Merge pull request #1415 from jedevc/cherry-pick-1383-to-0.9

[0.9] driver: don't create tracer delegate opt if tracer is nil

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
+    labels:
+      - "dependencies"
+      - "bot"

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 name: build
 
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
   push:
@@ -15,48 +19,113 @@ on:
 
 env:
   REPO_SLUG: "docker/buildx-bin"
-  REPO_SLUG_ORIGIN: "moby/buildkit:master"
   RELEASE_OUT: "./release-out"
 
 jobs:
-  build:
+  test:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      -
-        name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
         with:
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.REPO_SLUG_ORIGIN }}
+          version: latest
       -
         name: Test
-        run: |
-          make test
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          targets: test
+          set: |
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=test
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=test
       -
-        name: Send to Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v2
+        name: Upload coverage
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
         with:
           file: ./coverage/coverage.txt
+
+  prepare:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      matrix: ${{ steps.platforms.outputs.matrix }}
+    steps:
       -
-        name: Build binaries
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Create matrix
+        id: platforms
         run: |
-          make release
+          echo ::set-output name=matrix::$(docker buildx bake binaries-cross --print | jq -cr '.target."binaries-cross".platforms')
+      -
+        name: Show matrix
+        run: |
+          echo ${{ steps.platforms.outputs.matrix }}
+
+  binaries:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs:
+      - prepare
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        platform: ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.matrix) }}
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Prepare
+        run: |
+          platform=${{ matrix.platform }}
+          echo "PLATFORM_PAIR=${platform//\//-}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: latest
+      -
+        name: Build
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          targets: release
+          set: |
+            *.platform=${{ matrix.platform }}
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=binaries-${{ env.PLATFORM_PAIR }}
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=binaries-${{ env.PLATFORM_PAIR }},mode=max
       -
         name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           name: buildx
           path: ${{ env.RELEASE_OUT }}/*
           if-no-files-found: error
+
+  bin-image:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: latest
       -
         name: Docker meta
         id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v3
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
         with:
           images: |
             ${{ env.REPO_SLUG }}
@@ -68,25 +137,78 @@ jobs:
       -
         name: Login to DockerHub
         if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
-        uses: docker/login-action@v1
+        uses: docker/login-action@v2
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
       -
         name: Build and push image
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v1
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
         with:
           files: |
             ./docker-bake.hcl
             ${{ steps.meta.outputs.bake-file }}
           targets: image-cross
           push: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
+          set: |
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=bin-image
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=bin-image,mode=max
+
+  release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs:
+      - binaries
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Download binaries
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: buildx
+          path: ${{ env.RELEASE_OUT }}
+      -
+        name: Create checksums
+        run: ./hack/hash-files
+      -
+        name: List artifacts
+        run: |
+          tree -nh ${{ env.RELEASE_OUT }}
+      -
+        name: Check artifacts
+        run: |
+          find ${{ env.RELEASE_OUT }} -type f -exec file -e ascii -- {} +
       -
         name: GitHub Release
         if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@1e07f4398721186383de40550babbdf2b84acfc5
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         with:
           draft: true
           files: ${{ env.RELEASE_OUT }}/*
+
+  buildkit-edge:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    continue-on-error: true
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: latest
+          driver-opts: image=moby/buildkit:master
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
+      -
+        # Just run a bake target to check eveything runs fine
+        name: Build
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          targets: binaries

.github/workflows/docs-release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+name: docs-release
+
+on:
+  release:
+    types: [ released ]
+
+jobs:
+  open-pr:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout docs repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.GHPAT_DOCS_DISPATCH }}
+          repository: docker/docker.github.io
+          ref: master
+      -
+        name: Prepare
+        run: |
+          rm -rf ./_data/buildx/*
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Build docs
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          source: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}.git#${{ github.event.release.name }}
+          targets: update-docs
+          set: |
+            *.output=/tmp/buildx-docs
+        env:
+          DOCS_FORMATS: yaml
+      -
+        name: Copy files
+        run: |
+          cp /tmp/buildx-docs/out/reference/*.yaml ./_data/buildx/
+      -
+        name: Commit changes
+        run: |
+          git add -A .
+      -
+        name: Create PR on docs repo
+        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@923ad837f191474af6b1721408744feb989a4c27 # v4.0.4
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.GHPAT_DOCS_DISPATCH }}
+          push-to-fork: docker-tools-robot/docker.github.io
+          commit-message: "build: update buildx reference to ${{ github.event.release.name }}"
+          signoff: true
+          branch: dispatch/buildx-ref-${{ github.event.release.name }}
+          delete-branch: true
+          title: Update buildx reference to ${{ github.event.release.name }}
+          body: |
+            Update the buildx reference documentation to keep in sync with the latest release `${{ github.event.release.name }}`
+          draft: false

.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# this workflow runs the remote validate bake target from docker/docker.github.io
+# to check if yaml reference docs and markdown files used in this repo are still valid
+# https://github.com/docker/docker.github.io/blob/98c7c9535063ae4cd2cd0a31478a21d16d2f07a3/docker-bake.hcl#L34-L36
+name: docs-upstream
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'master'
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml'
+      - 'docs/**'
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml'
+      - 'docs/**'
+
+jobs:
+  docs-yaml:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: latest
+      -
+        name: Build reference YAML docs
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          targets: update-docs
+          set: |
+            *.output=/tmp/buildx-docs
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=docs-yaml
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=docs-yaml,mode=max
+        env:
+          DOCS_FORMATS: yaml
+      -
+        name: Upload reference YAML docs
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: docs-yaml
+          path: /tmp/buildx-docs/out/reference
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  validate:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs:
+      - docs-yaml
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          repository: docker/docker.github.io
+      -
+        name: Install js-yaml
+        run: npm install js-yaml
+      -
+        # use the actual buildx ref that triggers this workflow, so we make
+        # sure pages fetched by docs repo are still valid
+        # https://github.com/docker/docker.github.io/blob/98c7c9535063ae4cd2cd0a31478a21d16d2f07a3/_config.yml#L164-L173
+        name: Set correct ref to fetch remote resources
+        uses: actions/github-script@v6
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const fs = require('fs');
+            const yaml = require('js-yaml');
+
+            const configFile = '_config.yml'
+            const config = yaml.load(fs.readFileSync(configFile, 'utf8'));
+            for (const remote of config['fetch-remote']) {
+              if (remote['repo'] != 'https://github.com/docker/buildx') {
+                continue;
+              }
+              remote['ref'] = "${{ github.ref }}";
+            }
+
+            try {
+              fs.writeFileSync(configFile, yaml.dump(config), 'utf8')
+            } catch (err) {
+              console.error(err.message)
+              process.exit(1)
+            }
+      -
+        name: Prepare
+        run: |
+          # print docs jekyll config updated in previous step
+          yq _config.yml
+          # cleanup reference yaml docs and js-yaml module
+          rm -rf ./_data/buildx/* ./node_modules
+      -
+        name: Download built reference YAML docs
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: docs-yaml
+          path: ./_data/buildx/
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: latest
+      -
+        name: Validate
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          targets: validate
+          set: |
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=docs-upstream
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=docs-upstream,mode=max

.github/workflows/e2e.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 name: e2e
 
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
   push:
@@ -12,8 +16,44 @@ on:
       - 'v[0-9]*'
 
 jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    env:
+      BIN_OUT: ./bin
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: latest
+      -
+        name: Build
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          targets: binaries
+          set: |
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=release
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=binaries
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=binaries
+      -
+        name: Rename binary
+        run: |
+          mv ${{ env.BIN_OUT }}/buildx ${{ env.BIN_OUT }}/docker-buildx
+      -
+        name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: binary
+          path: ${{ env.BIN_OUT }}
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          retention-days: 7
+
   driver:
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    needs:
+      - build
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
@@ -21,6 +61,7 @@ jobs:
           - docker
           - docker-container
           - kubernetes
+          - remote
         buildkit:
           - moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1
           - moby/buildkit:master
@@ -31,10 +72,13 @@ jobs:
           - mnode-false
           - mnode-true
         platforms:
+          - linux/amd64
           - linux/amd64,linux/arm64
         include:
           - driver: kubernetes
             driver-opt: qemu.install=true
+          - driver: remote
+            endpoint: tcp://localhost:1234
         exclude:
           - driver: docker
             multi-node: mnode-true
@@ -42,18 +86,28 @@ jobs:
             buildkit-cfg: bkcfg-true
           - driver: docker-container
             multi-node: mnode-true
+          - driver: remote
+            multi-node: mnode-true
+          - driver: remote
+            buildkit-cfg: bkcfg-true
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
         if: matrix.driver == 'docker' || matrix.driver == 'docker-container'
       -
         name: Install buildx
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: binary
+          path: /home/runner/.docker/cli-plugins
+      -
+        name: Fix perms and check
         run: |
-          make install
+          chmod +x /home/runner/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
           docker buildx version
       -
         name: Init env vars
@@ -75,7 +129,7 @@ jobs:
       -
         name: Install k3s
         if: matrix.driver == 'kubernetes'
-        uses: debianmaster/actions-k3s@v1.0.3
+        uses: debianmaster/actions-k3s@b9cf3f599fd118699a3c8a0d18a2f2bda6cf4ce4
         id: k3s
         with:
           version: v1.21.2-k3s1
@@ -89,6 +143,17 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.driver == 'kubernetes'
         run: |
           kubectl get nodes
+      -
+        name: Launch remote buildkitd
+        if: matrix.driver == 'remote'
+        run: |
+          docker run -d \
+            --privileged \
+            --name=remote-buildkit \
+            -p 1234:1234 \
+            ${{ matrix.buildkit }} \
+            --addr unix:///run/buildkit/buildkitd.sock \
+            --addr tcp://0.0.0.0:1234
       -
         name: Test
         run: |
@@ -97,4 +162,5 @@ jobs:
           BUILDKIT_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.buildkit }}
           DRIVER: ${{ matrix.driver }}
           DRIVER_OPT: ${{ matrix.driver-opt }}
+          ENDPOINT: ${{ matrix.endpoint }}
           PLATFORMS: ${{ matrix.platforms }}

.github/workflows/godev.yml

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# Workflow used to make a request to proxy.golang.org to refresh cache on https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/docker/buildx
-# when a released of buildx is produced
-name: godev
-
-on:
-  push:
-    tags:
-      - 'v*'
-
-jobs:
-  update:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      -
-        name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-        with:
-          go-version: 1.13
-      -
-        name: Call pkg.go.dev
-        run: |
-          go get github.com/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}@${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}
-        env:
-          GO111MODULE: on
-          GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org

.github/workflows/validate.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 name: validate
 
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
   push:
@@ -26,23 +30,13 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: latest
       -
         name: Run
         run: |
           make ${{ matrix.target }}
-
-  validate-docs-yaml:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs:
-      - validate
-    steps:
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      -
-        name: Run
-        run: |
-          make docs
-        env:
-          FORMATS: yaml

.golangci.yml

@@ -12,19 +12,29 @@ linters:
     - gofmt
     - govet
     - deadcode
+    - depguard
     - goimports
     - ineffassign
     - misspell
     - unused
     - varcheck
-    - golint
+    - revive
     - staticcheck
     - typecheck
     - structcheck
   disable-all: true
 
+linters-settings:
+  depguard:
+    list-type: blacklist
+    include-go-root: true
+    packages:
+      # The io/ioutil package has been deprecated.
+      # https://go.dev/doc/go1.16#ioutil
+      - io/ioutil
+
 issues:
   exclude-rules:
     - linters:
-        - golint
+        - revive
       text: "stutters"

.yamllint.yml

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-ignore: |
-  /vendor
-
-extends: default
-
-yaml-files:
-  - '*.yaml'
-  - '*.yml'
-
-rules:
-  truthy: disable
-  line-length: disable
-  document-start: disable

Dockerfile

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.3
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.4
 
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.17
-ARG DOCKERD_VERSION=20.10.8
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.18
+ARG XX_VERSION=1.1.2
+ARG DOCKERD_VERSION=20.10.14
 
 FROM docker:$DOCKERD_VERSION AS dockerd-release
 
 # xx is a helper for cross-compilation
-FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx@sha256:21a61be4744f6531cb5f33b0e6f40ede41fa3a1b8c82d5946178f80cc84bfc04 AS xx
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx:${XX_VERSION} AS xx
 
 FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS golatest
 
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ FROM golatest AS gobase
 COPY --from=xx / /
 RUN apk add --no-cache file git
 ENV GOFLAGS=-mod=vendor
+ENV CGO_ENABLED=0
 WORKDIR /src
 
 FROM gobase AS buildx-version
@@ -23,7 +25,6 @@ RUN --mount=target=. \
   echo -n "${VERSION}" | tee /tmp/.version;
 
 FROM gobase AS buildx-build
-ENV CGO_ENABLED=0
 ARG LDFLAGS="-w -s"
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 RUN --mount=type=bind,target=. \
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ RUN --mount=type=bind,target=. \
   set -x; xx-go build -ldflags "$(cat /tmp/.ldflags) ${LDFLAGS}" -o /usr/bin/buildx ./cmd/buildx && \
   xx-verify --static /usr/bin/buildx
 
-FROM buildx-build AS test
+FROM gobase AS test
 RUN --mount=type=bind,target=. \
   --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache \
   --mount=type=cache,target=/go/pkg/mod \
@@ -44,13 +45,13 @@ FROM scratch AS test-coverage
 COPY --from=test /tmp/coverage.txt /coverage.txt
 
 FROM scratch AS binaries-unix
-COPY --from=buildx-build /usr/bin/buildx /
+COPY --link --from=buildx-build /usr/bin/buildx /
 
 FROM binaries-unix AS binaries-darwin
 FROM binaries-unix AS binaries-linux
 
 FROM scratch AS binaries-windows
-COPY --from=buildx-build /usr/bin/buildx /buildx.exe
+COPY --link --from=buildx-build /usr/bin/buildx /buildx.exe
 
 FROM binaries-$TARGETOS AS binaries
 

MAINTAINERS

@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ made through a pull request.
 		people = [
 			"akihirosuda",
 			"crazy-max",
+			"jedevc",
 			"tiborvass",
 			"tonistiigi",
 		]
@@ -188,6 +189,11 @@ made through a pull request.
 	Email = "contact@crazymax.dev"
 	GitHub = "crazy-max"
 
+	[people.jedevc]
+	Name = "Justin Chadwell"
+	Email = "me@jedevc.com"
+	GitHub = "jedevc"
+
 	[people.thajeztah]
 	Name = "Sebastiaan van Stijn"
 	Email = "github@gone.nl"

README.md

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 # buildx
 
-[![PkgGoDev](https://img.shields.io/badge/go.dev-docs-007d9c?logo=go&logoColor=white)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/docker/buildx)
-[![Build Status](https://github.com/docker/buildx/workflows/build/badge.svg)](https://github.com/docker/buildx/actions?query=workflow%3Abuild)
-[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/docker/buildx)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/docker/buildx)
-[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/docker/buildx/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/docker/buildx)
+[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/docker/buildx.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/docker/buildx/releases/latest)
+[![PkgGoDev](https://img.shields.io/badge/go.dev-docs-007d9c?style=flat-square&logo=go&logoColor=white)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/docker/buildx)
+[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/docker/buildx/build?label=build&logo=github&style=flat-square)](https://github.com/docker/buildx/actions?query=workflow%3Abuild)
+[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/docker/buildx?style=flat-square)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/docker/buildx)
+[![codecov](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/docker/buildx?logo=codecov&style=flat-square)](https://codecov.io/gh/docker/buildx)
 
 `buildx` is a Docker CLI plugin for extended build capabilities with
 [BuildKit](https://github.com/moby/buildkit).
@@ -21,28 +22,38 @@ Key features:
 # Table of Contents
 
 - [Installing](#installing)
-  - [Docker](#docker)
-  - [Binary release](#binary-release)
-  - [From `Dockerfile`](#from-dockerfile)
+  - [Windows and macOS](#windows-and-macos)
+  - [Linux packages](#linux-packages)
+  - [Manual download](#manual-download)
+  - [Dockerfile](#dockerfile)
 - [Set buildx as the default builder](#set-buildx-as-the-default-builder)
 - [Building](#building)
 - [Getting started](#getting-started)
   - [Building with buildx](#building-with-buildx)
   - [Working with builder instances](#working-with-builder-instances)
   - [Building multi-platform images](#building-multi-platform-images)
-  - [High-level build options](#high-level-build-options)
-- [Documentation](docs/reference/buildx.md)
-  - [`buildx bake`](docs/reference/buildx_bake.md)  
+- [Guides](docs/guides)
+  - [High-level build options with Bake](docs/guides/bake/index.md)
+  - [CI/CD](docs/guides/cicd.md)
+  - [CNI networking](docs/guides/cni-networking.md)
+  - [Using a custom network](docs/guides/custom-network.md)
+  - [Using a custom registry configuration](docs/guides/custom-registry-config.md)
+  - [OpenTelemetry support](docs/guides/opentelemetry.md)
+  - [Registry mirror](docs/guides/registry-mirror.md)
+  - [Drivers](docs/guides/drivers/index.md)
+  - [Resource limiting](docs/guides/resource-limiting.md)
+- [Reference](docs/reference/buildx.md)
+  - [`buildx bake`](docs/reference/buildx_bake.md)
   - [`buildx build`](docs/reference/buildx_build.md)
   - [`buildx create`](docs/reference/buildx_create.md)
   - [`buildx du`](docs/reference/buildx_du.md)
   - [`buildx imagetools`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools.md)
     - [`buildx imagetools create`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_create.md)
-    - [`buildx imagetools inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_inspect.md)  
+    - [`buildx imagetools inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_inspect.md)
   - [`buildx inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_inspect.md)
   - [`buildx install`](docs/reference/buildx_install.md)
-  - [`buildx ls`](docs/reference/buildx_ls.md)  
-  - [`buildx prune`](docs/reference/buildx_prune.md)  
+  - [`buildx ls`](docs/reference/buildx_ls.md)
+  - [`buildx prune`](docs/reference/buildx_prune.md)
   - [`buildx rm`](docs/reference/buildx_rm.md)
   - [`buildx stop`](docs/reference/buildx_stop.md)
   - [`buildx uninstall`](docs/reference/buildx_uninstall.md)
@@ -56,27 +67,60 @@ Using `buildx` as a docker CLI plugin requires using Docker 19.03 or newer.
 A limited set of functionality works with older versions of Docker when
 invoking the binary directly.
 
-## Docker
+## Windows and macOS
 
-`buildx` comes bundled with Docker Desktop and in latest
-[Docker CE packages](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/), but may not be
-included in third-party software components (in which case follow the
-[binary release](#binary-release) instructions).
+Docker Buildx is included in [Docker Desktop](https://docs.docker.com/desktop/)
+for Windows and macOS.
 
-## Binary release
+## Linux packages
 
-You can also download the latest `buildx` binary from the
-[GitHub releases](https://github.com/docker/buildx/releases/latest) page, copy
-it to `~/.docker/cli-plugins` folder with name `docker-buildx` and change the
-permission to execute:
+Docker Linux packages also include Docker Buildx when installed using the
+[DEB or RPM packages](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/).
 
