len(kv) == 2 {
-					s[kv[0]] = kv[1]
-				}
+			deploymentOpt.NodeSelector, err = splitMultiValues(v, ",", "=")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", false, errors.Wrap(err, "cannot parse node selector")
+			}
+		case "annotations":
+			deploymentOpt.CustomAnnotations, err = splitMultiValues(v, ",", "=")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", false, errors.Wrap(err, "cannot parse annotations")
+			}
+		case "labels":
+			deploymentOpt.CustomLabels, err = splitMultiValues(v, ",", "=")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", false, errors.Wrap(err, "cannot parse labels")
 			}
-			deploymentOpt.NodeSelector = s
 		case "tolerations":
 			ts := strings.Split(v, ";")
 			deploymentOpt.Tolerations = []corev1.Toleration{}
@@ -180,12 +193,12 @@ func (f *factory) processDriverOpts(deploymentName string, namespace string, cfg
 						case "tolerationSeconds":
 							c, err := strconv.Atoi(kv[1])
 							if nil != err {
-								return nil, "", "", err
+								return nil, "", "", false, err
 							}
 							c64 := int64(c)
 							t.TolerationSeconds = &c64
 						default:
-							return nil, "", "", errors.Errorf("invalid tolaration %q", v)
+							return nil, "", "", false, errors.Errorf("invalid tolaration %q", v)
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -197,24 +210,42 @@ func (f *factory) processDriverOpts(deploymentName string, namespace string, cfg
 			case LoadbalanceSticky:
 			case LoadbalanceRandom:
 			default:
-				return nil, "", "", errors.Errorf("invalid loadbalance %q", v)
+				return nil, "", "", false, errors.Errorf("invalid loadbalance %q", v)
 			}
 			loadbalance = v
 		case "qemu.install":
 			deploymentOpt.Qemu.Install, err = strconv.ParseBool(v)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, "", "", err
+				return nil, "", "", false, err
 			}
 		case "qemu.image":
 			if v != "" {
 				deploymentOpt.Qemu.Image = v
 			}
+		case "default-load":
+			defaultLoad, err = strconv.ParseBool(v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", false, err
+			}
 		default:
-			return nil, "", "", errors.Errorf("invalid driver option %s for driver %s", k, DriverName)
+			return nil, "", "", false, errors.Errorf("invalid driver option %s for driver %s", k, DriverName)
 		}
 	}
 
-	return deploymentOpt, loadbalance, namespace, nil
+	return deploymentOpt, loadbalance, namespace, defaultLoad, nil
+}
+
+func splitMultiValues(in string, itemsep string, kvsep string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	kvs := strings.Split(strings.Trim(in, `"`), itemsep)
+	s := map[string]string{}
+	for i := range kvs {
+		kv := strings.Split(kvs[i], kvsep)
+		if len(kv) != 2 {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid key-value pair: %s", kvs[i])
+		}
+		s[kv[0]] = kv[1]
+	}
+	return s, nil
 }
 
 func (f *factory) AllowsInstances() bool {
@@ -226,10 +257,10 @@ func (f *factory) AllowsInstances() bool {
 // eg. "buildx_buildkit_loving_mendeleev0" -> "loving-mendeleev0"
 func buildxNameToDeploymentName(bx string) (string, error) {
 	// TODO: commands.util.go should not pass "buildx_buildkit_" prefix to drivers
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(bx, "buildx_buildkit_") {
-		return "", errors.Errorf("expected a string with \"buildx_buildkit_\", got %q", bx)
+	s, err := driver.ParseBuilderName(bx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
 	}
-	s := strings.TrimPrefix(bx, "buildx_buildkit_")
 	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "_", "-")
 	return s, nil
 }