-```console
-$ chmod a+x ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
-```
+## Manual download
 
-## From `Dockerfile`
+> **Important**
+>
+> This section is for unattended installation of the buildx component. These
+> instructions are mostly suitable for testing purposes. We do not recommend
+> installing buildx using manual download in production environments as they
+> will not be updated automatically with security updates.
+>
+> On Windows and macOS, we recommend that you install [Docker Desktop](https://docs.docker.com/desktop/)
+> instead. For Linux, we recommend that you follow the [instructions specific for your distribution](#linux-packages).
 
-Here is how to use buildx inside a Dockerfile through the
+You can also download the latest binary from the [GitHub releases page](https://github.com/docker/buildx/releases/latest).
+
+Rename the relevant binary and copy it to the destination matching your OS:
+
+| OS       | Binary name          | Destination folder                       |
+| -------- | -------------------- | -----------------------------------------|
+| Linux    | `docker-buildx`      | `$HOME/.docker/cli-plugins`              |
+| macOS    | `docker-buildx`      | `$HOME/.docker/cli-plugins`              |
+| Windows  | `docker-buildx.exe`  | `%USERPROFILE%\.docker\cli-plugins`      |
+
+Or copy it into one of these folders for installing it system-wide.
+
+On Unix environments:
+
+* `/usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins` OR `/usr/local/libexec/docker/cli-plugins`
+* `/usr/lib/docker/cli-plugins` OR `/usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins`
+
+On Windows:
+
+* `C:\ProgramData\Docker\cli-plugins`
+* `C:\Program Files\Docker\cli-plugins`
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> On Unix environments, it may also be necessary to make it executable with `chmod +x`:
+> ```shell
+> $ chmod +x ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
+> ```
+
+## Dockerfile
+
+Here is how to install and use Buildx inside a Dockerfile through the
 [`docker/buildx-bin`](https://hub.docker.com/r/docker/buildx-bin) image:
 
 ```Dockerfile
@@ -97,17 +141,17 @@ To remove this alias, run [`docker buildx uninstall`](docs/reference/buildx_unin
 
 ```console
 # Buildx 0.6+
-$ docker buildx bake "git://github.com/docker/buildx"
+$ docker buildx bake "https://github.com/docker/buildx.git"
 $ mkdir -p ~/.docker/cli-plugins
 $ mv ./bin/buildx ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
 
 # Docker 19.03+
-$ DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --platform=local -o . "git://github.com/docker/buildx"
+$ DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --platform=local -o . "https://github.com/docker/buildx.git"
 $ mkdir -p ~/.docker/cli-plugins
 $ mv buildx ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
 
 # Local 
-$ git clone git://github.com/docker/buildx && cd buildx
+$ git clone https://github.com/docker/buildx.git && cd buildx
 $ make install
 ```
 
@@ -141,28 +185,22 @@ specifying target platform. In addition, Buildx also supports new features that
 are not yet available for regular `docker build` like building manifest lists,
 distributed caching, and exporting build results to OCI image tarballs.
 
-Buildx is supposed to be flexible and can be run in different configurations
-that are exposed through a driver concept. Currently, we support a
-[`docker` driver](docs/reference/buildx_create.md#docker-driver) that uses
-the BuildKit library bundled into the Docker daemon binary, a
-[`docker-container` driver](docs/reference/buildx_create.md#docker-container-driver)
-that automatically launches BuildKit inside a Docker container and a
-[`kubernetes` driver](docs/reference/buildx_create.md#kubernetes-driver) to
-spin up pods with defined BuildKit container image to build your images. We
-plan to add more drivers in the future.
+Buildx is flexible and can be run in different configurations that are exposed
+through various "drivers". Each driver defines how and where a build should
+run, and have different feature sets.
 
-The user experience of using buildx is very similar across drivers, but there
-are some features that are not currently supported by the `docker` driver,
-because the BuildKit library bundled into docker daemon currently uses a
-different storage component. In contrast, all images built with `docker` driver
-are automatically added to the `docker images` view by default, whereas when
-using other drivers the method for outputting an image needs to be selected
-with `--output`.
+We currently support the following drivers:
+- The `docker` driver ([guide](docs/guides/drivers/docker.md), [reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver))
+- The `docker-container` driver ([guide](docs/guides/drivers/docker-container.md), [reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver))
+- The `kubernetes` driver ([guide](docs/guides/drivers/kubernetes.md), [reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver))
+- The `remote` driver ([guide](docs/guides/drivers/remote.md))
+
+For more information on drivers, see the [drivers guide](docs/guides/drivers/index.md).
 
 ## Working with builder instances
 
 By default, buildx will initially use the `docker` driver if it is supported,
-providing a very similar user experience to the native `docker build`. Note tha
+providing a very similar user experience to the native `docker build`. Note that
 you must use a local shared daemon to build your applications.
 
 Buildx allows you to create new instances of isolated builders. This can be
@@ -273,26 +311,7 @@ cross-compilation helpers for more advanced use-cases.
 
 ## High-level build options
 
-Buildx also aims to provide support for high-level build concepts that go beyond
-invoking a single build command. We want to support building all the images in
-your application together and let the users define project specific reusable
-build flows that can then be easily invoked by anyone.
-
-BuildKit efficiently handles multiple concurrent build requests and
-de-duplicating work. The build commands can be combined with general-purpose
-command runners (for example, `make`). However, these tools generally invoke
-builds in sequence  and therefore cannot leverage the full potential of BuildKit
-parallelization, or combine BuildKit’s output for the user. For this use case,
-we have added a command called [`docker buildx bake`](docs/reference/buildx_bake.md).
-
-The `bake` command supports building images from compose files, similar to
-[`docker-compose build`](https://docs.docker.com/compose/reference/build/),
-but allowing all the services to be built concurrently as part of a single
-request.
-
-There is also support for custom build rules from HCL/JSON files allowing
-better code reuse and different target groups. The design of bake is in very
-early stages and we are looking for feedback from users.
+See [`docs/guides/bake/index.md`](docs/guides/bake/index.md) for more details.
 
 # Contributing
 

bake/bake.go

@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/csv"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
+	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -15,15 +17,21 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/urlutil"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/builder/remotecontext/urlutil"
 	hcl "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session/auth/authprovider"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
-var httpPrefix = regexp.MustCompile(`^https?://`)
-var gitURLPathWithFragmentSuffix = regexp.MustCompile(`\.git(?:#.+)?$`)
+var (
+	httpPrefix                   = regexp.MustCompile(`^https?://`)
+	gitURLPathWithFragmentSuffix = regexp.MustCompile(`\.git(?:#.+)?$`)
+
+	validTargetNameChars = `[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+`
+	targetNamePattern    = regexp.MustCompile(`^` + validTargetNameChars + `$`)
+)
 
 type File struct {
 	Name string
@@ -55,12 +63,21 @@ func ReadLocalFiles(names []string) ([]File, error) {
 	out := make([]File, 0, len(names))
 
 	for _, n := range names {
-		dt, err := ioutil.ReadFile(n)
-		if err != nil {
-			if isDefault && errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-				continue
+		var dt []byte
+		var err error
+		if n == "-" {
+			dt, err = io.ReadAll(os.Stdin)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		} else {
+			dt, err = os.ReadFile(n)
+			if err != nil {
+				if isDefault && errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+					continue
+				}
+				return nil, err
 			}
-			return nil, err
 		}
 		out = append(out, File{Name: n, Data: dt})
 	}
@@ -73,6 +90,10 @@ func ReadTargets(ctx context.Context, files []File, targets, overrides []string,
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 
+	for i, t := range targets {
+		targets[i] = sanitizeTargetName(t)
+	}
+
 	o, err := c.newOverrides(overrides)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
@@ -89,7 +110,88 @@ func ReadTargets(ctx context.Context, files []File, targets, overrides []string,
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return m, c.Groups, nil
+
+	var g []*Group
+	if len(targets) == 0 || (len(targets) == 1 && targets[0] == "default") {
+		for _, group := range c.Groups {
+			if group.Name != "default" {
+				continue
+			}
+			g = []*Group{{Targets: group.Targets}}
+		}
+	} else {
+		var gt []string
+		for _, target := range targets {
+			isGroup := false
+			for _, group := range c.Groups {
+				if target == group.Name {
+					gt = append(gt, group.Targets...)
+					isGroup = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !isGroup {
+				gt = append(gt, target)
+			}
+		}
+		g = []*Group{{Targets: dedupSlice(gt)}}
+	}
+
+	for name, t := range m {
+		if err := c.loadLinks(name, t, m, o, nil); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return m, g, nil
+}
+
+func dedupSlice(s []string) []string {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return s
+	}
+	var res []string
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, val := range s {
+		if _, ok := seen[val]; !ok {
+			res = append(res, val)
+			seen[val] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func dedupMap(ms ...map[string]string) map[string]string {
+	if len(ms) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	res := map[string]string{}
+	for _, m := range ms {
+		if len(m) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		for k, v := range m {
+			if _, ok := res[k]; !ok {
+				res[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func sliceToMap(env []string) (res map[string]string) {
+	res = make(map[string]string)
+	for _, s := range env {
+		kv := strings.SplitN(s, "=", 2)
+		key := kv[0]
+		switch {
+		case len(kv) == 1:
+			res[key] = ""
+		default:
+			res[key] = kv[1]
+		}
+	}
+	return
 }
 
 func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error) {
@@ -98,15 +200,15 @@ func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error)
 	}()
 
 	var c Config
-	var fs []*hcl.File
+	var composeFiles []File
+	var hclFiles []*hcl.File
 	for _, f := range files {
-		cfg, isCompose, composeErr := ParseComposeFile(f.Data, f.Name)
+		isCompose, composeErr := validateComposeFile(f.Data, f.Name)
 		if isCompose {
 			if composeErr != nil {
 				return nil, composeErr
 			}
-			c = mergeConfig(c, *cfg)
-			c = dedupeConfig(c)
+			composeFiles = append(composeFiles, f)
 		}
 		if !isCompose {
 			hf, isHCL, err := ParseHCLFile(f.Data, f.Name)
@@ -114,7 +216,7 @@ func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error)
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, err
 				}
-				fs = append(fs, hf)
+				hclFiles = append(hclFiles, hf)
 			} else if composeErr != nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse %s: parsing yaml: %v, parsing hcl: %w", f.Name, composeErr, err)
 			} else {
@@ -123,26 +225,43 @@ func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if len(fs) > 0 {
-		if err := hclparser.Parse(hcl.MergeFiles(fs), hclparser.Opt{
-			LookupVar: os.LookupEnv,
-			Vars:      defaults,
+	if len(composeFiles) > 0 {
+		cfg, cmperr := ParseComposeFiles(composeFiles)
+		if cmperr != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(cmperr, "failed to parse compose file")
+		}
+		c = mergeConfig(c, *cfg)
+		c = dedupeConfig(c)
+	}
+
+	if len(hclFiles) > 0 {
+		if err := hclparser.Parse(hcl.MergeFiles(hclFiles), hclparser.Opt{
+			LookupVar:     os.LookupEnv,
+			Vars:          defaults,
+			ValidateLabel: validateTargetName,
 		}, &c); err.HasErrors() {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
+
 	return &c, nil
 }
 
 func dedupeConfig(c Config) Config {
 	c2 := c
+	c2.Groups = make([]*Group, 0, len(c2.Groups))
+	for _, g := range c.Groups {
+		g1 := *g
+		g1.Targets = dedupSlice(g1.Targets)
+		c2.Groups = append(c2.Groups, &g1)
+	}
 	c2.Targets = make([]*Target, 0, len(c2.Targets))
-	m := map[string]*Target{}
+	mt := map[string]*Target{}
 	for _, t := range c.Targets {
-		if t2, ok := m[t.Name]; ok {
+		if t2, ok := mt[t.Name]; ok {
 			t2.Merge(t)
 		} else {
-			m[t.Name] = t
+			mt[t.Name] = t
 			c2.Targets = append(c2.Targets, t)
 		}
 	}
@@ -153,19 +272,6 @@ func ParseFile(dt []byte, fn string) (*Config, error) {
 	return ParseFiles([]File{{Data: dt, Name: fn}}, nil)
 }
 
-func ParseComposeFile(dt []byte, fn string) (*Config, bool, error) {
-	fnl := strings.ToLower(fn)
-	if strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".yml") || strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".yaml") {
-		cfg, err := ParseCompose(dt)
-		return cfg, true, err
-	}
-	if strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".json") || strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".hcl") {
-		return nil, false, nil
-	}
-	cfg, err := ParseCompose(dt)
-	return cfg, err == nil, err
-}
-
 type Config struct {
 	Groups  []*Group  `json:"group" hcl:"group,block"`
 	Targets []*Target `json:"target" hcl:"target,block"`
@@ -246,10 +352,46 @@ func (c Config) expandTargets(pattern string) ([]string, error) {
 	return names, nil
 }
 
+func (c Config) loadLinks(name string, t *Target, m map[string]*Target, o map[string]map[string]Override, visited []string) error {
+	visited = append(visited, name)
+	for _, v := range t.Contexts {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "target:") {
+			target := strings.TrimPrefix(v, "target:")
+			if target == t.Name {
+				return errors.Errorf("target %s cannot link to itself", target)
+			}
+			for _, v := range visited {
+				if v == target {
+					return errors.Errorf("infinite loop from %s to %s", name, target)
+				}
+			}
+			t2, ok := m[target]
+			if !ok {
+				var err error
+				t2, err = c.ResolveTarget(target, o)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				t2.Outputs = nil
+				t2.linked = true
+				m[target] = t2
+			}
+			if err := c.loadLinks(target, t2, m, o, visited); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if len(t.Platforms) > 1 && len(t2.Platforms) > 1 {
+				if !sliceEqual(t.Platforms, t2.Platforms) {
+					return errors.Errorf("target %s can't be used by %s because it is defined for different platforms %v and %v", target, name, t2.Platforms, t.Platforms)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (c Config) newOverrides(v []string) (map[string]map[string]Override, error) {
 	m := map[string]map[string]Override{}
 	for _, v := range v {
-
 		parts := strings.SplitN(v, "=", 2)
 		keys := strings.SplitN(parts[0], ".", 3)
 		if len(keys) < 2 {
@@ -294,6 +436,11 @@ func (c Config) newOverrides(v []string) (map[string]map[string]Override, error)
 					o.Value = v
 				}
 				fallthrough
+			case "contexts":
+				if len(keys) != 3 {
+					return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid key %s, contexts requires name", parts[0])
+				}
+				fallthrough
 			default:
 				if len(parts) == 2 {
 					o.Value = parts[1]
@@ -307,12 +454,12 @@ func (c Config) newOverrides(v []string) (map[string]map[string]Override, error)
 }
 
 func (c Config) ResolveGroup(name string) []string {
-	return c.group(name, map[string]struct{}{})
+	return dedupSlice(c.group(name, map[string][]string{}))
 }
 
-func (c Config) group(name string, visited map[string]struct{}) []string {
+func (c Config) group(name string, visited map[string][]string) []string {
 	if _, ok := visited[name]; ok {
-		return nil
+		return visited[name]
 	}
 	var g *Group
 	for _, group := range c.Groups {
@@ -324,19 +471,26 @@ func (c Config) group(name string, visited map[string]struct{}) []string {
 	if g == nil {
 		return []string{name}
 	}
-	visited[name] = struct{}{}
+	visited[name] = []string{}
 	targets := make([]string, 0, len(g.Targets))
 	for _, t := range g.Targets {
-		targets = append(targets, c.group(t, visited)...)
+		tgroup := c.group(t, visited)
+		if len(tgroup) > 0 {
+			targets = append(targets, tgroup...)
+		} else {
+			targets = append(targets, t)
+		}
 	}
+	visited[name] = targets
 	return targets
 }
 
 func (c Config) ResolveTarget(name string, overrides map[string]map[string]Override) (*Target, error) {
-	t, err := c.target(name, map[string]struct{}{}, overrides)
+	t, err := c.target(name, map[string]*Target{}, overrides)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	t.Inherits = nil
 	if t.Context == nil {
 		s := "."
 		t.Context = &s
@@ -348,11 +502,11 @@ func (c Config) ResolveTarget(name string, overrides map[string]map[string]Overr
 	return t, nil
 }
 
-func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]struct{}, overrides map[string]map[string]Override) (*Target, error) {
-	if _, ok := visited[name]; ok {
-		return nil, nil
+func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]*Target, overrides map[string]map[string]Override) (*Target, error) {
+	if t, ok := visited[name]; ok {
+		return t, nil
 	}
-	visited[name] = struct{}{}
+	visited[name] = nil
 	var t *Target
 	for _, target := range c.Targets {
 		if target.Name == name {
@@ -373,7 +527,6 @@ func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]struct{}, overrides map[s
 			tt.Merge(t)
 		}
 	}
-	t.Inherits = nil
 	m := defaultTarget()
 	m.Merge(tt)
 	m.Merge(t)
@@ -381,8 +534,8 @@ func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]struct{}, overrides map[s
 	if err := tt.AddOverrides(overrides[name]); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	tt.normalize()
+	visited[name] = tt
 	return tt, nil
 }
 
@@ -399,6 +552,7 @@ type Target struct {
 	Inherits []string `json:"inherits,omitempty" hcl:"inherits,optional"`
 
 	Context          *string           `json:"context,omitempty" hcl:"context,optional"`
+	Contexts         map[string]string `json:"contexts,omitempty" hcl:"contexts,optional"`
 	Dockerfile       *string           `json:"dockerfile,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile,optional"`
 	DockerfileInline *string           `json:"dockerfile-inline,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile-inline,optional"`
 	Args             map[string]string `json:"args,omitempty" hcl:"args,optional"`
@@ -413,8 +567,12 @@ type Target struct {
 	Outputs          []string          `json:"output,omitempty" hcl:"output,optional"`
 	Pull             *bool             `json:"pull,omitempty" hcl:"pull,optional"`
 	NoCache          *bool             `json:"no-cache,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache,optional"`
+	NetworkMode      *string           `json:"-" hcl:"-"`
+	NoCacheFilter    []string          `json:"no-cache-filter,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache-filter,optional"`
+	// IMPORTANT: if you add more fields here, do not forget to update newOverrides and docs/guides/bake/file-definition.md.
 
-	// IMPORTANT: if you add more fields here, do not forget to update newOverrides and README.
+	// linked is a private field to mark a target used as a linked one
+	linked bool
 }
 
 func (t *Target) normalize() {
@@ -425,6 +583,16 @@ func (t *Target) normalize() {
 	t.CacheFrom = removeDupes(t.CacheFrom)
 	t.CacheTo = removeDupes(t.CacheTo)
 	t.Outputs = removeDupes(t.Outputs)
+	t.NoCacheFilter = removeDupes(t.NoCacheFilter)
+
+	for k, v := range t.Contexts {
+		if v == "" {
+			delete(t.Contexts, k)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(t.Contexts) == 0 {
+		t.Contexts = nil
+	}
 }
 
 func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
@@ -443,6 +611,12 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 		}
 		t.Args[k] = v
 	}
+	for k, v := range t2.Contexts {
+		if t.Contexts == nil {
+			t.Contexts = map[string]string{}
+		}
+		t.Contexts[k] = v
+	}
 	for k, v := range t2.Labels {
 		if t.Labels == nil {
 			t.Labels = map[string]string{}
@@ -479,6 +653,12 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 	if t2.NoCache != nil {
 		t.NoCache = t2.NoCache
 	}
+	if t2.NetworkMode != nil {
+		t.NetworkMode = t2.NetworkMode
+	}
+	if t2.NoCacheFilter != nil { // merge
+		t.NoCacheFilter = append(t.NoCacheFilter, t2.NoCacheFilter...)
+	}
 	t.Inherits = append(t.Inherits, t2.Inherits...)
 }
 
@@ -499,7 +679,14 @@ func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
 				t.Args = map[string]string{}
 			}
 			t.Args[keys[1]] = value
-
+		case "contexts":
+			if len(keys) != 2 {
+				return errors.Errorf("contexts require name")
+			}
+			if t.Contexts == nil {
+				t.Contexts = map[string]string{}
+			}
+			t.Contexts[keys[1]] = value
 		case "labels":
 			if len(keys) != 2 {
 				return errors.Errorf("labels require name")
@@ -530,6 +717,8 @@ func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
 				return errors.Errorf("invalid value %s for boolean key no-cache", value)
 			}
 			t.NoCache = &noCache
+		case "no-cache-filter":
+			t.NoCacheFilter = o.ArrValue
 		case "pull":
 			pull, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -573,6 +762,21 @@ func updateContext(t *build.Inputs, inp *Input) {
 	if inp == nil || inp.State == nil {
 		return
 	}
+
+	for k, v := range t.NamedContexts {
+		if v.Path == "." {
+			t.NamedContexts[k] = build.NamedContext{Path: inp.URL}
+		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://") || strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "target:") || strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "docker-image:") {
+			continue
+		}
+		if IsRemoteURL(v.Path) {
+			continue
+		}
+		st := llb.Scratch().File(llb.Copy(*inp.State, v.Path, "/"), llb.WithCustomNamef("set context %s to %s", k, v.Path))
+		t.NamedContexts[k] = build.NamedContext{State: &st}
+	}
+
 	if t.ContextPath == "." {
 		t.ContextPath = inp.URL
 		return
@@ -587,6 +791,59 @@ func updateContext(t *build.Inputs, inp *Input) {
 	t.ContextState = &st
 }
 
+// validateContextsEntitlements is a basic check to ensure contexts do not
+// escape local directories when loaded from remote sources. This is to be
+// replaced with proper entitlements support in the future.
+func validateContextsEntitlements(t build.Inputs, inp *Input) error {
+	if inp == nil || inp.State == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BAKE_ALLOW_REMOTE_FS_ACCESS"); ok {
+		if vv, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v); vv {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	if t.ContextState == nil {
+		if err := checkPath(t.ContextPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	for _, v := range t.NamedContexts {
+		if v.State != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := checkPath(v.Path); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func checkPath(p string) error {
+	if IsRemoteURL(p) || strings.HasPrefix(p, "target:") || strings.HasPrefix(p, "docker-image:") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	p, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(p)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	wd, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	rel, err := filepath.Rel(wd, p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(rel, ".."+string(os.PathSeparator)) {
+		return errors.Errorf("path %s is outside of the working directory, please set BAKE_ALLOW_REMOTE_FS_ACCESS=1", p)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	if v := t.Context; v != nil && *v == "-" {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("context from stdin not allowed in bake")
@@ -619,10 +876,15 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	if t.Pull != nil {
 		pull = *t.Pull
 	}
+	networkMode := ""
+	if t.NetworkMode != nil {
+		networkMode = *t.NetworkMode
+	}
 
 	bi := build.Inputs{
 		ContextPath:    contextPath,
 		DockerfilePath: dockerfilePath,
+		NamedContexts:  toNamedContexts(t.Contexts),
 	}
 	if t.DockerfileInline != nil {
 		bi.DockerfileInline = *t.DockerfileInline
@@ -631,16 +893,28 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://") {
 		bi.ContextPath = path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://"))
 	}
+	for k, v := range bi.NamedContexts {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://") {
+			bi.NamedContexts[k] = build.NamedContext{Path: path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://"))}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := validateContextsEntitlements(bi, inp); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
 	t.Context = &bi.ContextPath
 
 	bo := &build.Options{
-		Inputs:    bi,
-		Tags:      t.Tags,
-		BuildArgs: t.Args,
-		Labels:    t.Labels,
-		NoCache:   noCache,
-		Pull:      pull,
+		Inputs:        bi,
+		Tags:          t.Tags,
+		BuildArgs:     t.Args,
+		Labels:        t.Labels,
+		NoCache:       noCache,
+		NoCacheFilter: t.NoCacheFilter,
+		Pull:          pull,
+		NetworkMode:   networkMode,
+		Linked:        t.linked,
 	}
 
 	platforms, err := platformutil.Parse(t.Platforms)
@@ -649,7 +923,8 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	}
 	bo.Platforms = platforms
 
-	bo.Session = append(bo.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(os.Stderr))
+	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
+	bo.Session = append(bo.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig))
 
 	secrets, err := buildflags.ParseSecretSpecs(t.Secrets)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -733,3 +1008,39 @@ func parseOutputType(str string) string {
 	}
 	return ""
 }
+
+func validateTargetName(name string) error {
+	if !targetNamePattern.MatchString(name) {
+		return errors.Errorf("only %q are allowed", validTargetNameChars)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func sanitizeTargetName(target string) string {
+	// as stipulated in compose spec, service name can contain a dot so as
+	// best-effort and to avoid any potential ambiguity, we replace the dot
+	// with an underscore.
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(target, ".", "_")
+}
+
+func sliceEqual(s1, s2 []string) bool {
+	if len(s1) != len(s2) {
+		return false
+	}
+	sort.Strings(s1)
+	sort.Strings(s2)
+	for i := range s1 {
+		if s1[i] != s2[i] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func toNamedContexts(m map[string]string) map[string]build.NamedContext {
+	m2 := make(map[string]build.NamedContext, len(m))
+	for k, v := range m {
+		m2[k] = build.NamedContext{Path: v}
+	}
+	return m2
+}

bake/compose.go

@@ -1,48 +1,44 @@
 package bake
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"reflect"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/dotenv"
 	"github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/loader"
 	compose "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/types"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
 
-func parseCompose(dt []byte) (*compose.Project, error) {
-	return loader.Load(compose.ConfigDetails{
-		ConfigFiles: []compose.ConfigFile{
-			{
-				Content: dt,
-			},
-		},
-		Environment: envMap(os.Environ()),
+func ParseComposeFiles(fs []File) (*Config, error) {
+	envs, err := composeEnv()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var cfgs []compose.ConfigFile
+	for _, f := range fs {
+		cfgs = append(cfgs, compose.ConfigFile{
+			Filename: f.Name,
+			Content:  f.Data,
+		})
+	}
+	return ParseCompose(cfgs, envs)
+}
+
+func ParseCompose(cfgs []compose.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Config, error) {
+	cfg, err := loader.Load(compose.ConfigDetails{
+		ConfigFiles: cfgs,
+		Environment: envs,