driver/kubernetes/factory_test.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	cfg := driver.InitConfig{
-		Name:             "buildx_buildkit_test",
+		Name:             driver.BuilderName("test"),
 		KubeClientConfig: &kcc,
 	}
 	f := factory{}
@@ -47,13 +47,14 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 				"rootless":        "true",
 				"nodeselector":    "selector1=value1,selector2=value2",
 				"tolerations":     "key=tolerationKey1,value=tolerationValue1,operator=Equal,effect=NoSchedule,tolerationSeconds=60;key=tolerationKey2,operator=Exists",
+				"annotations":     "example.com/expires-after=annotation1,example.com/other=annotation2",
+				"labels":          "example.com/owner=label1,example.com/other=label2",
 				"loadbalance":     "random",
 				"qemu.install":    "true",
 				"qemu.image":      "qemu:latest",
+				"default-load":    "true",
 			}
-			ns := "test"
-
-			r, loadbalance, ns, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, ns, cfg)
+			r, loadbalance, ns, defaultLoad, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 
 			nodeSelectors := map[string]string{
 				"selector1": "value1",
@@ -75,6 +76,16 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			}
 
+			customAnnotations := map[string]string{
+				"example.com/expires-after": "annotation1",
+				"example.com/other":         "annotation2",
+			}
+
+			customLabels := map[string]string{
+				"example.com/owner": "label1",
+				"example.com/other": "label2",
+			}
+
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			require.Equal(t, "test-ns", ns)
@@ -86,10 +97,13 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, "64Mi", r.LimitsMemory)
 			require.True(t, r.Rootless)
 			require.Equal(t, nodeSelectors, r.NodeSelector)
+			require.Equal(t, customAnnotations, r.CustomAnnotations)
+			require.Equal(t, customLabels, r.CustomLabels)
 			require.Equal(t, tolerations, r.Tolerations)
 			require.Equal(t, LoadbalanceRandom, loadbalance)
 			require.True(t, r.Qemu.Install)
 			require.Equal(t, "qemu:latest", r.Qemu.Image)
+			require.True(t, defaultLoad)
 		},
 	)
 
@@ -97,7 +111,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 		"NoOptions", func(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{}
 
-			r, loadbalance, ns, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+			r, loadbalance, ns, defaultLoad, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -110,10 +124,13 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, "", r.LimitsMemory)
 			require.False(t, r.Rootless)
 			require.Empty(t, r.NodeSelector)
+			require.Empty(t, r.CustomAnnotations)
+			require.Empty(t, r.CustomLabels)
 			require.Empty(t, r.Tolerations)
 			require.Equal(t, LoadbalanceSticky, loadbalance)
 			require.False(t, r.Qemu.Install)
 			require.Equal(t, bkimage.QemuImage, r.Qemu.Image)
+			require.False(t, defaultLoad)
 		},
 	)
 
@@ -124,7 +141,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 				"loadbalance": "sticky",
 			}
 
-			r, loadbalance, ns, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+			r, loadbalance, ns, defaultLoad, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -137,10 +154,13 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, "", r.LimitsMemory)
 			require.True(t, r.Rootless)
 			require.Empty(t, r.NodeSelector)
+			require.Empty(t, r.CustomAnnotations)
+			require.Empty(t, r.CustomLabels)
 			require.Empty(t, r.Tolerations)
 			require.Equal(t, LoadbalanceSticky, loadbalance)
 			require.False(t, r.Qemu.Install)
 			require.Equal(t, bkimage.QemuImage, r.Qemu.Image)
+			require.False(t, defaultLoad)
 		},
 	)
 
@@ -149,9 +169,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"replicas": "invalid",
 			}
-
-			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
+			_, _, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -161,9 +179,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"rootless": "invalid",
 			}
-
-			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
+			_, _, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -173,9 +189,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"tolerations": "key=foo,value=bar,invalid=foo2",
 			}
-
-			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
+			_, _, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -185,9 +199,27 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"tolerations": "key=foo,value=bar,tolerationSeconds=invalid",
 			}
+			_, _, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
 
-			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidCustomAnnotation", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"annotations": "key,value",
+			}
+			_, _, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
 
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidCustomLabel", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"labels": "key=value=foo",
+			}
+			_, _, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -197,9 +229,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"loadbalance": "invalid",
 			}
-
-			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
+			_, _, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -209,9 +239,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"qemu.install": "invalid",
 			}
-
-			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
+			_, _, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -221,9 +249,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"invalid": "foo",
 			}
-
-			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
+			_, _, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)

driver/kubernetes/manifest/manifest.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
 	v1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
 	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
 	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource"
@@ -31,24 +32,34 @@ type DeploymentOpt struct {
 	// files mounted at /etc/buildkitd
 	ConfigFiles map[string][]byte
 