 	}, func(options *loader.Options) {
 		options.SkipNormalization = true
 	})
-}
-
-func envMap(env []string) map[string]string {
-	result := make(map[string]string, len(env))
-	for _, s := range env {
-		kv := strings.SplitN(s, "=", 2)
-		if len(kv) != 2 {
-			continue
-		}
-		result[kv[0]] = kv[1]
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func ParseCompose(dt []byte) (*Config, error) {
-	cfg, err := parseCompose(dt)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	var c Config
-	var zeroBuildConfig compose.BuildConfig
 	if len(cfg.Services) > 0 {
 		c.Groups = []*Group{}
 		c.Targets = []*Target{}
@@ -50,15 +46,15 @@ func ParseCompose(dt []byte) (*Config, error) {
 		g := &Group{Name: "default"}
 
 		for _, s := range cfg.Services {
-
-			if s.Build == nil || reflect.DeepEqual(s.Build, zeroBuildConfig) {
-				// if not make sure they're setting an image or it's invalid d-c.yml
-				if s.Image == "" {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("compose file invalid: service %s has neither an image nor a build context specified. At least one must be provided", s.Name)
-				}
+			if s.Build == nil {
 				continue
 			}
 
+			targetName := sanitizeTargetName(s.Name)
+			if err = validateTargetName(targetName); err != nil {
+				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid service name %q", targetName)
+			}
+
 			var contextPathP *string
 			if s.Build.Context != "" {
 				contextPath := s.Build.Context
@@ -69,17 +65,34 @@ func ParseCompose(dt []byte) (*Config, error) {
 				dockerfilePath := s.Build.Dockerfile
 				dockerfilePathP = &dockerfilePath
 			}
-			g.Targets = append(g.Targets, s.Name)
+
+			var secrets []string
+			for _, bs := range s.Build.Secrets {
+				secret, err := composeToBuildkitSecret(bs, cfg.Secrets[bs.Source])
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				secrets = append(secrets, secret)
+			}
+
+			g.Targets = append(g.Targets, targetName)
 			t := &Target{
-				Name:       s.Name,
+				Name:       targetName,
 				Context:    contextPathP,
 				Dockerfile: dockerfilePathP,
+				Tags:       s.Build.Tags,
 				Labels:     s.Build.Labels,
 				Args: flatten(s.Build.Args.Resolve(func(val string) (string, bool) {
+					if val, ok := s.Environment[val]; ok && val != nil {
+						return *val, true
+					}
 					val, ok := cfg.Environment[val]
 					return val, ok
 				})),
-				CacheFrom: s.Build.CacheFrom,
+				CacheFrom:   s.Build.CacheFrom,
+				CacheTo:     s.Build.CacheTo,
+				NetworkMode: &s.Build.Network,
+				Secrets:     secrets,
 			}
 			if err = t.composeExtTarget(s.Build.Extensions); err != nil {
 				return nil, err
@@ -100,6 +113,86 @@ func ParseCompose(dt []byte) (*Config, error) {
 	return &c, nil
 }
 
+func validateComposeFile(dt []byte, fn string) (bool, error) {
+	envs, err := composeEnv()
+	if err != nil {
+		return true, err
+	}
+	fnl := strings.ToLower(fn)
+	if strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".yml") || strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".yaml") {
+		return true, validateCompose(dt, envs)
+	}
+	if strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".json") || strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".hcl") {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	err = validateCompose(dt, envs)
+	return err == nil, err
+}
+
+func validateCompose(dt []byte, envs map[string]string) error {
+	_, err := loader.Load(compose.ConfigDetails{
+		ConfigFiles: []compose.ConfigFile{
+			{
+				Content: dt,
+			},
+		},
+		Environment: envs,
+	}, func(options *loader.Options) {
+		options.SkipNormalization = true
+		// consistency is checked later in ParseCompose to ensure multiple
+		// compose files can be merged together
+		options.SkipConsistencyCheck = true
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+func composeEnv() (map[string]string, error) {
+	envs := sliceToMap(os.Environ())
+	if wd, err := os.Getwd(); err == nil {
+		envs, err = loadDotEnv(envs, wd)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return envs, nil
+}
+
+func loadDotEnv(curenv map[string]string, workingDir string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	if curenv == nil {
+		curenv = make(map[string]string)
+	}
+
+	ef, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Join(workingDir, ".env"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if _, err = os.Stat(ef); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return curenv, nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	dt, err := os.ReadFile(ef)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	envs, err := dotenv.UnmarshalBytes(dt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	for k, v := range envs {
+		if _, set := curenv[k]; set {
+			continue
+		}
+		curenv[k] = v
+	}
+
+	return curenv, nil
+}
+
 func flatten(in compose.MappingWithEquals) compose.Mapping {
 	if len(in) == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -114,81 +207,111 @@ func flatten(in compose.MappingWithEquals) compose.Mapping {
 	return out
 }
 
-// composeExtTarget converts Compose build extension x-bake to bake Target
-// https://github.com/compose-spec/compose-spec/blob/master/spec.md#extension
-func (t *Target) composeExtTarget(exts map[string]interface{}) error {
-	if ext, ok := exts["x-bake"]; ok {
-		for key, val := range ext.(map[string]interface{}) {
-			switch key {
-			case "tags":
-				if res, k := val.(string); k {
-					t.Tags = append(t.Tags, res)
-				} else {
-					for _, res := range val.([]interface{}) {
-						t.Tags = append(t.Tags, res.(string))
-					}
-				}
-			case "cache-from":
-				t.CacheFrom = []string{} // Needed to override the main field
-				if res, k := val.(string); k {
-					t.CacheFrom = append(t.CacheFrom, res)
-				} else {
-					for _, res := range val.([]interface{}) {
-						t.CacheFrom = append(t.CacheFrom, res.(string))
-					}
-				}
-			case "cache-to":
-				if res, k := val.(string); k {
-					t.CacheTo = append(t.CacheTo, res)
-				} else {
-					for _, res := range val.([]interface{}) {
-						t.CacheTo = append(t.CacheTo, res.(string))
-					}
-				}
-			case "secret":
-				if res, k := val.(string); k {
-					t.Secrets = append(t.Secrets, res)
-				} else {
-					for _, res := range val.([]interface{}) {
-						t.Secrets = append(t.Secrets, res.(string))
-					}
-				}
-			case "ssh":
-				if res, k := val.(string); k {
-					t.SSH = append(t.SSH, res)
-				} else {
-					for _, res := range val.([]interface{}) {
-						t.SSH = append(t.SSH, res.(string))
-					}
-				}
-			case "platforms":
-				if res, k := val.(string); k {
-					t.Platforms = append(t.Platforms, res)
-				} else {
-					for _, res := range val.([]interface{}) {
-						t.Platforms = append(t.Platforms, res.(string))
-					}
-				}
-			case "output":
-				if res, k := val.(string); k {
-					t.Outputs = append(t.Outputs, res)
-				} else {
-					for _, res := range val.([]interface{}) {
-						t.Outputs = append(t.Outputs, res.(string))
-					}
-				}
-			case "pull":
-				if res, ok := val.(bool); ok {
-					t.Pull = &res
-				}
-			case "no-cache":
-				if res, ok := val.(bool); ok {
-					t.NoCache = &res
-				}
-			default:
-				return fmt.Errorf("compose file invalid: unkwown %s field for x-bake", key)
-			}
+// xbake Compose build extension provides fields not (yet) available in
+// Compose build specification: https://github.com/compose-spec/compose-spec/blob/master/build.md
+type xbake struct {
+	Tags          stringArray `yaml:"tags,omitempty"`
+	CacheFrom     stringArray `yaml:"cache-from,omitempty"`
+	CacheTo       stringArray `yaml:"cache-to,omitempty"`
+	Secrets       stringArray `yaml:"secret,omitempty"`
+	SSH           stringArray `yaml:"ssh,omitempty"`
+	Platforms     stringArray `yaml:"platforms,omitempty"`
+	Outputs       stringArray `yaml:"output,omitempty"`
+	Pull          *bool       `yaml:"pull,omitempty"`
+	NoCache       *bool       `yaml:"no-cache,omitempty"`
+	NoCacheFilter stringArray `yaml:"no-cache-filter,omitempty"`
+	Contexts      stringMap   `yaml:"contexts,omitempty"`
+	// don't forget to update documentation if you add a new field:
+	// docs/guides/bake/compose-file.md#extension-field-with-x-bake
+}
+
+type stringMap map[string]string
+type stringArray []string
+
+func (sa *stringArray) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
+	var multi []string
+	err := unmarshal(&multi)
+	if err != nil {
+		var single string
+		if err := unmarshal(&single); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
+		*sa = strings.Fields(single)
+	} else {
+		*sa = multi
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+// composeExtTarget converts Compose build extension x-bake to bake Target
+// https://github.com/compose-spec/compose-spec/blob/master/spec.md#extension
+func (t *Target) composeExtTarget(exts map[string]interface{}) error {
+	var xb xbake
+
+	ext, ok := exts["x-bake"]
+	if !ok || ext == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	yb, _ := yaml.Marshal(ext)
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(yb, &xb); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if len(xb.Tags) > 0 {
+		t.Tags = dedupSlice(append(t.Tags, xb.Tags...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.CacheFrom) > 0 {
+		t.CacheFrom = dedupSlice(append(t.CacheFrom, xb.CacheFrom...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.CacheTo) > 0 {
+		t.CacheTo = dedupSlice(append(t.CacheTo, xb.CacheTo...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.Secrets) > 0 {
+		t.Secrets = dedupSlice(append(t.Secrets, xb.Secrets...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.SSH) > 0 {
+		t.SSH = dedupSlice(append(t.SSH, xb.SSH...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.Platforms) > 0 {
+		t.Platforms = dedupSlice(append(t.Platforms, xb.Platforms...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.Outputs) > 0 {
+		t.Outputs = dedupSlice(append(t.Outputs, xb.Outputs...))
+	}
+	if xb.Pull != nil {
+		t.Pull = xb.Pull
+	}
+	if xb.NoCache != nil {
+		t.NoCache = xb.NoCache
+	}
+	if len(xb.NoCacheFilter) > 0 {
+		t.NoCacheFilter = dedupSlice(append(t.NoCacheFilter, xb.NoCacheFilter...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.Contexts) > 0 {
+		t.Contexts = dedupMap(t.Contexts, xb.Contexts)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// composeToBuildkitSecret converts secret from compose format to buildkit's
+// csv format.
+func composeToBuildkitSecret(inp compose.ServiceSecretConfig, psecret compose.SecretConfig) (string, error) {
+	if psecret.External.External {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("unsupported external secret %s", psecret.Name)
+	}
+
+	var bkattrs []string
+	if inp.Source != "" {
+		bkattrs = append(bkattrs, "id="+inp.Source)
+	}
+	if psecret.File != "" {
+		bkattrs = append(bkattrs, "src="+psecret.File)
+	}
+	if psecret.Environment != "" {
+		bkattrs = append(bkattrs, "env="+psecret.Environment)
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(bkattrs, ","), nil
+}

bake/compose_test.go

@@ -2,9 +2,12 @@ package bake
 
 import (
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
+	compose "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/types"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -19,15 +22,29 @@ services:
     build:
       context: ./dir
       dockerfile: Dockerfile-alternate
+      network:
+        none
       args:
         buildno: 123
+      cache_from:
+        - type=local,src=path/to/cache
+      cache_to:
+        - type=local,dest=path/to/cache
+      secrets:
+        - token
+        - aws
+secrets:
+  token:
+    environment: ENV_TOKEN
+  aws:
+    file: /root/.aws/credentials
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
-	require.Equal(t, c.Groups[0].Name, "default")
+	require.Equal(t, "default", c.Groups[0].Name)
 	sort.Strings(c.Groups[0].Targets)
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"db", "webapp"}, c.Groups[0].Targets)
 
@@ -37,12 +54,20 @@ services:
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, "db", c.Targets[0].Name)
 	require.Equal(t, "./db", *c.Targets[0].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"docker.io/tonistiigi/db"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
 
 	require.Equal(t, "webapp", c.Targets[1].Name)
 	require.Equal(t, "./dir", *c.Targets[1].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile-alternate", *c.Targets[1].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets[1].Args))
 	require.Equal(t, "123", c.Targets[1].Args["buildno"])
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,src=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[1].CacheFrom)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[1].CacheTo)
+	require.Equal(t, "none", *c.Targets[1].NetworkMode)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{
+		"id=token,env=ENV_TOKEN",
+		"id=aws,src=/root/.aws/credentials",
+	}, c.Targets[1].Secrets)
 }
 
 func TestNoBuildOutOfTreeService(t *testing.T) {
@@ -53,9 +78,10 @@ services:
     webapp:
         build: ./db
 `)
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 }
 
 func TestParseComposeTarget(t *testing.T) {
@@ -71,7 +97,7 @@ services:
       target: webapp
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
@@ -96,15 +122,15 @@ services:
       target: webapp
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
 	sort.Slice(c.Targets, func(i, j int) bool {
 		return c.Targets[i].Name < c.Targets[j].Name
 	})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "db")
+	require.Equal(t, "db", c.Targets[0].Name)
 	require.Equal(t, "db", *c.Targets[0].Target)
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Name, "webapp")
+	require.Equal(t, "webapp", c.Targets[1].Name)
 	require.Equal(t, "webapp", *c.Targets[1].Target)
 }
 
@@ -130,28 +156,22 @@ services:
 	os.Setenv("ZZZ_BAR", "zzz_foo")
 	defer os.Unsetenv("ZZZ_BAR")
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, sliceToMap(os.Environ()))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Args["FOO"], "bar")
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Args["BAR"], "zzz_foo")
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Args["BRB"], "FOO")
+	require.Equal(t, "bar", c.Targets[0].Args["FOO"])
+	require.Equal(t, "zzz_foo", c.Targets[0].Args["BAR"])
+	require.Equal(t, "FOO", c.Targets[0].Args["BRB"])
 }
 
-func TestBogusCompose(t *testing.T) {
+func TestInconsistentComposeFile(t *testing.T) {
 	var dt = []byte(`
 services:
-  db:
-    labels:
-      - "foo"
   webapp:
-    build:
-      context: .
-      target: webapp
+    entrypoint: echo 1
 `)
 
-	_, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.Error(t, err)
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "has neither an image nor a build context specified: invalid compose project")
 }
 
 func TestAdvancedNetwork(t *testing.T) {
@@ -175,10 +195,28 @@ networks:
           gateway: 10.5.0.254
 `)
 
-	_, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
+func TestTags(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  example:
+    image: example
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile: Dockerfile
+      tags:
+        - foo
+        - bar
+`)
+
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo", "bar"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
+}
+
 func TestDependsOnList(t *testing.T) {
 	var dt = []byte(`
 version: "3.8"
@@ -211,7 +249,7 @@ networks:
     name: test-net
 `)
 
-	_, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
@@ -225,10 +263,16 @@ services:
       dockerfile: ./Dockerfile
       cache_from:
         - user/app:cache
+      cache_to:
+        - user/app:cache
+      tags:
+        - ct-addon:baz
       args:
         CT_ECR: foo
         CT_TAG: bar
       x-bake:
+        contexts:
+          alpine: docker-image://alpine:3.13
         tags:
           - ct-addon:foo
           - ct-addon:alp
@@ -237,7 +281,8 @@ services:
           - linux/arm64
         cache-from:
           - type=local,src=path/to/cache
-        cache-to: local,dest=path/to/cache
+        cache-to:
+          - type=local,dest=path/to/cache
         pull: true
 
   aws:
@@ -257,27 +302,347 @@ services:
         no-cache: true
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
 	sort.Slice(c.Targets, func(i, j int) bool {
 		return c.Targets[i].Name < c.Targets[j].Name
 	})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Args, map[string]string{"CT_ECR": "foo", "CT_TAG": "bar"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Tags, []string{"ct-addon:foo", "ct-addon:alp"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Platforms, []string{"linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].CacheFrom, []string{"type=local,src=path/to/cache"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].CacheTo, []string{"local,dest=path/to/cache"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Pull, newBool(true))
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Tags, []string{"ct-fake-aws:bar"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Secrets, []string{"id=mysecret,src=/local/secret", "id=mysecret2,src=/local/secret2"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].SSH, []string{"default"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Platforms, []string{"linux/arm64"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Outputs, []string{"type=docker"})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].NoCache, newBool(true))
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"CT_ECR": "foo", "CT_TAG": "bar"}, c.Targets[0].Args)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ct-addon:baz", "ct-addon:foo", "ct-addon:alp"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"}, c.Targets[0].Platforms)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/app:cache", "type=local,src=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[0].CacheFrom)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/app:cache", "type=local,dest=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[0].CacheTo)
+	require.Equal(t, newBool(true), c.Targets[0].Pull)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"alpine": "docker-image://alpine:3.13"}, c.Targets[0].Contexts)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ct-fake-aws:bar"}, c.Targets[1].Tags)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"id=mysecret,src=/local/secret", "id=mysecret2,src=/local/secret2"}, c.Targets[1].Secrets)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"default"}, c.Targets[1].SSH)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"linux/arm64"}, c.Targets[1].Platforms)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker"}, c.Targets[1].Outputs)
+	require.Equal(t, newBool(true), c.Targets[1].NoCache)
+}
+
+func TestComposeExtDedup(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  webapp:
+    image: app:bar
+    build:
+      cache_from:
+        - user/app:cache
+      cache_to:
+        - user/app:cache
+      tags:
+        - ct-addon:foo
+      x-bake:
+        tags:
+          - ct-addon:foo
+          - ct-addon:baz
+        cache-from:
+          - user/app:cache
+          - type=local,src=path/to/cache
+        cache-to:
+          - type=local,dest=path/to/cache
+`)
+
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ct-addon:foo", "ct-addon:baz"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/app:cache", "type=local,src=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[0].CacheFrom)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/app:cache", "type=local,dest=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[0].CacheTo)
+}
+
+func TestEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	envf, err := os.CreateTemp("", "env")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(envf.Name())
+
+	_, err = envf.WriteString("FOO=bsdf -csdf\n")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  scratch:
+    build:
+     context: .
+     args:
+        CT_ECR: foo
+        FOO:
+        NODE_ENV:
+    environment:
+      - NODE_ENV=test
+      - AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=dummy
+      - AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=dummy
+    env_file:
+      - ` + envf.Name() + `
+`)
+
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"CT_ECR": "foo", "FOO": "bsdf -csdf", "NODE_ENV": "test"}, c.Targets[0].Args)
+}
+
+func TestDotEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpdir := t.TempDir()
+
+	err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpdir, ".env"), []byte("FOO=bar"), 0644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  scratch:
+    build:
+     context: .
+     args:
+        FOO:
+`)
+
+	chdir(t, tmpdir)
+	c, err := ParseComposeFiles([]File{{
+		Name: "docker-compose.yml",
+		Data: dt,
+	}})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"FOO": "bar"}, c.Targets[0].Args)
+}
+
+func TestPorts(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build:
+     context: .
+    ports:
+      - 3306:3306
+  bar:
+    build:
+     context: .
+    ports:
+      - mode: ingress
+        target: 3306
+        published: "3306"
+        protocol: tcp
+`)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
 func newBool(val bool) *bool {
 	b := val
 	return &b
 }
+
+func TestServiceName(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		svc     string
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			svc:     "a",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "abc",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "a.b",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "_a",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "a_b",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "AbC",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "AbC-0123",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.svc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: []byte(`
+services:
+  ` + tt.svc + `:
+    build:
+      context: .
+`)}}, nil)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateComposeSecret(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		dt      []byte
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "secret set by file",
+			dt: []byte(`
+secrets:
+  foo:
+    file: .secret
+`),
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "secret set by environment",
+			dt: []byte(`
+secrets:
+  foo:
+    environment: TOKEN
+`),
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "external secret",
+			dt: []byte(`
+secrets:
+  foo:
+    external: true
+`),
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unset secret",
+			dt: []byte(`
+secrets:
+  foo: {}
+`),
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "undefined secret",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build:
+      secrets:
+        - token
+`),
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: tt.dt}}, nil)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateComposeFile(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name      string
+		fn        string
+		dt        []byte
+		isCompose bool
+		wantErr   bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "empty service",
+			fn:   "docker-compose.yml",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+`),
+			isCompose: true,
+			wantErr:   true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "build",
+			fn:   "docker-compose.yml",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build: .
+`),
+			isCompose: true,
+			wantErr:   false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "image",
+			fn:   "docker-compose.yml",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  simple:
+    image: nginx
+`),
+			isCompose: true,
+			wantErr:   false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unknown ext",
+			fn:   "docker-compose.foo",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  simple:
+    image: nginx
+`),
+			isCompose: true,
+			wantErr:   false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "hcl",
+			fn:   "docker-bake.hcl",
+			dt: []byte(`
+target "default" {
+  dockerfile = "test"
+}
+`),
+			isCompose: false,
+			wantErr:   false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			isCompose, err := validateComposeFile(tt.dt, tt.fn)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.isCompose, isCompose)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// chdir changes the current working directory to the named directory,
+// and then restore the original working directory at the end of the test.
+func chdir(t *testing.T, dir string) {
+	olddir, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("chdir: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Chdir(dir); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("chdir %s: %v", dir, err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		if err := os.Chdir(olddir); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("chdir to original working directory %s: %v", olddir, err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	})
+}

bake/hcl.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package bake
 import (
 	"strings"
 
-	hcl "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/hclparse"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/pb"

bake/hcl_test.go

@@ -620,3 +620,165 @@ func TestHCLBuiltinVars(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "foo", *c.Targets[0].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, "test", *c.Targets[0].Dockerfile)