-	Rootless       bool
-	NodeSelector   map[string]string
-	Tolerations    []corev1.Toleration
-	RequestsCPU    string
-	RequestsMemory string
-	LimitsCPU      string
-	LimitsMemory   string
-	Platforms      []v1.Platform
+	Rootless                 bool
+	NodeSelector             map[string]string
+	CustomAnnotations        map[string]string
+	CustomLabels             map[string]string
+	Tolerations              []corev1.Toleration
+	RequestsCPU              string
+	RequestsMemory           string
+	RequestsEphemeralStorage string
+	LimitsCPU                string
+	LimitsMemory             string
+	LimitsEphemeralStorage   string
+	Platforms                []v1.Platform
 }
 
 const (
 	containerName      = "buildkitd"
 	AnnotationPlatform = "buildx.docker.com/platform"
+	LabelApp           = "app"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrReservedAnnotationPlatform = errors.Errorf("the annotation \"%s\" is reserved and cannot be customized", AnnotationPlatform)
+	ErrReservedLabelApp           = errors.Errorf("the label \"%s\" is reserved and cannot be customized", LabelApp)
 )
 
 func NewDeployment(opt *DeploymentOpt) (d *appsv1.Deployment, c []*corev1.ConfigMap, err error) {
 	labels := map[string]string{
-		"app": opt.Name,
+		LabelApp: opt.Name,
 	}
 	annotations := map[string]string{}
 	replicas := int32(opt.Replicas)
@@ -59,6 +70,20 @@ func NewDeployment(opt *DeploymentOpt) (d *appsv1.Deployment, c []*corev1.Config
 		annotations[AnnotationPlatform] = strings.Join(platformutil.Format(opt.Platforms), ",")
 	}
 
+	for k, v := range opt.CustomAnnotations {
+		if k == AnnotationPlatform {
+			return nil, nil, ErrReservedAnnotationPlatform
+		}
+		annotations[k] = v
+	}
+
+	for k, v := range opt.CustomLabels {
+		if k == LabelApp {
+			return nil, nil, ErrReservedLabelApp
+		}
+		labels[k] = v
+	}
+
 	d = &appsv1.Deployment{
 		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
 			APIVersion: appsv1.SchemeGroupVersion.String(),
@@ -182,6 +207,14 @@ func NewDeployment(opt *DeploymentOpt) (d *appsv1.Deployment, c []*corev1.Config
 		d.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].Resources.Requests[corev1.ResourceMemory] = reqMemory
 	}
 
+	if opt.RequestsEphemeralStorage != "" {
+		reqEphemeralStorage, err := resource.ParseQuantity(opt.RequestsEphemeralStorage)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		d.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].Resources.Requests[corev1.ResourceEphemeralStorage] = reqEphemeralStorage
+	}
+
 	if opt.LimitsCPU != "" {
 		limCPU, err := resource.ParseQuantity(opt.LimitsCPU)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -198,6 +231,14 @@ func NewDeployment(opt *DeploymentOpt) (d *appsv1.Deployment, c []*corev1.Config
 		d.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].Resources.Limits[corev1.ResourceMemory] = limMemory
 	}
 
+	if opt.LimitsEphemeralStorage != "" {
+		limEphemeralStorage, err := resource.ParseQuantity(opt.LimitsEphemeralStorage)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		d.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].Resources.Limits[corev1.ResourceEphemeralStorage] = limEphemeralStorage
+	}
+
 	return
 }
 

driver/manager.go

@@ -7,18 +7,18 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
-	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
-
 	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect"
 	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
 )
 
 type Factory interface {
 	Name() string
 	Usage() string
-	Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int
+	Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient, dialMeta map[string][]string) int
 	New(ctx context.Context, cfg InitConfig) (Driver, error)
 	AllowsInstances() bool
 }
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ type InitConfig struct {
 	EndpointAddr     string
 	DockerAPI        dockerclient.APIClient
 	KubeClientConfig KubeClientConfig
-	BuildkitFlags    []string
+	BuildkitdFlags   []string
 	Files            map[string][]byte
 	DriverOpts       map[string]string
 	Auth             Auth
 	Platforms        []specs.Platform
-	// ContextPathHash can be used for determining pods in the driver instance
-	ContextPathHash string
+	ContextPathHash  string // can be used for determining pods in the driver instance
+	DialMeta         map[string][]string
 }
 
 var drivers map[string]Factory
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func Register(f Factory) {
 	drivers[f.Name()] = f
 }
 