 }
+
+func TestCombineHCLAndJSONTargets(t *testing.T) {
+	c, err := ParseFiles([]File{
+		{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(`
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["a"]
+}
+
+target "metadata-a" {}
+target "metadata-b" {}
+
+target "a" {
+  inherits = ["metadata-a"]
+  context = "."
+  target = "a"
+}
+
+target "b" {
+  inherits = ["metadata-b"]
+  context = "."
+  target = "b"
+}`),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "metadata-a.json",
+			Data: []byte(`
+{
+  "target": [{
+    "metadata-a": [{
+      "tags": [
+        "app/a:1.0.0",
+        "app/a:latest"
+      ]
+    }]
+  }]
+}`),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "metadata-b.json",
+			Data: []byte(`
+{
+  "target": [{
+    "metadata-b": [{
+      "tags": [
+        "app/b:1.0.0",
+        "app/b:latest"
+      ]
+    }]
+  }]
+}`),
+		},
+	}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
+	require.Equal(t, "default", c.Groups[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"a"}, c.Groups[0].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 4, len(c.Targets))
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "metadata-a")
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"app/a:1.0.0", "app/a:latest"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Name, "metadata-b")
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"app/b:1.0.0", "app/b:latest"}, c.Targets[1].Tags)
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[2].Name, "a")
+	require.Equal(t, ".", *c.Targets[2].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, "a", *c.Targets[2].Target)
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[3].Name, "b")
+	require.Equal(t, ".", *c.Targets[3].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, "b", *c.Targets[3].Target)
+}
+
+func TestCombineHCLAndJSONVars(t *testing.T) {
+	c, err := ParseFiles([]File{
+		{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(`
+variable "ABC" {
+  default = "foo"
+}
+variable "DEF" {
+  default = ""
+}
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["one"]
+}
+target "one" {
+  args = {
+    a = "pre-${ABC}"
+  }
+}
+target "two" {
+  args = {
+    b = "pre-${DEF}"
+  }
+}`),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "foo.json",
+			Data: []byte(`{"variable": {"DEF": {"default": "bar"}}, "target": { "one": { "args": {"a": "pre-${ABC}-${DEF}"}} } }`),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "bar.json",
+			Data: []byte(`{"ABC": "ghi", "DEF": "jkl"}`),
+		},
+	}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
+	require.Equal(t, "default", c.Groups[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"one"}, c.Groups[0].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "one")
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"a": "pre-ghi-jkl"}, c.Targets[0].Args)
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Name, "two")
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"b": "pre-jkl"}, c.Targets[1].Args)
+}
+
+func TestEmptyVariableJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`{
+	  "variable": {
+	    "VAR": {}
+	  }
+	}`)
+	_, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.json")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestFunctionNoParams(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		function "foo" {
+			result = "bar"
+		}
+		target "foo_target" {
+			args = {
+				test = foo()
+			}
+		}
+		`)
+
+	_, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestFunctionNoResult(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		function "foo" {
+			params = ["a"]
+		}
+		`)
+
+	_, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}

bake/hclparser/hclparser.go

@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@ import (
 )
 
 type Opt struct {
-	LookupVar func(string) (string, bool)
-	Vars      map[string]string
+	LookupVar     func(string) (string, bool)
+	Vars          map[string]string
+	ValidateLabel func(string) error
 }
 
 type variable struct {
@@ -110,6 +111,13 @@ func (p *parser) resolveFunction(name string) error {
 	}
 	p.progressF[name] = struct{}{}
 
+	if f.Result == nil {
+		return errors.Errorf("empty result not allowed for %s", name)
+	}
+	if f.Params == nil {
+		return errors.Errorf("empty params not allowed for %s", name)
+	}
+
 	paramExprs, paramsDiags := hcl.ExprList(f.Params.Expr)
 	if paramsDiags.HasErrors() {
 		return paramsDiags
@@ -255,6 +263,7 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 	if err := gohcl.DecodeBody(b, nil, &defs); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	defsSchema, _ := gohcl.ImpliedBodySchema(defs)
 
 	if opt.LookupVar == nil {
 		opt.LookupVar = func(string) (string, bool) {
@@ -262,6 +271,12 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if opt.ValidateLabel == nil {
+		opt.ValidateLabel = func(string) error {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
 	p := &parser{
 		opt: opt,
 
@@ -293,12 +308,20 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 		p.funcs[v.Name] = v
 	}
 
+	content, b, diags := b.PartialContent(schema)
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return diags
+	}
+
+	blocks, b, diags := b.PartialContent(defsSchema)
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return diags
+	}
+
 	attrs, diags := b.JustAttributes()
 	if diags.HasErrors() {
-		for _, d := range diags {
-			if d.Detail != "Blocks are not allowed here." {
-				return diags
-			}
+		if d := removeAttributesDiags(diags, reserved, p.vars); len(d) > 0 {
+			return d
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -354,23 +377,32 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 			if diags, ok := err.(hcl.Diagnostics); ok {
 				return diags
 			}
+			var subject *hcl.Range
+			var context *hcl.Range
+			if p.funcs[k].Params != nil {
+				subject = &p.funcs[k].Params.Range
+				context = subject
+			} else {
+				for _, block := range blocks.Blocks {
+					if block.Type == "function" && len(block.Labels) == 1 && block.Labels[0] == k {
+						subject = &block.LabelRanges[0]
+						context = &block.DefRange
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			}
 			return hcl.Diagnostics{
 				&hcl.Diagnostic{
 					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
 					Summary:  "Invalid function",
 					Detail:   err.Error(),
-					Subject:  &p.funcs[k].Params.Range,
-					Context:  &p.funcs[k].Params.Range,
+					Subject:  subject,
+					Context:  context,
 				},
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	content, _, diags := b.PartialContent(schema)
-	if diags.HasErrors() {
-		return diags
-	}
-
 	for _, a := range content.Attributes {
 		return hcl.Diagnostics{
 			&hcl.Diagnostic{
@@ -446,6 +478,17 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 			continue
 		}
 
+		if err := opt.ValidateLabel(b.Labels[0]); err != nil {
+			return hcl.Diagnostics{
+				&hcl.Diagnostic{
+					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+					Summary:  "Invalid name",
+					Detail:   err.Error(),
+					Subject:  &b.LabelRanges[0],
+				},
+			}
+		}
+
 		lblIndex := setLabel(vv, b.Labels[0])
 
 		oldValue, exists := t.values[b.Labels[0]]
@@ -496,3 +539,33 @@ func setLabel(v reflect.Value, lbl string) int {
 	}
 	return -1
 }
+
+func removeAttributesDiags(diags hcl.Diagnostics, reserved map[string]struct{}, vars map[string]*variable) hcl.Diagnostics {
+	var fdiags hcl.Diagnostics
+	for _, d := range diags {
+		if fout := func(d *hcl.Diagnostic) bool {
+			// https://github.com/docker/buildx/pull/541
+			if d.Detail == "Blocks are not allowed here." {
+				return true
+			}
+			for r := range reserved {
+				// JSON body objects don't handle repeated blocks like HCL but
+				// reserved name attributes should be allowed when multi bodies are merged.
+				// https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/blob/main/json/spec.md#blocks
+				if strings.HasPrefix(d.Detail, fmt.Sprintf(`Argument "%s" was already set at `, r)) {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+			for v := range vars {
+				// Do the same for global variables
+				if strings.HasPrefix(d.Detail, fmt.Sprintf(`Argument "%s" was already set at `, v)) {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+			return false
+		}(d); !fout {
+			fdiags = append(fdiags, d)
+		}
+	}
+	return fdiags
+}

bake/hclparser/stdlib.go

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 package hclparser
 
 import (
+	"time"
+
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs/cidr"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs/crypto"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs/encoding"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs/uuid"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/ext/tryfunc"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/ext/typeexpr"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/function"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/function/stdlib"
 )
@@ -96,6 +99,7 @@ var stdlibFunctions = map[string]function.Function{
 	"substr":                 stdlib.SubstrFunc,
 	"subtract":               stdlib.SubtractFunc,
 	"timeadd":                stdlib.TimeAddFunc,
+	"timestamp":              timestampFunc,
 	"title":                  stdlib.TitleFunc,
 	"trim":                   stdlib.TrimFunc,
 	"trimprefix":             stdlib.TrimPrefixFunc,
@@ -109,3 +113,14 @@ var stdlibFunctions = map[string]function.Function{
 	"values":                 stdlib.ValuesFunc,
 	"zipmap":                 stdlib.ZipmapFunc,
 }
+
+// timestampFunc constructs a function that returns a string representation of the current date and time.
+//
+// This function was imported from terraform's datetime utilities.
+var timestampFunc = function.New(&function.Spec{
+	Params: []function.Parameter{},
+	Type:   function.StaticReturnType(cty.String),
+	Impl: func(args []cty.Value, retType cty.Type) (cty.Value, error) {
+		return cty.StringVal(time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)), nil
+	},
+})

build/build.go

@@ -2,37 +2,45 @@ package build
 
 import (
 	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	_ "crypto/sha256" // ensure digests can be computed
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content/local"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/resolver"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/waitmap"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/builder/remotecontext/urlutil"
 	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/jsonmessage"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/urlutil"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/exporter/containerimage/exptypes"
 	gateway "github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/gateway/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session/upload/uploadprovider"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/pb"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/apicaps"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/entitlements"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progresswriter"
@@ -50,27 +58,41 @@ var (
 	errDockerfileConflict = errors.New("ambiguous Dockerfile source: both stdin and flag correspond to Dockerfiles")
 )
 
+const (
+	printFallbackImage = "docker/dockerfile-upstream:1.4-outline@sha256:627443ff4e2d0f635d429cfc1da5388bcd5a70949c38adcd3cd7c4e5df67c73c"
+)
+
 type Options struct {
 	Inputs Inputs
 
-	Allow        []entitlements.Entitlement
-	BuildArgs    map[string]string
-	CacheFrom    []client.CacheOptionsEntry
-	CacheTo      []client.CacheOptionsEntry
-	CgroupParent string
-	Exports      []client.ExportEntry
-	ExtraHosts   []string
-	ImageIDFile  string
-	Labels       map[string]string
-	NetworkMode  string
-	NoCache      bool
-	Platforms    []specs.Platform
-	Pull         bool
-	Session      []session.Attachable
-	ShmSize      opts.MemBytes
-	Tags         []string
-	Target       string
-	Ulimits      *opts.UlimitOpt
+	Allow         []entitlements.Entitlement
+	BuildArgs     map[string]string
+	CacheFrom     []client.CacheOptionsEntry
+	CacheTo       []client.CacheOptionsEntry
+	CgroupParent  string
+	Exports       []client.ExportEntry
+	ExtraHosts    []string
+	ImageIDFile   string
+	Labels        map[string]string
+	NetworkMode   string
+	NoCache       bool
+	NoCacheFilter []string
+	Platforms     []specs.Platform
+	Pull          bool
+	Session       []session.Attachable
+	ShmSize       opts.MemBytes
+	Tags          []string
+	Target        string
+	Ulimits       *opts.UlimitOpt
+
+	// Linked marks this target as exclusively linked (not requested by the user).
+	Linked    bool
+	PrintFunc *PrintFunc
+}
+
+type PrintFunc struct {
+	Name   string
+	Format string
 }
 
 type Inputs struct {
@@ -79,14 +101,21 @@ type Inputs struct {
 	InStream         io.Reader
 	ContextState     *llb.State
 	DockerfileInline string
+	NamedContexts    map[string]NamedContext
+}
+
+type NamedContext struct {
+	Path  string
+	State *llb.State
 }
 
 type DriverInfo struct {
-	Driver   driver.Driver
-	Name     string
-	Platform []specs.Platform
-	Err      error
-	ImageOpt imagetools.Opt
+	Driver      driver.Driver
+	Name        string
+	Platform    []specs.Platform
+	Err         error
+	ImageOpt    imagetools.Opt
+	ProxyConfig map[string]string
 }
 
 type DockerAPI interface {
@@ -177,6 +206,10 @@ func splitToDriverPairs(availablePlatforms map[string]int, opt map[string]Option
 			pp = append(pp, p)
 			mm[idx] = pp
 		}
+		// if no platform is specified, use first driver
+		if len(mm) == 0 {
+			mm[0] = nil
+		}
 		dps := make([]driverPair, 0, 2)
 		for idx, pp := range mm {
 			dps = append(dps, driverPair{driverIndex: idx, platforms: pp})
@@ -333,7 +366,8 @@ func toRepoOnly(in string) (string, error) {
 	return strings.Join(out, ","), nil
 }
 
-func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, multiDriver bool, opt Options, bopts gateway.BuildOpts, configDir string, pw progress.Writer, dl dockerLoadCallback) (solveOpt *client.SolveOpt, release func(), err error) {
+func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, di DriverInfo, multiDriver bool, opt Options, bopts gateway.BuildOpts, configDir string, pw progress.Writer, dl dockerLoadCallback) (solveOpt *client.SolveOpt, release func(), err error) {
+	d := di.Driver
 	defers := make([]func(), 0, 2)
 	releaseF := func() {
 		for _, f := range defers {
@@ -499,6 +533,12 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, multiDriver bool, opt Opti
 				}
 			}
 		}
+		if e.Type == "docker" || e.Type == "image" || e.Type == "oci" {
+			// inline buildinfo attrs from build arg
+			if v, ok := opt.BuildArgs["BUILDKIT_INLINE_BUILDINFO_ATTRS"]; ok {
+				e.Attrs["buildinfo-attrs"] = v
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	so.Exports = opt.Exports
@@ -523,6 +563,9 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, multiDriver bool, opt Opti
 	if opt.Target != "" {
 		so.FrontendAttrs["target"] = opt.Target
 	}
+	if len(opt.NoCacheFilter) > 0 {
+		so.FrontendAttrs["no-cache"] = strings.Join(opt.NoCacheFilter, ",")
+	}
 	if opt.NoCache {
 		so.FrontendAttrs["no-cache"] = ""
 	}
@@ -533,6 +576,12 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, multiDriver bool, opt Opti
 		so.FrontendAttrs["label:"+k] = v
 	}
 
+	for k, v := range di.ProxyConfig {
+		if _, ok := opt.BuildArgs[k]; !ok {
+			so.FrontendAttrs["build-arg:"+k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
 	// set platforms
 	if len(opt.Platforms) != 0 {
 		pp := make([]string, len(opt.Platforms))
@@ -554,7 +603,7 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, multiDriver bool, opt Opti
 		so.FrontendAttrs["force-network-mode"] = opt.NetworkMode
 	case "", "default":
 	default:
-		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("network mode %q not supported by buildkit. You can define a custom network for your builder using the network driver-opt in buildx create.", opt.NetworkMode)
+		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("network mode %q not supported by buildkit - you can define a custom network for your builder using the network driver-opt in buildx create", opt.NetworkMode)
 	}
 
 	// setup extrahosts
@@ -580,7 +629,111 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, multiDriver bool, opt Opti
 	return &so, releaseF, nil
 }
 
+// ContainerConfig is configuration for a container to run.
+type ContainerConfig struct {
+	ResultCtx *ResultContext
+	Args      []string
+	Env       []string
+	User      string
+	Cwd       string
+	Tty       bool
+	Stdin     io.ReadCloser
+	Stdout    io.WriteCloser
+	Stderr    io.WriteCloser
+}
+
+// ResultContext is a build result with the client that built it.
+type ResultContext struct {
+	Client *client.Client
+	Res    *gateway.Result
+}
+
+// Invoke invokes a build result as a container.
+func Invoke(ctx context.Context, cfg ContainerConfig) error {
+	if cfg.ResultCtx == nil {
+		return errors.Errorf("result must be provided")
+	}
+	c, res := cfg.ResultCtx.Client, cfg.ResultCtx.Res
+
+	mainCtx := ctx
+
+	_, err := c.Build(context.TODO(), client.SolveOpt{}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gateway.Client) (*gateway.Result, error) {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+		go func() {
+			<-mainCtx.Done()
+			cancel()
+		}()
+
+		if res.Ref == nil {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("no reference is registered")
+		}
+		st, err := res.Ref.ToState()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		def, err := st.Marshal(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		imgRef, err := c.Solve(ctx, gateway.SolveRequest{
+			Definition: def.ToPB(),
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ctr, err := c.NewContainer(ctx, gateway.NewContainerRequest{
+			Mounts: []gateway.Mount{
+				{
+					Dest:      "/",
+					MountType: pb.MountType_BIND,
+					Ref:       imgRef.Ref,
+				},
+			},
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		defer ctr.Release(context.TODO())
+
+		proc, err := ctr.Start(ctx, gateway.StartRequest{
+			Args:   cfg.Args,
+			Env:    cfg.Env,
+			User:   cfg.User,
+			Cwd:    cfg.Cwd,
+			Tty:    cfg.Tty,
+			Stdin:  cfg.Stdin,
+			Stdout: cfg.Stdout,
+			Stderr: cfg.Stderr,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to start container: %v", err)
+		}
+		errCh := make(chan error)
+		doneCh := make(chan struct{})
+		go func() {
+			if err := proc.Wait(); err != nil {
+				errCh <- err
+				return
+			}
+			close(doneCh)
+		}()
+		select {
+		case <-doneCh:
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		case err := <-errCh:
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}, nil)
+	return err
+}
+
 func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, docker DockerAPI, configDir string, w progress.Writer) (resp map[string]*client.SolveResponse, err error) {
+	return BuildWithResultHandler(ctx, drivers, opt, docker, configDir, w, nil, false)
+}
+
+func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, docker DockerAPI, configDir string, w progress.Writer, resultHandleFunc func(driverIndex int, rCtx *ResultContext), allowNoOutput bool) (resp map[string]*client.SolveResponse, err error) {
 	if len(drivers) == 0 {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("driver required for build")
 	}
@@ -598,13 +751,23 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, do
 		}
 	}
 
-	if noMobyDriver != nil && !noDefaultLoad() {
-		for _, opt := range opt {
-			if len(opt.Exports) == 0 {
-				logrus.Warnf("No output specified for %s driver. Build result will only remain in the build cache. To push result image into registry use --push or to load image into docker use --load", noMobyDriver.Factory().Name())
-				break
+	if noMobyDriver != nil && !noDefaultLoad() && noPrintFunc(opt) {
+		var noOutputTargets []string
+		for name, opt := range opt {
+			if !opt.Linked && len(opt.Exports) == 0 {
+				noOutputTargets = append(noOutputTargets, name)
 			}
 		}
+		if len(noOutputTargets) > 0 && !allowNoOutput {
+			var warnNoOutputBuf bytes.Buffer
+			warnNoOutputBuf.WriteString("No output specified ")
+			if len(noOutputTargets) == 1 && noOutputTargets[0] == "default" {
+				warnNoOutputBuf.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("with %s driver", noMobyDriver.Factory().Name()))
+			} else {
+				warnNoOutputBuf.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("for %s target(s) with %s driver", strings.Join(noOutputTargets, ", "), noMobyDriver.Factory().Name()))
+			}
+			logrus.Warnf("%s. Build result will only remain in the build cache. To push result image into registry use --push or to load image into docker use --load", warnNoOutputBuf.String())
+		}
 	}
 
 	m, clients, err := resolveDrivers(ctx, drivers, opt, w)
@@ -627,12 +790,12 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, do
 		multiDriver := len(m[k]) > 1
 		hasMobyDriver := false
 		for i, dp := range m[k] {
-			d := drivers[dp.driverIndex].Driver
-			if d.IsMobyDriver() {
+			di := drivers[dp.driverIndex]
+			if di.Driver.IsMobyDriver() {
 				hasMobyDriver = true
 			}
 			opt.Platforms = dp.platforms
-			so, release, err := toSolveOpt(ctx, d, multiDriver, opt, dp.bopts, configDir, w, func(name string) (io.WriteCloser, func(), error) {
+			so, release, err := toSolveOpt(ctx, di, multiDriver, opt, dp.bopts, configDir, w, func(name string) (io.WriteCloser, func(), error) {
 				return newDockerLoader(ctx, docker, name, w)
 			})
 			if err != nil {
@@ -665,8 +828,35 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, do
 		}
 	}
 
+	// validate that all links between targets use same drivers
+	for name := range opt {
+		dps := m[name]
+		for _, dp := range dps {
+			for k, v := range dp.so.FrontendAttrs {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(k, "context:") && strings.HasPrefix(v, "target:") {
+					k2 := strings.TrimPrefix(v, "target:")
+					dps2, ok := m[k2]
+					if !ok {
+						return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to find target %s for context %s", k2, strings.TrimPrefix(k, "context:")) // should be validated before already
+					}
+					var found bool
+					for _, dp2 := range dps2 {
+						if dp2.driverIndex == dp.driverIndex {
+							found = true
+							break
+						}
+					}
+					if !found {
+						return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to use %s as context %s for %s because targets build with different drivers", k2, strings.TrimPrefix(k, "context:"), name)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	resp = map[string]*client.SolveResponse{}
 	var respMu sync.Mutex
+	results := waitmap.New()
 
 	multiTarget := len(opt) > 1
 
@@ -707,9 +897,12 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, do
 				resp[k] = res[0]
 				respMu.Unlock()
 				if len(res) == 1 {
-					digest := res[0].ExporterResponse["containerimage.digest"]
+					dgst := res[0].ExporterResponse[exptypes.ExporterImageDigestKey]
+					if v, ok := res[0].ExporterResponse[exptypes.ExporterImageConfigDigestKey]; ok {
+						dgst = v
+					}
 					if opt.ImageIDFile != "" {
-						return ioutil.WriteFile(opt.ImageIDFile, []byte(digest), 0644)
+						return os.WriteFile(opt.ImageIDFile, []byte(dgst), 0644)
 					}
 					return nil
 				}
@@ -719,7 +912,7 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, do
 						descs := make([]specs.Descriptor, 0, len(res))
 
 						for _, r := range res {
-							s, ok := r.ExporterResponse["containerimage.digest"]
+							s, ok := r.ExporterResponse[exptypes.ExporterImageDigestKey]
 							if ok {
 								descs = append(descs, specs.Descriptor{
 									Digest:    digest.Digest(s),
@@ -753,12 +946,26 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, do
 
 							itpull := imagetools.New(imageopt)
 
-							dt, desc, err := itpull.Combine(ctx, names[0], descs)
+							ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(names[0])
+							if err != nil {
+								return err
+							}
+							ref = reference.TagNameOnly(ref)
+
+							srcs := make([]*imagetools.Source, len(descs))
+							for i, desc := range descs {
+								srcs[i] = &imagetools.Source{
+									Desc: desc,
+									Ref:  ref,
+								}
+							}
+
+							dt, desc, err := itpull.Combine(ctx, srcs)
 							if err != nil {
 								return err
 							}
 							if opt.ImageIDFile != "" {
-								if err := ioutil.WriteFile(opt.ImageIDFile, []byte(desc.Digest), 0644); err != nil {
+								if err := os.WriteFile(opt.ImageIDFile, []byte(desc.Digest), 0644); err != nil {
 									return err
 								}
 							}
@@ -791,7 +998,6 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, do
 
 			for i, dp := range dps {
 				so := *dp.so
-
 				if multiDriver {
 					for i, e := range so.Exports {
 						switch e.Type {
@@ -824,19 +1030,99 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, do
 					pw := progress.WithPrefix(w, k, multiTarget)
 
 					c := clients[dp.driverIndex]
-
-					pw = progress.ResetTime(pw)
-
 					eg.Go(func() error {
+						pw = progress.ResetTime(pw)
 						defer wg.Done()
+
+						if err := waitContextDeps(ctx, dp.driverIndex, results, &so); err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+
+						frontendInputs := make(map[string]*pb.Definition)
+						for key, st := range so.FrontendInputs {
+							def, err := st.Marshal(ctx)
+							if err != nil {
+								return err
+							}