-func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, ep string, c dockerclient.APIClient, instanceRequired bool) (Factory, error) {
+func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, ep string, c dockerclient.APIClient, instanceRequired bool, dialMeta map[string][]string) (Factory, error) {
 	if len(drivers) == 0 {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("no drivers available")
 	}
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, ep string, c dockerclient.APIClient,
 		if instanceRequired && !f.AllowsInstances() {
 			continue
 		}
-		dd = append(dd, p{f: f, priority: f.Priority(ctx, ep, c)})
+		dd = append(dd, p{f: f, priority: f.Priority(ctx, ep, c, dialMeta)})
 	}
 	sort.Slice(dd, func(i, j int) bool {
 		return dd[i].priority < dd[j].priority
@@ -104,22 +104,23 @@ func GetFactory(name string, instanceRequired bool) (Factory, error) {
 	return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to find driver %q", name)
 }
 
-func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, endpointAddr string, api dockerclient.APIClient, auth Auth, kcc KubeClientConfig, flags []string, files map[string][]byte, do map[string]string, platforms []specs.Platform, contextPathHash string) (Driver, error) {
+func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, endpointAddr string, api dockerclient.APIClient, auth Auth, kcc KubeClientConfig, buildkitdFlags []string, files map[string][]byte, do map[string]string, platforms []specs.Platform, contextPathHash string, dialMeta map[string][]string) (*DriverHandle, error) {
 	ic := InitConfig{
 		EndpointAddr:     endpointAddr,
 		DockerAPI:        api,
 		KubeClientConfig: kcc,
 		Name:             name,
-		BuildkitFlags:    flags,
+		BuildkitdFlags:   buildkitdFlags,
 		DriverOpts:       do,
 		Auth:             auth,
 		Platforms:        platforms,
 		ContextPathHash:  contextPathHash,
+		DialMeta:         dialMeta,
 		Files:            files,
 	}
 	if f == nil {
 		var err error
-		f, err = GetDefaultFactory(ctx, endpointAddr, api, false)
+		f, err = GetDefaultFactory(ctx, endpointAddr, api, false, dialMeta)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, endpointAddr string,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return &cachedDriver{Driver: d}, nil
+	return &DriverHandle{Driver: d}, nil
 }
 
 func GetFactories(instanceRequired bool) []Factory {
@@ -145,25 +146,44 @@ func GetFactories(instanceRequired bool) []Factory {
 	return ds
 }
 
-type cachedDriver struct {
+type DriverHandle struct {
 	Driver
-	client       *client.Client
-	err          error
-	once         sync.Once
-	featuresOnce sync.Once
-	features     map[Feature]bool
+	client                  *client.Client
+	err                     error
+	once                    sync.Once
+	historyAPISupportedOnce sync.Once
+	historyAPISupported     bool
 }
 
-func (d *cachedDriver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
+func (d *DriverHandle) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
 	d.once.Do(func() {
-		d.client, d.err = d.Driver.Client(ctx)
+		opts, err := d.getClientOptions()
+		if err != nil {
+			d.err = err
+			return
+		}
+		d.client, d.err = d.Driver.Client(ctx, opts...)
 	})
 	return d.client, d.err
 }
 