+							frontendInputs[key] = def.ToPB()
+						}
+
+						req := gateway.SolveRequest{
+							Frontend:       so.Frontend,
+							FrontendOpt:    so.FrontendAttrs,
+							FrontendInputs: frontendInputs,
+						}
+						so.Frontend = ""
+						so.FrontendAttrs = nil
+						so.FrontendInputs = nil
+
 						ch, done := progress.NewChannel(pw)
 						defer func() { <-done }()
-						rr, err := c.Solve(ctx, nil, so, ch)
+
+						cc := c
+						var printRes map[string][]byte
+						rr, err := c.Build(ctx, so, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gateway.Client) (*gateway.Result, error) {
+							var isFallback bool
+							var origErr error
+							for {
+								if opt.PrintFunc != nil {
+									if _, ok := req.FrontendOpt["frontend.caps"]; !ok {
+										req.FrontendOpt["frontend.caps"] = "moby.buildkit.frontend.subrequests+forward"
+									} else {
+										req.FrontendOpt["frontend.caps"] += ",moby.buildkit.frontend.subrequests+forward"
+									}
+									req.FrontendOpt["requestid"] = "frontend." + opt.PrintFunc.Name
+									if isFallback {
+										req.FrontendOpt["build-arg:BUILDKIT_SYNTAX"] = printFallbackImage
+									}
+								}
+								res, err := c.Solve(ctx, req)
+								if err != nil {
+									if origErr != nil {
+										return nil, err
+									}
+									var reqErr *errdefs.UnsupportedSubrequestError
+									if !isFallback {
+										if errors.As(err, &reqErr) {
+											switch reqErr.Name {
+											case "frontend.outline", "frontend.targets":
+												isFallback = true
+												origErr = err
+												continue
+											}
+											return nil, err
+										}
+										// buildkit v0.8 vendored in Docker 20.10 does not support typed errors
+										if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unsupported request frontend.outline") || strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unsupported request frontend.targets") {
+											isFallback = true
+											origErr = err
+											continue
+										}
+									}
+									return nil, err
+								}
+								if opt.PrintFunc != nil {
+									printRes = res.Metadata
+								}
+								results.Set(resultKey(dp.driverIndex, k), res)
+								if resultHandleFunc != nil {
+									resultHandleFunc(dp.driverIndex, &ResultContext{cc, res})
+								}
+								return res, nil
+							}
+						}, ch)
 						if err != nil {
 							return err
 						}
 						res[i] = rr
 
+						if rr.ExporterResponse == nil {
+							rr.ExporterResponse = map[string]string{}
+						}
+						for k, v := range printRes {
+							rr.ExporterResponse[k] = string(v)
+						}
+
 						d := drivers[dp.driverIndex].Driver
 						if d.IsMobyDriver() {
 							for _, e := range so.Exports {
@@ -847,13 +1133,27 @@ func Build(ctx context.Context, drivers []DriverInfo, opt map[string]Options, do
 											return errors.Errorf("tag is needed when pushing to registry")
 										}
 										pw := progress.ResetTime(pw)
-										for _, name := range strings.Split(pushNames, ",") {
+										pushList := strings.Split(pushNames, ",")
+										for _, name := range pushList {
 											if err := progress.Wrap(fmt.Sprintf("pushing %s with docker", name), pw.Write, func(l progress.SubLogger) error {
 												return pushWithMoby(ctx, d, name, l)
 											}); err != nil {
 												return err
 											}
 										}
+										remoteDigest, err := remoteDigestWithMoby(ctx, d, pushList[0])
+										if err == nil && remoteDigest != "" {
+											// old daemons might not have containerimage.config.digest set
+											// in response so use containerimage.digest value for it if available
+											if _, ok := rr.ExporterResponse[exptypes.ExporterImageConfigDigestKey]; !ok {
+												if v, ok := rr.ExporterResponse[exptypes.ExporterImageDigestKey]; ok {
+													rr.ExporterResponse[exptypes.ExporterImageConfigDigestKey] = v
+												}
+											}
+											rr.ExporterResponse[exptypes.ExporterImageDigestKey] = remoteDigest
+										} else if err != nil {
+											return err
+										}
 									}
 								}
 							}
@@ -958,8 +1258,31 @@ func pushWithMoby(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, name string, l progress.
 	return nil
 }
 
+func remoteDigestWithMoby(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, name string) (string, error) {
+	api := d.Config().DockerAPI
+	if api == nil {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("invalid empty Docker API reference") // should never happen
+	}
+	creds, err := imagetools.RegistryAuthForRef(name, d.Config().Auth)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	image, _, err := api.ImageInspectWithRaw(ctx, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if len(image.RepoDigests) == 0 {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	remoteImage, err := api.DistributionInspect(ctx, name, creds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return remoteImage.Descriptor.Digest.String(), nil
+}
+
 func createTempDockerfile(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
-	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "dockerfile")
+	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "dockerfile")
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -1018,7 +1341,7 @@ func LoadInputs(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, inp Inputs, pw progress.Wr
 				}
 				// stdin is dockerfile
 				dockerfileReader = buf
-				inp.ContextPath, _ = ioutil.TempDir("", "empty-dir")
+				inp.ContextPath, _ = os.MkdirTemp("", "empty-dir")
 				toRemove = append(toRemove, inp.ContextPath)
 				target.LocalDirs["context"] = inp.ContextPath
 			}
@@ -1038,7 +1361,7 @@ func LoadInputs(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, inp Inputs, pw progress.Wr
 
 	case urlutil.IsGitURL(inp.ContextPath), urlutil.IsURL(inp.ContextPath):
 		if inp.DockerfilePath == "-" {
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("Dockerfile from stdin is not supported with remote contexts")
+			dockerfileReader = inp.InStream
 		}
 		target.FrontendAttrs["context"] = inp.ContextPath
 	default:
@@ -1080,6 +1403,62 @@ func LoadInputs(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, inp Inputs, pw progress.Wr
 
 	target.FrontendAttrs["filename"] = dockerfileName
 
+	for k, v := range inp.NamedContexts {
+		target.FrontendAttrs["frontend.caps"] = "moby.buildkit.frontend.contexts+forward"
+		if v.State != nil {
+			target.FrontendAttrs["context:"+k] = "input:" + k
+			if target.FrontendInputs == nil {
+				target.FrontendInputs = make(map[string]llb.State)
+			}
+			target.FrontendInputs[k] = *v.State
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if urlutil.IsGitURL(v.Path) || urlutil.IsURL(v.Path) || strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "docker-image://") || strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "target:") {
+			target.FrontendAttrs["context:"+k] = v.Path
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// handle OCI layout
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "oci-layout://") {
+			pathAlone := strings.TrimPrefix(v.Path, "oci-layout://")
+			parts := strings.SplitN(pathAlone, "@", 2)
+			if len(parts) != 2 {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid oci-layout context %s, must be oci-layout:///path/to/layout@sha256:hash", v.Path)
+			}
+			localPath := parts[0]
+			dgst, err := digest.Parse(parts[1])
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid oci-layout context %s, does not have proper hash, must be oci-layout:///path/to/layout@sha256:hash", v.Path)
+			}
+			store, err := local.NewStore(localPath)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid store at %s", localPath)
+			}
+			// now we can add it
+			if target.OCIStores == nil {
+				target.OCIStores = map[string]content.Store{}
+			}
+			target.OCIStores[k] = store
+
+			target.FrontendAttrs["context:"+k] = fmt.Sprintf("oci-layout:%s@%s", k, dgst.String())
+			continue
+		}
+		st, err := os.Stat(v.Path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to get build context %v", k)
+		}
+		if !st.IsDir() {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(syscall.ENOTDIR, "failed to get build context path %v", v)
+		}
+		localName := k
+		if k == "context" || k == "dockerfile" {
+			localName = "_" + k // underscore to avoid collisions
+		}
+		target.LocalDirs[localName] = v.Path
+		target.FrontendAttrs["context:"+k] = "local:" + localName
+	}
+
 	release := func() {
 		for _, dir := range toRemove {
 			os.RemoveAll(dir)
@@ -1088,6 +1467,96 @@ func LoadInputs(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, inp Inputs, pw progress.Wr
 	return release, nil
 }
 
+func resultKey(index int, name string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d-%s", index, name)
+}
+
+func waitContextDeps(ctx context.Context, index int, results *waitmap.Map, so *client.SolveOpt) error {
+	m := map[string]string{}
+	for k, v := range so.FrontendAttrs {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(k, "context:") && strings.HasPrefix(v, "target:") {
+			target := resultKey(index, strings.TrimPrefix(v, "target:"))
+			m[target] = k
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(m))
+	for k := range m {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	res, err := results.Get(ctx, keys...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for k, v := range m {
+		r, ok := res[k]
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		rr, ok := r.(*gateway.Result)
+		if !ok {
+			return errors.Errorf("invalid result type %T", rr)
+		}
+		if so.FrontendAttrs == nil {
+			so.FrontendAttrs = map[string]string{}
+		}
+		if so.FrontendInputs == nil {
+			so.FrontendInputs = map[string]llb.State{}
+		}
+		if len(rr.Refs) > 0 {
+			for platform, r := range rr.Refs {
+				st, err := r.ToState()
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				so.FrontendInputs[k+"::"+platform] = st
+				so.FrontendAttrs[v+"::"+platform] = "input:" + k + "::" + platform
+				metadata := make(map[string][]byte)
+				if dt, ok := rr.Metadata[exptypes.ExporterImageConfigKey+"/"+platform]; ok {
+					metadata[exptypes.ExporterImageConfigKey] = dt
+				}
+				if dt, ok := rr.Metadata[exptypes.ExporterBuildInfo+"/"+platform]; ok {
+					metadata[exptypes.ExporterBuildInfo] = dt
+				}
+				if len(metadata) > 0 {
+					dt, err := json.Marshal(metadata)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					so.FrontendAttrs["input-metadata:"+k+"::"+platform] = string(dt)
+				}
+			}
+			delete(so.FrontendAttrs, v)
+		}
+		if rr.Ref != nil {
+			st, err := rr.Ref.ToState()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			so.FrontendInputs[k] = st
+			so.FrontendAttrs[v] = "input:" + k
+			metadata := make(map[string][]byte)
+			if dt, ok := rr.Metadata[exptypes.ExporterImageConfigKey]; ok {
+				metadata[exptypes.ExporterImageConfigKey] = dt
+			}
+			if dt, ok := rr.Metadata[exptypes.ExporterBuildInfo]; ok {
+				metadata[exptypes.ExporterBuildInfo] = dt
+			}
+			if len(metadata) > 0 {
+				dt, err := json.Marshal(metadata)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				so.FrontendAttrs["input-metadata:"+k] = string(dt)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func notSupported(d driver.Driver, f driver.Feature) error {
 	return errors.Errorf("%s feature is currently not supported for %s driver. Please switch to a different driver (eg. \"docker buildx create --use\")", f, d.Factory().Name())
 }
@@ -1217,15 +1686,24 @@ func tryNodeIdentifier(configDir string) (out string) {
 			if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
 				return out
 			}
-			if err := ioutil.WriteFile(sessionFile, []byte(hex.EncodeToString(b)), 0600); err != nil {
+			if err := os.WriteFile(sessionFile, []byte(hex.EncodeToString(b)), 0600); err != nil {
 				return out
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	dt, err := ioutil.ReadFile(sessionFile)
+	dt, err := os.ReadFile(sessionFile)
 	if err == nil {
 		return string(dt)
 	}
 	return
 }
+
+func noPrintFunc(opt map[string]Options) bool {
+	for _, v := range opt {
+		if v.PrintFunc != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}

build/url.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package build
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ func createTempDockerfileFromURL(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, url strin
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "buildx")
+		dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "buildx")
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		if err := ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "Dockerfile"), dt, 0600); err != nil {
+		if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "Dockerfile"), dt, 0600); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		out = dir

cmd/buildx/main.go

@@ -15,13 +15,8 @@ import (
 	cliflags "github.com/docker/cli/cli/flags"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/stack"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
 
-	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect/delegated"
-	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/env"
-
-	// FIXME: "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/azure" is excluded because of compilation error
+	_ "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/azure"
 	_ "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/gcp"
 	_ "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/oidc"
 	_ "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/openstack"
@@ -29,77 +24,67 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/docker"
 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/docker-container"
 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes"
+	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote"
 )
 
-var experimental string
-
 func init() {
 	seed.WithTimeAndRand()
 	stack.SetVersionInfo(version.Version, version.Revision)
+}
 
-	detect.ServiceName = "buildx"
-	// do not log tracing errors to stdio
-	otel.SetErrorHandler(skipErrors{})
+func runStandalone(cmd *command.DockerCli) error {
+	if err := cmd.Initialize(cliflags.NewClientOptions()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	rootCmd := commands.NewRootCmd(os.Args[0], false, cmd)
+	return rootCmd.Execute()
+}
+
+func runPlugin(cmd *command.DockerCli) error {
+	rootCmd := commands.NewRootCmd("buildx", true, cmd)
+	return plugin.RunPlugin(cmd, rootCmd, manager.Metadata{
+		SchemaVersion: "0.1.0",
+		Vendor:        "Docker Inc.",
+		Version:       version.Version,
+	})
 }
 
 func main() {
-	if os.Getenv("DOCKER_CLI_PLUGIN_ORIGINAL_CLI_COMMAND") == "" {
-		if len(os.Args) < 2 || os.Args[1] != manager.MetadataSubcommandName {
-			dockerCli, err := command.NewDockerCli()
-			if err != nil {
-				fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
-				os.Exit(1)
-			}
-			opts := cliflags.NewClientOptions()
-			dockerCli.Initialize(opts)
-			rootCmd := commands.NewRootCmd(os.Args[0], false, dockerCli)
-			if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-				os.Exit(1)
-			}
-			os.Exit(0)
-		}
-	}
-
-	dockerCli, err := command.NewDockerCli()
+	cmd, err := command.NewDockerCli()
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
-	p := commands.NewRootCmd("buildx", true, dockerCli)
-	meta := manager.Metadata{
-		SchemaVersion: "0.1.0",
-		Vendor:        "Docker Inc.",
-		Version:       version.Version,
-		Experimental:  experimental != "",
+	if plugin.RunningStandalone() {
+		err = runStandalone(cmd)
+	} else {
+		err = runPlugin(cmd)
+	}
+	if err == nil {
+		return
 	}
 
-	if err := plugin.RunPlugin(dockerCli, p, meta); err != nil {
-		if sterr, ok := err.(cli.StatusError); ok {
-			if sterr.Status != "" {
-				fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Err(), sterr.Status)
-			}
-			// StatusError should only be used for errors, and all errors should
-			// have a non-zero exit status, so never exit with 0
-			if sterr.StatusCode == 0 {
-				os.Exit(1)
-			}
-			os.Exit(sterr.StatusCode)
+	if sterr, ok := err.(cli.StatusError); ok {
+		if sterr.Status != "" {
+			fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Err(), sterr.Status)
 		}
-		for _, s := range errdefs.Sources(err) {
-			s.Print(dockerCli.Err())
+		// StatusError should only be used for errors, and all errors should
+		// have a non-zero exit status, so never exit with 0
+		if sterr.StatusCode == 0 {
+			os.Exit(1)
 		}
-
-		if debug.IsEnabled() {
-			fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "error: %+v", stack.Formatter(err))
-		} else {
-			fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "error: %v\n", err)
-		}
-
-		os.Exit(1)
+		os.Exit(sterr.StatusCode)
 	}
+
+	for _, s := range errdefs.Sources(err) {
+		s.Print(cmd.Err())
+	}
+	if debug.IsEnabled() {
+		fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Err(), "ERROR: %+v", stack.Formatter(err))
+	} else {
+		fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Err(), "ERROR: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	os.Exit(1)
 }
-
-type skipErrors struct{}
-
-func (skipErrors) Handle(err error) {}

cmd/buildx/tracing.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+
+	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect/delegated"
+	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/env"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	detect.ServiceName = "buildx"
+	// do not log tracing errors to stdio
+	otel.SetErrorHandler(skipErrors{})
+}
+
+type skipErrors struct{}
+
+func (skipErrors) Handle(err error) {}

commands/bake.go

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/tracing"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/ioutils"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -38,7 +37,6 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 	}()
 
 	var url string
-	var noTarget bool
 	cmdContext := "cwd://"
 
 	if len(targets) > 0 {
@@ -49,7 +47,6 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 				if bake.IsRemoteURL(targets[0]) {
 					cmdContext = targets[0]
 					targets = targets[1:]
-
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -57,7 +54,6 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 
 	if len(targets) == 0 {
 		targets = []string{"default"}
-		noTarget = true
 	}
 
 	overrides := in.overrides
@@ -79,7 +75,7 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 
 	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
 	defer cancel()
-	printer := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, in.progress)
+	printer := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, in.progress)
 
 	defer func() {
 		if printer != nil {
@@ -107,9 +103,9 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 		return err
 	}
 
-	t, g, err := bake.ReadTargets(ctx, files, targets, overrides, map[string]string{
-		// Don't forget to update documentation if you add a new
-		// built-in variable: docs/reference/buildx_bake.md#built-in-variables
+	tgts, grps, err := bake.ReadTargets(ctx, files, targets, overrides, map[string]string{
+		// don't forget to update documentation if you add a new
+		// built-in variable: docs/guides/bake/file-definition.md#built-in-variables
 		"BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT":    cmdContext,
 		"BAKE_LOCAL_PLATFORM": platforms.DefaultString(),
 	})
@@ -118,31 +114,24 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 	}
 
 	// this function can update target context string from the input so call before printOnly check
-	bo, err := bake.TargetsToBuildOpt(t, inp)
+	bo, err := bake.TargetsToBuildOpt(tgts, inp)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	if in.printOnly {
-		defGroup := map[string][]string{
-			"default": targets,
-		}
-		if noTarget {
-			for _, group := range g {
-				if group.Name != "default" {
-					continue
-				}
-				defGroup = map[string][]string{
-					"default": group.Targets,
-				}
+		var defg map[string]*bake.Group
+		if len(grps) == 1 {
+			defg = map[string]*bake.Group{
+				"default": grps[0],
 			}
 		}
 		dt, err := json.MarshalIndent(struct {
-			Group  map[string][]string     `json:"group,omitempty"`
+			Group  map[string]*bake.Group  `json:"group,omitempty"`
 			Target map[string]*bake.Target `json:"target"`
 		}{
-			defGroup,
-			t,
+			defg,
+			tgts,
 		}, "", "  ")
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -158,19 +147,15 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 
 	resp, err := build.Build(ctx, dis, bo, dockerAPI(dockerCli), confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli), printer)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return wrapBuildError(err, true)
 	}
 
-	if len(in.metadataFile) > 0 && resp != nil {
-		mdata := map[string]map[string]string{}
-		for k, r := range resp {
-			mdata[k] = r.ExporterResponse
+	if len(in.metadataFile) > 0 {
+		dt := make(map[string]interface{})
+		for t, r := range resp {
+			dt[t] = decodeExporterResponse(r.ExporterResponse)
 		}
-		mdatab, err := json.MarshalIndent(mdata, "", "  ")
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(in.metadataFile, mdatab, 0644); err != nil {
+		if err := writeMetadataFile(in.metadataFile, dt); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -201,10 +186,10 @@ func bakeCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 
 	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.files, "file", "f", []string{}, "Build definition file")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportLoad, "load", false, "Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=docker`")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportLoad, "load", false, `Shorthand for "--set=*.output=type=docker"`)
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.printOnly, "print", false, "Print the options without building")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, "Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=registry`")
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.overrides, "set", nil, "Override target value (e.g., `targetpattern.key=value`)")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, `Shorthand for "--set=*.output=type=registry"`)
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.overrides, "set", nil, `Override target value (e.g., "targetpattern.key=value")`)
 
 	commonBuildFlags(&options.commonOptions, flags)
 

commands/build.go

@@ -1,31 +1,46 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/csv"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 
+	"github.com/containerd/console"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/monitor"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/tracing"
+	"github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool/annotation"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
 	dockeropts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
+	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/ioutils"
 	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session/auth/authprovider"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/grpcerrors"
+	"github.com/morikuni/aec"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 )
 
 const defaultTargetName = "default"
@@ -33,25 +48,29 @@ const defaultTargetName = "default"
 type buildOptions struct {
 	contextPath    string
 	dockerfileName string
+	printFunc      string
 
-	allow        []string
-	buildArgs    []string
-	cacheFrom    []string
-	cacheTo      []string
-	cgroupParent string
-	extraHosts   []string
-	imageIDFile  string
-	labels       []string
-	networkMode  string
-	outputs      []string
-	platforms    []string
-	quiet        bool
-	secrets      []string
-	shmSize      dockeropts.MemBytes
-	ssh          []string
-	tags         []string
-	target       string
-	ulimits      *dockeropts.UlimitOpt
+	allow         []string
+	buildArgs     []string
+	cacheFrom     []string
+	cacheTo       []string
+	cgroupParent  string
+	contexts      []string
+	extraHosts    []string
+	imageIDFile   string
+	labels        []string
+	networkMode   string
+	noCacheFilter []string
+	outputs       []string
+	platforms     []string
+	quiet         bool
+	secrets       []string
+	shmSize       dockeropts.MemBytes
+	ssh           []string
+	tags          []string
+	target        string
+	ulimits       *dockeropts.UlimitOpt
+	invoke        string
 	commonOptions
 }
 
@@ -89,29 +108,46 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, in buildOptions) (err error) {
 		pull = *in.pull
 	}
 
+	if noCache && len(in.noCacheFilter) > 0 {
+		return errors.Errorf("--no-cache and --no-cache-filter cannot currently be used together")
+	}
+
 	if in.quiet && in.progress != "auto" && in.progress != "quiet" {
 		return errors.Errorf("progress=%s and quiet cannot be used together", in.progress)
 	} else if in.quiet {
 		in.progress = "quiet"
 	}
 
+	contexts, err := parseContextNames(in.contexts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	printFunc, err := parsePrintFunc(in.printFunc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	opts := build.Options{
 		Inputs: build.Inputs{
 			ContextPath:    in.contextPath,
 			DockerfilePath: in.dockerfileName,
 			InStream:       os.Stdin,
+			NamedContexts:  contexts,
 		},
-		BuildArgs:   listToMap(in.buildArgs, true),
-		ExtraHosts:  in.extraHosts,
-		ImageIDFile: in.imageIDFile,
-		Labels:      listToMap(in.labels, false),