-func (d *cachedDriver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[Feature]bool {
-	d.featuresOnce.Do(func() {
-		d.features = d.Driver.Features(ctx)
-	})
-	return d.features
+func (d *DriverHandle) getClientOptions() ([]client.ClientOpt, error) {
+	exp, _, err := detect.Exporter()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if td, ok := exp.(client.TracerDelegate); ok {
+		return []client.ClientOpt{
+			client.WithTracerDelegate(td),
+		}, nil
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (d *DriverHandle) HistoryAPISupported(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	d.historyAPISupportedOnce.Do(func() {
+		if c, err := d.Client(ctx); err == nil {
+			d.historyAPISupported = historyAPISupported(ctx, c)
+		}
+	})
+	return d.historyAPISupported
 }

driver/remote/driver.go

@@ -2,17 +2,29 @@ package remote
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	util "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote/util"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/connhelper"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
 type Driver struct {
 	factory driver.Factory
 	driver.InitConfig
+
+	// if you add fields, remember to update docs:
+	// https://github.com/docker/docs/blob/main/content/build/drivers/remote.md
 	*tlsOpts
+	defaultLoad bool
 }
 
 type tlsOpts struct {
@@ -23,25 +35,15 @@ type tlsOpts struct {
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
-	for i := 0; ; i++ {
-		info, err := d.Info(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if info.Status != driver.Inactive {
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return ctx.Err()
-		default:
-			if i > 10 {
-				i = 10
-			}
-			time.Sleep(time.Duration(i) * time.Second)
-		}
+	c, err := d.Client(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
+	return progress.Wrap("[internal] waiting for connection", l, func(_ progress.SubLogger) error {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		return c.Wait(ctx)
+	})
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Info(ctx context.Context) (*driver.Info, error) {
@@ -75,34 +77,87 @@ func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
-	opts := []client.ClientOpt{}
-	if d.tlsOpts != nil {
-		opts = append(opts, []client.ClientOpt{
-			client.WithServerConfig(d.tlsOpts.serverName, d.tlsOpts.caCert),
-			client.WithCredentials(d.tlsOpts.cert, d.tlsOpts.key),
-		}...)
+func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context, opts ...client.ClientOpt) (*client.Client, error) {
+	opts = append([]client.ClientOpt{
+		client.WithContextDialer(func(ctx context.Context, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			return d.Dial(ctx)
+		}),
+	}, opts...)
+	return client.New(ctx, "", opts...)
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Dial(ctx context.Context) (net.Conn, error) {
+	addr := d.InitConfig.EndpointAddr
+	ch, err := connhelper.GetConnectionHelper(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if ch != nil {
+		return ch.ContextDialer(ctx, addr)
 	}
 
-	return client.New(ctx, d.InitConfig.EndpointAddr, opts...)
+	network, addr, ok := strings.Cut(addr, "://")
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid endpoint address: %s", d.InitConfig.EndpointAddr)
+	}
+
+	conn, err := util.DialContext(ctx, network, addr)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
+	}
+
+	if d.tlsOpts != nil {
+		cfg, err := loadTLS(d.tlsOpts)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error loading tls config")
+		}
+		conn = tls.Client(conn, cfg)
+	}
+	return conn, nil
+}
+
+func loadTLS(opts *tlsOpts) (*tls.Config, error) {
+	cfg := &tls.Config{
+		ServerName: opts.serverName,
+		RootCAs:    x509.NewCertPool(),
+	}
+
+	if opts.caCert != "" {
+		ca, err := os.ReadFile(opts.caCert)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not read ca certificate")
+		}
+		if ok := cfg.RootCAs.AppendCertsFromPEM(ca); !ok {
+			return nil, errors.New("failed to append ca certs")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if opts.cert != "" || opts.key != "" {
+		cert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(opts.cert, opts.key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not read certificate/key")
+		}
+		cfg.Certificates = append(cfg.Certificates, cert)
+	}
+
+	return cfg, nil
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
-	var historyAPI bool
-	c, err := d.Client(ctx)
-	if err == nil {
-		historyAPI = driver.HistoryAPISupported(ctx, c)
-		c.Close()
-	}
 	return map[driver.Feature]bool{
 		driver.OCIExporter:    true,
 		driver.DockerExporter: true,
 		driver.CacheExport:    true,
 		driver.MultiPlatform:  true,
-		driver.HistoryAPI:     historyAPI,
+		driver.DefaultLoad:    d.defaultLoad,
 	}
 }
 
+func (d *Driver) HostGatewayIP(ctx context.Context) (net.IP, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("host-gateway is not supported by the remote driver")
+}
+
 func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {
 	return d.factory
 }