-		NetworkMode: in.networkMode,
-		NoCache:     noCache,
-		Pull:        pull,
-		ShmSize:     in.shmSize,
-		Tags:        in.tags,
-		Target:      in.target,
-		Ulimits:     in.ulimits,
+		BuildArgs:     listToMap(in.buildArgs, true),
+		ExtraHosts:    in.extraHosts,
+		ImageIDFile:   in.imageIDFile,
+		Labels:        listToMap(in.labels, false),
+		NetworkMode:   in.networkMode,
+		NoCache:       noCache,
+		NoCacheFilter: in.noCacheFilter,
+		Pull:          pull,
+		ShmSize:       in.shmSize,
+		Tags:          in.tags,
+		Target:        in.target,
+		Ulimits:       in.ulimits,
+		PrintFunc:     printFunc,
 	}
 
 	platforms, err := platformutil.Parse(in.platforms)
@@ -120,7 +156,8 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, in buildOptions) (err error) {
 	}
 	opts.Platforms = platforms
 
-	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(os.Stderr))
+	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
+	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig))
 
 	secrets, err := buildflags.ParseSecretSpecs(in.secrets)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -203,48 +240,179 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, in buildOptions) (err error) {
 		contextPathHash = in.contextPath
 	}
 
-	imageID, err := buildTargets(ctx, dockerCli, map[string]build.Options{defaultTargetName: opts}, in.progress, contextPathHash, in.builder, in.metadataFile)
+	imageID, res, err := buildTargets(ctx, dockerCli, map[string]build.Options{defaultTargetName: opts}, in.progress, contextPathHash, in.builder, in.metadataFile, in.invoke != "")
+	err = wrapBuildError(err, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if in.invoke != "" {
+		cfg, err := parseInvokeConfig(in.invoke)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		cfg.ResultCtx = res
+		con := console.Current()
+		if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
+			return errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
+		}
+		err = monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, cfg, func(ctx context.Context) (*build.ResultContext, error) {
+			_, rr, err := buildTargets(ctx, dockerCli, map[string]build.Options{defaultTargetName: opts}, in.progress, contextPathHash, in.builder, in.metadataFile, true)
+			return rr, err
+		}, io.NopCloser(os.Stdin), nopCloser{os.Stdout}, nopCloser{os.Stderr})
+		if err != nil {
+			logrus.Warnf("failed to run monitor: %v", err)
+		}
+		con.Reset()
+	}
+
 	if in.quiet {
 		fmt.Println(imageID)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func buildTargets(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts map[string]build.Options, progressMode, contextPathHash, instance string, metadataFile string) (imageID string, err error) {
+type nopCloser struct {
+	io.WriteCloser
+}
+
+func (c nopCloser) Close() error { return nil }
+
+func buildTargets(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts map[string]build.Options, progressMode, contextPathHash, instance string, metadataFile string, allowNoOutput bool) (imageID string, res *build.ResultContext, err error) {
 	dis, err := getInstanceOrDefault(ctx, dockerCli, instance, contextPathHash)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		return "", nil, err
 	}
 
 	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
 	defer cancel()
 
-	printer := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, progressMode)
+	printer := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, progressMode)
 
-	resp, err := build.Build(ctx, dis, opts, dockerAPI(dockerCli), confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli), printer)
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	var idx int
+	resp, err := build.BuildWithResultHandler(ctx, dis, opts, dockerAPI(dockerCli), confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli), printer, func(driverIndex int, gotRes *build.ResultContext) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		if res == nil || driverIndex < idx {
+			idx, res = driverIndex, gotRes
+		}
+	}, allowNoOutput)
 	err1 := printer.Wait()
 	if err == nil {
 		err = err1
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		return "", nil, err
 	}
 
 	if len(metadataFile) > 0 && resp != nil {
-		mdatab, err := json.MarshalIndent(resp[defaultTargetName].ExporterResponse, "", "  ")
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-		if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(metadataFile, mdatab, 0644); err != nil {
-			return "", err
+		if err := writeMetadataFile(metadataFile, decodeExporterResponse(resp[defaultTargetName].ExporterResponse)); err != nil {
+			return "", nil, err
 		}
 	}
 
-	return resp[defaultTargetName].ExporterResponse["containerimage.digest"], err
+	printWarnings(os.Stderr, printer.Warnings(), progressMode)
+
+	for k := range resp {
+		if opts[k].PrintFunc != nil {
+			if err := printResult(opts[k].PrintFunc, resp[k].ExporterResponse); err != nil {
+				return "", nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return resp[defaultTargetName].ExporterResponse["containerimage.digest"], res, err
+}
+
+func parseInvokeConfig(invoke string) (cfg build.ContainerConfig, err error) {
+	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(invoke))
+	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return cfg, err
+	}
+	cfg.Tty = true
+	if len(fields) == 1 && !strings.Contains(fields[0], "=") {
+		cfg.Args = []string{fields[0]}
+		return cfg, nil
+	}
+	var entrypoint string
+	var args []string
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
+		if len(parts) != 2 {
+			return cfg, errors.Errorf("invalid value %s", field)
+		}
+		key := strings.ToLower(parts[0])
+		value := parts[1]
+		switch key {
+		case "args":
+			args = append(args, value) // TODO: support JSON
+		case "entrypoint":
+			entrypoint = value // TODO: support JSON
+		case "env":
+			cfg.Env = append(cfg.Env, value)
+		case "user":
+			cfg.User = value
+		case "cwd":
+			cfg.Cwd = value
+		case "tty":
+			cfg.Tty, err = strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return cfg, errors.Errorf("failed to parse tty: %v", err)
+			}
+		default:
+			return cfg, errors.Errorf("unknown key %q", key)
+		}
+	}
+	cfg.Args = args
+	if entrypoint != "" {
+		cfg.Args = append([]string{entrypoint}, cfg.Args...)
+	}
+	if len(cfg.Args) == 0 {
+		cfg.Args = []string{"sh"}
+	}
+	return cfg, nil
+}
+
+func printWarnings(w io.Writer, warnings []client.VertexWarning, mode string) {
+	if len(warnings) == 0 || mode == progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n ")
+	sb := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	if len(warnings) == 1 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(sb, "1 warning found")
+	} else {
+		fmt.Fprintf(sb, "%d warnings found", len(warnings))
+	}
+	if logrus.GetLevel() < logrus.DebugLevel {
+		fmt.Fprintf(sb, " (use --debug to expand)")
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(sb, ":\n")
+	fmt.Fprint(w, aec.Apply(sb.String(), aec.YellowF))
+
+	for _, warn := range warnings {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, " - %s\n", warn.Short)
+		if logrus.GetLevel() < logrus.DebugLevel {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, d := range warn.Detail {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n", d)
+		}
+		if warn.URL != "" {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "More info: %s\n", warn.URL)
+		}
+		if warn.SourceInfo != nil && warn.Range != nil {
+			src := errdefs.Source{
+				Info:   warn.SourceInfo,
+				Ranges: warn.Range,
+			}
+			src.Print(w)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n")
+
+	}
 }
 
 func newBuildOptions() buildOptions {
@@ -277,54 +445,65 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 
-	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.extraHosts, "add-host", []string{}, "Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("add-host", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-entries-to-container-hosts-file---add-host"})
+	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.extraHosts, "add-host", []string{}, `Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: "host:ip")`)
+	flags.SetAnnotation("add-host", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-entries-to-container-hosts-file---add-host"})
 
-	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.allow, "allow", []string{}, "Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)")
+	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.allow, "allow", []string{}, `Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., "network.host", "security.insecure")`)
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.buildArgs, "build-arg", []string{}, "Set build-time variables")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("build-arg", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#set-build-time-variables---build-arg"})
 
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheFrom, "cache-from", []string{}, "External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)")
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheFrom, "cache-from", []string{}, `External cache sources (e.g., "user/app:cache", "type=local,src=path/to/dir")`)
 
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheTo, "cache-to", []string{}, "Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)")
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheTo, "cache-to", []string{}, `Cache export destinations (e.g., "user/app:cache", "type=local,dest=path/to/dir")`)
 
 	flags.StringVar(&options.cgroupParent, "cgroup-parent", "", "Optional parent cgroup for the container")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("cgroup-parent", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#use-a-custom-parent-cgroup---cgroup-parent"})
+	flags.SetAnnotation("cgroup-parent", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#use-a-custom-parent-cgroup---cgroup-parent"})
 
-	flags.StringVarP(&options.dockerfileName, "file", "f", "", "Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("file", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specify-a-dockerfile--f"})
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.contexts, "build-context", []string{}, "Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)")
+
+	flags.StringVarP(&options.dockerfileName, "file", "f", "", `Name of the Dockerfile (default: "PATH/Dockerfile")`)
+	flags.SetAnnotation("file", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specify-a-dockerfile--f"})
 
 	flags.StringVar(&options.imageIDFile, "iidfile", "", "Write the image ID to the file")
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.labels, "label", []string{}, "Set metadata for an image")
 
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportLoad, "load", false, "Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportLoad, "load", false, `Shorthand for "--output=type=docker"`)
 
-	flags.StringVar(&options.networkMode, "network", "default", "Set the networking mode for the RUN instructions during build")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.networkMode, "network", "default", `Set the networking mode for the "RUN" instructions during build`)
 
-	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.outputs, "output", "o", []string{}, "Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)")
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.noCacheFilter, "no-cache-filter", []string{}, "Do not cache specified stages")
+
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.outputs, "output", "o", []string{}, `Output destination (format: "type=local,dest=path")`)
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.platforms, "platform", platformsDefault, "Set target platform for build")
 
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, "Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`")
+	if isExperimental() {
+		flags.StringVar(&options.printFunc, "print", "", "Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) [experimental]")
+	}
+
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, `Shorthand for "--output=type=registry"`)
 
 	flags.BoolVarP(&options.quiet, "quiet", "q", false, "Suppress the build output and print image ID on success")
 
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.secrets, "secret", []string{}, "Secret file to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret,src=/local/secret`)")
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.secrets, "secret", []string{}, `Secret to expose to the build (format: "id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]")`)
 
-	flags.Var(&options.shmSize, "shm-size", "Size of `/dev/shm`")
+	flags.Var(&options.shmSize, "shm-size", `Size of "/dev/shm"`)
 
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.ssh, "ssh", []string{}, "SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default|<id>[=<socket>|<key>[,<key>]]`)")
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.ssh, "ssh", []string{}, `SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: "default|<id>[=<socket>|<key>[,<key>]]")`)
 
-	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.tags, "tag", "t", []string{}, "Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("tag", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag-an-image--t"})
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.tags, "tag", "t", []string{}, `Name and optionally a tag (format: "name:tag")`)
+	flags.SetAnnotation("tag", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag-an-image--t"})
 
-	flags.StringVar(&options.target, "target", "", "Set the target build stage to build.")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("target", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specifying-target-build-stage---target"})
+	flags.StringVar(&options.target, "target", "", "Set the target build stage to build")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("target", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specifying-target-build-stage---target"})
 
 	flags.Var(options.ulimits, "ulimit", "Ulimit options")
 
+	if isExperimental() {
+		flags.StringVar(&options.invoke, "invoke", "", "Invoke a command after the build [experimental]")
+	}
+
 	// hidden flags
 	var ignore string
 	var ignoreSlice []string
@@ -349,7 +528,7 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.StringVarP(&ignore, "memory", "m", "", "Memory limit")
 	flags.MarkHidden("memory")
 
-	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "memory-swap", "", "Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: `-1` to enable unlimited swap")
+	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "memory-swap", "", `Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: "-1" to enable unlimited swap`)
 	flags.MarkHidden("memory-swap")
 
 	flags.Int64VarP(&ignoreInt, "cpu-shares", "c", 0, "CPU shares (relative weight)")
@@ -361,10 +540,10 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.Int64Var(&ignoreInt, "cpu-quota", 0, "Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota")
 	flags.MarkHidden("cpu-quota")
 
-	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "cpuset-cpus", "", "CPUs in which to allow execution (`0-3`, `0,1`)")
+	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "cpuset-cpus", "", `CPUs in which to allow execution ("0-3", "0,1")`)
 	flags.MarkHidden("cpuset-cpus")
 
-	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "cpuset-mems", "", "MEMs in which to allow execution (`0-3`, `0,1`)")
+	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "cpuset-mems", "", `MEMs in which to allow execution ("0-3", "0,1")`)
 	flags.MarkHidden("cpuset-mems")
 
 	flags.BoolVar(&ignoreBool, "rm", true, "Remove intermediate containers after a successful build")
@@ -379,8 +558,8 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 func commonBuildFlags(options *commonOptions, flags *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	options.noCache = flags.Bool("no-cache", false, "Do not use cache when building the image")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", "Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output")
-	options.pull = flags.Bool("pull", false, "Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty"). Use plain to show container output`)
+	options.pull = flags.Bool("pull", false, "Always attempt to pull all referenced images")
 	flags.StringVar(&options.metadataFile, "metadata-file", "", "Write build result metadata to the file")
 }
 
@@ -392,7 +571,6 @@ func checkWarnedFlags(f *pflag.Flag) {
 		switch t {
 		case "flag-warn":
 			logrus.Warn(m[0])
-			break
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -416,3 +594,116 @@ func listToMap(values []string, defaultEnv bool) map[string]string {
 	}
 	return result
 }
+
+func parseContextNames(values []string) (map[string]build.NamedContext, error) {
+	if len(values) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	result := make(map[string]build.NamedContext, len(values))
+	for _, value := range values {
+		kv := strings.SplitN(value, "=", 2)
+		if len(kv) != 2 {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid context value: %s, expected key=value", value)
+		}
+		named, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(kv[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid context name %s", kv[0])
+		}
+		name := strings.TrimSuffix(reference.FamiliarString(named), ":latest")
+		result[name] = build.NamedContext{Path: kv[1]}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func parsePrintFunc(str string) (*build.PrintFunc, error) {
+	if str == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(str))
+	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	f := &build.PrintFunc{}
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
+		if len(parts) == 2 {
+			if parts[0] == "format" {
+				f.Format = parts[1]
+			} else {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid print field: %s", field)
+			}
+		} else {
+			if f.Name != "" {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid print value: %s", str)
+			}
+			f.Name = field
+		}
+	}
+	return f, nil
+}
+
+func writeMetadataFile(filename string, dt interface{}) error {
+	b, err := json.MarshalIndent(dt, "", "  ")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(filename, b, 0644)
+}
+
+func decodeExporterResponse(exporterResponse map[string]string) map[string]interface{} {
+	out := make(map[string]interface{})
+	for k, v := range exporterResponse {
+		dt, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(v)
+		if err != nil {
+			out[k] = v
+			continue
+		}
+		var raw map[string]interface{}
+		if err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &raw); err != nil || len(raw) == 0 {
+			out[k] = v
+			continue
+		}
+		out[k] = json.RawMessage(dt)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func wrapBuildError(err error, bake bool) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	st, ok := grpcerrors.AsGRPCStatus(err)
+	if ok {
+		if st.Code() == codes.Unimplemented && strings.Contains(st.Message(), "unsupported frontend capability moby.buildkit.frontend.contexts") {
+			msg := "current frontend does not support --build-context."
+			if bake {
+				msg = "current frontend does not support defining additional contexts for targets."
+			}
+			msg += " Named contexts are supported since Dockerfile v1.4. Use #syntax directive in Dockerfile or update to latest BuildKit."
+			return &wrapped{err, msg}
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+type wrapped struct {
+	err error
+	msg string
+}
+
+func (w *wrapped) Error() string {
+	return w.msg
+}
+
+func (w *wrapped) Unwrap() error {
+	return w.err
+}
+
+func isExperimental() bool {
+	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL"); ok {
+		vv, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v)
+		return vv
+	}
+	return false
+}

commands/create.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/google/shlex"
@@ -60,22 +61,6 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	driverName := in.driver
-	if driverName == "" {
-		f, err := driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, dockerCli.Client(), true)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if f == nil {
-			return errors.Errorf("no valid drivers found")
-		}
-		driverName = f.Name()
-	}
-
-	if driver.GetFactory(driverName, true) == nil {
-		return errors.Errorf("failed to find driver %q", in.driver)
-	}
-
 	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -90,6 +75,19 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if !in.actionLeave && !in.actionAppend {
+		contexts, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for _, c := range contexts {
+			if c.Name == name {
+				logrus.Warnf("instance name %q already exists as context builder", name)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	ng, err := txn.NodeGroupByName(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		if os.IsNotExist(errors.Cause(err)) {
@@ -97,29 +95,62 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 				logrus.Warnf("failed to find %q for append, creating a new instance instead", in.name)
 			}
 			if in.actionLeave {
-				return errors.Errorf("failed to find instance %q for leave", name)
+				return errors.Errorf("failed to find instance %q for leave", in.name)
 			}
 		} else {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 
+	buildkitHost := os.Getenv("BUILDKIT_HOST")
+
+	driverName := in.driver
+	if driverName == "" {
+		if ng != nil {
+			driverName = ng.Driver
+		} else if len(args) == 0 && buildkitHost != "" {
+			driverName = "remote"
+		} else {
+			var arg string
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				arg = args[0]
+			}
+			f, err := driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, arg, dockerCli.Client(), true)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if f == nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("no valid drivers found")
+			}
+			driverName = f.Name()
+		}
+	}
+
 	if ng != nil {
 		if in.nodeName == "" && !in.actionAppend {
-			return errors.Errorf("existing instance for %s but no append mode, specify --node to make changes for existing instances", name)
+			return errors.Errorf("existing instance for %q but no append mode, specify --node to make changes for existing instances", name)
 		}
+		if driverName != ng.Driver {
+			return errors.Errorf("existing instance for %q but has mismatched driver %q", name, ng.Driver)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, err := driver.GetFactory(driverName, true); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ngOriginal := ng
+	if ngOriginal != nil {
+		ngOriginal = ngOriginal.Copy()
 	}
 
 	if ng == nil {
 		ng = &store.NodeGroup{
-			Name: name,
+			Name:   name,
+			Driver: driverName,
 		}
 	}
 
-	if ng.Driver == "" || in.driver != "" {
-		ng.Driver = driverName
-	}
-
 	var flags []string
 	if in.flags != "" {
 		flags, err = shlex.Split(in.flags)
@@ -129,44 +160,72 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	}
 
 	var ep string
+	var setEp bool
 	if in.actionLeave {
 		if err := ng.Leave(in.nodeName); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	} else {
-		if len(args) > 0 {
-			ep, err = validateEndpoint(dockerCli, args[0])
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+		switch {
+		case driverName == "kubernetes":
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				logrus.Warnf("kubernetes driver does not support endpoint args %q", args[0])
 			}
-		} else {
-			if dockerCli.CurrentContext() == "default" && dockerCli.DockerEndpoint().TLSData != nil {
-				return errors.Errorf("could not create a builder instance with TLS data loaded from environment. Please use `docker context create <context-name>` to create a context for current environment and then create a builder instance with `docker buildx create <context-name>`")
-			}
-
-			ep, err = storeutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-
-		if in.driver == "kubernetes" {
 			// naming endpoint to make --append works
 			ep = (&url.URL{
-				Scheme: in.driver,
+				Scheme: driverName,
 				Path:   "/" + in.name,
 				RawQuery: (&url.Values{
 					"deployment": {in.nodeName},
 					"kubeconfig": {os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG")},
 				}).Encode(),
 			}).String()
+			setEp = false
+		case driverName == "remote":
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				ep = args[0]
+			} else if buildkitHost != "" {
+				ep = buildkitHost
+			} else {
+				return errors.Errorf("no remote endpoint provided")
+			}
+			ep, err = validateBuildkitEndpoint(ep)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			setEp = true
+		case len(args) > 0:
+			ep, err = validateEndpoint(dockerCli, args[0])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			setEp = true
+		default:
+			if dockerCli.CurrentContext() == "default" && dockerCli.DockerEndpoint().TLSData != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("could not create a builder instance with TLS data loaded from environment. Please use `docker context create <context-name>` to create a context for current environment and then create a builder instance with `docker buildx create <context-name>`")
+			}
+			ep, err = storeutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			setEp = false
 		}
 
 		m, err := csvToMap(in.driverOpts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if err := ng.Update(in.nodeName, ep, in.platform, len(args) > 0, in.actionAppend, flags, in.configFile, m); err != nil {
+
+		if in.configFile == "" {
+			// if buildkit config is not provided, check if the default one is
+			// available and use it
+			if f, ok := confutil.DefaultConfigFile(dockerCli); ok {
+				logrus.Warnf("Using default BuildKit config in %s", f)
+				in.configFile = f
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err := ng.Update(in.nodeName, ep, in.platform, setEp, in.actionAppend, flags, in.configFile, m); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -175,6 +234,30 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	ngi := &nginfo{ng: ng}
+
+	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if err = loadNodeGroupData(timeoutCtx, dockerCli, ngi); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, info := range ngi.drivers {
+		if err := info.di.Err; err != nil {
+			err := errors.Errorf("failed to initialize builder %s (%s): %s", ng.Name, info.di.Name, err)
+			var err2 error
+			if ngOriginal == nil {
+				err2 = txn.Remove(ng.Name)
+			} else {
+				err2 = txn.Save(ngOriginal)
+			}
+			if err2 != nil {
+				logrus.Warnf("Could not rollback to previous state: %s", err2)
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	if in.use && ep != "" {
 		current, err := storeutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -185,15 +268,6 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	ngi := &nginfo{ng: ng}
-
-	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err = loadNodeGroupData(timeoutCtx, dockerCli, ngi); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	if in.bootstrap {
 		if _, err = boot(ctx, ngi); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -208,11 +282,11 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 	var options createOptions
 
 	var drivers bytes.Buffer
-	for _, d := range driver.GetFactories() {
+	for _, d := range driver.GetFactories(true) {
 		if len(drivers.String()) > 0 {
 			drivers.WriteString(", ")
 		}
-		drivers.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("`%s`", d.Name()))
+		drivers.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(`"%s"`, d.Name()))
 	}
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
@@ -246,6 +320,9 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 }
 
 func csvToMap(in []string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	if len(in) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
 	m := make(map[string]string, len(in))
 	for _, s := range in {
 		csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(s))

commands/create_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCsvToMap(t *testing.T) {
+	d := []string{
+		"\"tolerations=key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,value=bar2\",replicas=1",
+		"namespace=default",
+	}
+	r, err := csvToMap(d)
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Contains(t, r, "tolerations")
+	require.Equal(t, r["tolerations"], "key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,value=bar2")
+
+	require.Contains(t, r, "replicas")
+	require.Equal(t, r["replicas"], "1")
+
+	require.Contains(t, r, "namespace")
+	require.Equal(t, r["namespace"], "default")
+}

commands/diskusage.go

@@ -4,16 +4,18 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"text/tabwriter"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
+	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/tonistiigi/units"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
@@ -125,20 +127,20 @@ func printKV(w io.Writer, k string, v interface{}) {
 func printVerbose(tw *tabwriter.Writer, du []*client.UsageInfo) {
 	for _, di := range du {
 		printKV(tw, "ID", di.ID)
-		if di.Parent != "" {
-			printKV(tw, "Parent", di.Parent)
+		if len(di.Parents) != 0 {
+			printKV(tw, "Parent", strings.Join(di.Parents, ","))
 		}
 		printKV(tw, "Created at", di.CreatedAt)
 		printKV(tw, "Mutable", di.Mutable)
 		printKV(tw, "Reclaimable", !di.InUse)
 		printKV(tw, "Shared", di.Shared)
-		printKV(tw, "Size", fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", units.Bytes(di.Size)))
+		printKV(tw, "Size", units.HumanSize(float64(di.Size)))
 		if di.Description != "" {
 			printKV(tw, "Description", di.Description)
 		}
 		printKV(tw, "Usage count", di.UsageCount)
 		if di.LastUsedAt != nil {
-			printKV(tw, "Last used", di.LastUsedAt)
+			printKV(tw, "Last used", units.HumanDuration(time.Since(*di.LastUsedAt))+" ago")
 		}
 		if di.RecordType != "" {
 			printKV(tw, "Type", di.RecordType)
@@ -159,11 +161,15 @@ func printTableRow(tw *tabwriter.Writer, di *client.UsageInfo) {
 	if di.Mutable {
 		id += "*"
 	}
-	size := fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", units.Bytes(di.Size))
+	size := units.HumanSize(float64(di.Size))
 	if di.Shared {
 		size += "*"
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%-71s\t%-11v\t%s\t\n", id, !di.InUse, size)
+	lastAccessed := ""
+	if di.LastUsedAt != nil {
+		lastAccessed = units.HumanDuration(time.Since(*di.LastUsedAt)) + " ago"
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%-40s\t%-5v\t%-10s\t%s\n", id, !di.InUse, size, lastAccessed)
 }
 
 func printSummary(tw *tabwriter.Writer, dus [][]*client.UsageInfo) {
@@ -186,11 +192,11 @@ func printSummary(tw *tabwriter.Writer, dus [][]*client.UsageInfo) {
 	}
 
 	if shared > 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Shared:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(shared))
-		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Private:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(total-shared))
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Shared:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(shared)))
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Private:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(total-shared)))
 	}
 
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Reclaimable:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(reclaimable))
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Total:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(total))
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Reclaimable:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(reclaimable)))
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Total:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(total)))
 	tw.Flush()
 }

commands/imagetools/create.go

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
@@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ type createOptions struct {
 	tags         []string
 	dryrun       bool
 	actionAppend bool
+	progress     string
 }
 
 func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 
 	fileArgs := make([]string, len(in.files))
 	for i, f := range in.files {
-		dt, err := ioutil.ReadFile(f)
+		dt, err := os.ReadFile(f)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -78,18 +81,21 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	if len(repos) == 0 {
 		return errors.Errorf("no repositories specified, please set a reference in tag or source")
 	}
-	if len(repos) > 1 {
-		return errors.Errorf("multiple repositories currently not supported, found %v", repos)
-	}
 
-	var repo string
-	for r := range repos {
-		repo = r
+	var defaultRepo *string
+	if len(repos) == 1 {
+		for repo := range repos {
+			defaultRepo = &repo
+		}
 	}
 
 	for i, s := range srcs {
 		if s.Ref == nil && s.Desc.MediaType == "" && s.Desc.Digest != "" {
-			n, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(repo)
+			if defaultRepo == nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("multiple repositories specified, cannot infer repository for %q", args[i])
+			}
+
+			n, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(*defaultRepo)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -143,7 +149,6 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
-					srcs[i].Ref = nil
 					if srcs[i].Desc.Digest == "" {
 						srcs[i].Desc = desc
 					} else {
@@ -162,12 +167,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	descs := make([]ocispec.Descriptor, len(srcs))
-	for i := range descs {
-		descs[i] = srcs[i].Desc
-	}
-
-	dt, desc, err := r.Combine(ctx, repo, descs)
+	dt, desc, err := r.Combine(ctx, srcs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -180,23 +180,49 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	// new resolver cause need new auth
 	r = imagetools.New(imageopt)
 
+	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
+	defer cancel()
+	printer := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, in.progress)
+
+	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	pw := progress.WithPrefix(printer, "internal", true)
+
 	for _, t := range tags {
-		if err := r.Push(ctx, t, desc, dt); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		fmt.Println(t.String())
+		t := t
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			return progress.Wrap(fmt.Sprintf("pushing %s", t.String()), pw.Write, func(sub progress.SubLogger) error {
+				eg2, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+				for _, s := range srcs {
+					if reference.Domain(s.Ref) == reference.Domain(t) && reference.Path(s.Ref) == reference.Path(t) {
+						continue
+					}
+					s := s
+					eg2.Go(func() error {
+						sub.Log(1, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("copying %s from %s to %s\n", s.Desc.Digest.String(), s.Ref.String(), t.String())))
+						return r.Copy(ctx, s, t)
+					})
+				}
+
+				if err := eg2.Wait(); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				sub.Log(1, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("pushing %s to %s\n", desc.Digest.String(), t.String())))
+				return r.Push(ctx, t, desc, dt)
+			})
+		})
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	err = eg.Wait()
+	err1 := printer.Wait()
+	if err == nil {
+		err = err1
+	}
+
+	return err
 }
 
-type src struct {
-	Desc ocispec.Descriptor
-	Ref  reference.Named
-}
-
-func parseSources(in []string) ([]*src, error) {
-	out := make([]*src, len(in))
+func parseSources(in []string) ([]*imagetools.Source, error) {
+	out := make([]*imagetools.Source, len(in))
 	for i, in := range in {
 		s, err := parseSource(in)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -219,11 +245,11 @@ func parseRefs(in []string) ([]reference.Named, error) {
 	return refs, nil
 }
 
-func parseSource(in string) (*src, error) {
+func parseSource(in string) (*imagetools.Source, error) {
 	// source can be a digest, reference or a descriptor JSON
 	dgst, err := digest.Parse(in)
 	if err == nil {
-		return &src{
+		return &imagetools.Source{
 			Desc: ocispec.Descriptor{
 				Digest: dgst,
 			},
@@ -234,14 +260,14 @@ func parseSource(in string) (*src, error) {
 
 	ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(in)
 	if err == nil {
-		return &src{
+		return &imagetools.Source{
 			Ref: ref,
 		}, nil
 	} else if !strings.HasPrefix(in, "{") {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	var s src
+	var s imagetools.Source
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(in), &s.Desc); err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
 	}
@@ -255,7 +281,7 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		Use:   "create [OPTIONS] [SOURCE] [SOURCE...]",
 		Short: "Create a new image based on source images",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			options.builder = opts.Builder
+			options.builder = *opts.Builder
 			return runCreate(dockerCli, options, args)
 		},
 	}
@@ -265,6 +291,7 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.tags, "tag", "t", []string{}, "Set reference for new image")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.dryrun, "dry-run", false, "Show final image instead of pushing")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.actionAppend, "append", false, "Append to existing manifest")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty"). Use plain to show container output`)
 
 	return cmd
 }

commands/imagetools/inspect.go

@@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
+	"github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool/annotation"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
-	ocispec "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
 type inspectOptions struct {
-	raw     bool
 	builder string
+	format  string
+	raw     bool
 }
 
 func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions, name string) error {
 	ctx := appcontext.Context()
 
+	if in.format != "" && in.raw {
+		return errors.Errorf("format and raw cannot be used together")
+	}
+
 	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -47,28 +49,13 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions, name string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	r := imagetools.New(imageopt)
 
-	dt, desc, err := r.Get(ctx, name)
+	p, err := imagetools.NewPrinter(ctx, imageopt, name, in.format)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if in.raw {
-		fmt.Printf("%s", dt) // avoid newline to keep digest
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	switch desc.MediaType {
-	// case images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2Manifest, specs.MediaTypeImageManifest:
-	// TODO: handle distribution manifest and schema1
-	case images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2ManifestList, ocispec.MediaTypeImageIndex:
-		return imagetools.PrintManifestList(dt, desc, name, os.Stdout)
-	default:
-		fmt.Printf("%s\n", dt)
-	}
-
-	return nil
+	return p.Print(in.raw, dockerCli.Out())
 }
 
 func inspectCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
@@ -76,16 +63,20 @@ func inspectCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "inspect [OPTIONS] NAME",
-		Short: "Show details of image in the registry",
+		Short: "Show details of an image in the registry",
 		Args:  cli.ExactArgs(1),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			options.builder = rootOpts.Builder
+			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
 			return runInspect(dockerCli, options, args[0])
 		},
 	}
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.raw, "raw", false, "Show original JSON manifest")
+
+	flags.StringVar(&options.format, "format", "", "Format the output using the given Go template")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("format", annotation.DefaultValue, []string{`"{{.Manifest}}"`})
+
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.raw, "raw", false, "Show original, unformatted JSON manifest")
 
 	return cmd
 }

commands/imagetools/root.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 type RootOptions struct {
-	Builder string
+	Builder *string
 }
 
 func RootCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ func RootCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	}
 
 	cmd.AddCommand(
-		inspectCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		createCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+		inspectCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 	)
 
 	return cmd

commands/inspect.go

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 0, 0, 1, ' ', 0)
 	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Name:\t%s\n", ngi.ng.Name)
 	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Driver:\t%s\n", ngi.ng.Driver)
+
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error:\t%s\n", err.Error())
 	} else if ngi.err != nil {
@@ -94,6 +95,15 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 			}
 			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Name:\t%s\n", n.Name)
 			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Endpoint:\t%s\n", n.Endpoint)
+
+			var driverOpts []string
+			for k, v := range n.DriverOpts {
+				driverOpts = append(driverOpts, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q", k, v))
+			}
+			if len(driverOpts) > 0 {
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Driver Options:\t%s\n", strings.Join(driverOpts, " "))
+			}
+
 			if err := ngi.drivers[i].di.Err; err != nil {
 				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error:\t%s\n", err.Error())
 			} else if err := ngi.drivers[i].err; err != nil {
@@ -105,6 +115,9 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 				if len(n.Flags) > 0 {
 					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Flags:\t%s\n", strings.Join(n.Flags, " "))
 				}
+				if ngi.drivers[i].version != "" {
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Buildkit:\t%s\n", ngi.drivers[i].version)
+				}
 				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Platforms:\t%s\n", strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Platforms, ngi.drivers[i].platforms), ", "))
 			}
 		}

commands/ls.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
@@ -45,23 +45,30 @@ func runLs(dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
 		builders[i] = &nginfo{ng: ng}
 	}
 
-	list, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
+	contexts, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	ctxbuilders := make([]*nginfo, len(list))
-	for i, l := range list {
-		ctxbuilders[i] = &nginfo{ng: &store.NodeGroup{
-			Name: l.Name,
+	sort.Slice(contexts, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return contexts[i].Name < contexts[j].Name
+	})
+	for _, c := range contexts {
+		ngi := &nginfo{ng: &store.NodeGroup{
+			Name: c.Name,
 			Nodes: []store.Node{{
-				Name:     l.Name,
-				Endpoint: l.Name,
+				Name:     c.Name,
+				Endpoint: c.Name,
 			}},
 		}}
+		// if a context has the same name as an instance from the store, do not
+		// add it to the builders list. An instance from the store takes
+		// precedence over context builders.
+		if hasNodeGroup(builders, ngi) {
+			continue
+		}
+		builders = append(builders, ngi)
 	}
 
-	builders = append(builders, ctxbuilders...)
-
 	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 
 	for _, b := range builders {
@@ -92,49 +99,72 @@ func runLs(dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 0, 0, 1, ' ', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "NAME/NODE\tDRIVER/ENDPOINT\tSTATUS\tPLATFORMS\n")
+	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(dockerCli.Out(), 0, 0, 1, ' ', 0)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "NAME/NODE\tDRIVER/ENDPOINT\tSTATUS\tBUILDKIT\tPLATFORMS\n")
 
 	currentSet := false
+	printErr := false
 	for _, b := range builders {
 		if !currentSet && b.ng.Name == currentName {
 			b.ng.Name += " *"
 			currentSet = true
 		}
-		printngi(w, b)
+		if ok := printngi(w, b); !ok {
+			printErr = true
+		}
 	}
 
 	w.Flush()
 
+	if printErr {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "\n")
+		for _, b := range builders {
+			if b.err != nil {
+				_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "Cannot load builder %s: %s\n", b.ng.Name, strings.TrimSpace(b.err.Error()))
+			} else {
+				for idx, n := range b.ng.Nodes {
+					d := b.drivers[idx]
+					var nodeErr string
+					if d.err != nil {
+						nodeErr = d.err.Error()
+					} else if d.di.Err != nil {
+						nodeErr = d.di.Err.Error()
+					}
+					if nodeErr != "" {
+						_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "Failed to get status for %s (%s): %s\n", b.ng.Name, n.Name, strings.TrimSpace(nodeErr))
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-func printngi(w io.Writer, ngi *nginfo) {
+func printngi(w io.Writer, ngi *nginfo) (ok bool) {
+	ok = true
 	var err string
 	if ngi.err != nil {
-		err = ngi.err.Error()
+		ok = false
+		err = "error"
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t\n", ngi.ng.Name, ngi.ng.Driver, err)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t\t\n", ngi.ng.Name, ngi.ng.Driver, err)
 	if ngi.err == nil {
 		for idx, n := range ngi.ng.Nodes {
 			d := ngi.drivers[idx]
-			var err string
-			if d.err != nil {
-				err = d.err.Error()
-			} else if d.di.Err != nil {
-				err = d.di.Err.Error()
-			}
 			var status string
 			if d.info != nil {
 				status = d.info.Status.String()
 			}
-			if err != "" {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, err)
+			if d.err != nil || d.di.Err != nil {
+				ok = false
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t\t\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, "error")
 			} else {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, status, strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Platforms, d.platforms), ", "))
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, status, d.version, strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Platforms, d.platforms), ", "))
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	return
 }
 
 func lsCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {

commands/print.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/versions"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests/outline"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests/targets"
+)
+
+func printResult(f *build.PrintFunc, res map[string]string) error {
+	switch f.Name {
+	case "outline":
+		return printValue(outline.PrintOutline, outline.SubrequestsOutlineDefinition.Version, f.Format, res)
+	case "targets":
+		return printValue(targets.PrintTargets, targets.SubrequestsTargetsDefinition.Version, f.Format, res)
+	case "subrequests.describe":
+		return printValue(subrequests.PrintDescribe, subrequests.SubrequestsDescribeDefinition.Version, f.Format, res)
+	default:
+		if dt, ok := res["result.txt"]; ok {
+			fmt.Print(dt)
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("%s %+v", f, res)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type printFunc func([]byte, io.Writer) error
+
+func printValue(printer printFunc, version string, format string, res map[string]string) error {
+	if format == "json" {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stdout, res["result.json"])
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if res["version"] != "" && versions.LessThan(version, res["version"]) && res["result.txt"] != "" {
+		// structure is too new and we don't know how to print it
+		fmt.Fprint(os.Stdout, res["result.txt"])
+		return nil
+	}
+	return printer([]byte(res["result.json"]), os.Stdout)
+}

commands/prune.go

@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
+	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/tonistiigi/units"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func runPrune(dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
 	<-printed
 
 	tw = tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Total:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(total))
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Total:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(total)))
 	tw.Flush()
 	return nil
 }
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ func pruneCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	}
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
-	flags.BoolVarP(&options.all, "all", "a", false, "Remove all unused images, not just dangling ones")
-	flags.Var(&options.filter, "filter", "Provide filter values (e.g., `until=24h`)")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&options.all, "all", "a", false, "Include internal/frontend images")
+	flags.Var(&options.filter, "filter", `Provide filter values (e.g., "until=24h")`)
 	flags.Var(&options.keepStorage, "keep-storage", "Amount of disk space to keep for cache")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.verbose, "verbose", false, "Provide a more verbose output")
 	flags.BoolVarP(&options.force, "force", "f", false, "Do not prompt for confirmation")
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ func toBuildkitPruneInfo(f filters.Args) (*client.PruneInfo, error) {
 	if len(untilValues) > 0 && len(unusedForValues) > 0 {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("conflicting filters %q and %q", "until", "unused-for")
 	}
-	filterKey := "until"
+	untilKey := "until"
 	if len(unusedForValues) > 0 {
-		filterKey = "unused-for"
+		untilKey = "unused-for"
 	}
 	untilValues = append(untilValues, unusedForValues...)
 
@@ -168,23 +168,27 @@ func toBuildkitPruneInfo(f filters.Args) (*client.PruneInfo, error) {
 		var err error
 		until, err = time.ParseDuration(untilValues[0])
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "%q filter expects a duration (e.g., '24h')", filterKey)
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "%q filter expects a duration (e.g., '24h')", untilKey)
 		}
 	default:
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("filters expect only one value")
 	}
 
-	bkFilter := make([]string, 0, f.Len())
-	for _, field := range f.Keys() {
-		values := f.Get(field)
+	filters := make([]string, 0, f.Len())
+	for _, filterKey := range f.Keys() {
+		if filterKey == untilKey {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		values := f.Get(filterKey)
 		switch len(values) {
 		case 0:
-			bkFilter = append(bkFilter, field)
+			filters = append(filters, filterKey)
 		case 1:
-			if field == "id" {
-				bkFilter = append(bkFilter, field+"~="+values[0])
+			if filterKey == "id" {
+				filters = append(filters, filterKey+"~="+values[0])
 			} else {
-				bkFilter = append(bkFilter, field+"=="+values[0])
+				filters = append(filters, filterKey+"=="+values[0])
 			}
 		default:
 			return nil, errors.Errorf("filters expect only one value")
@@ -192,6 +196,6 @@ func toBuildkitPruneInfo(f filters.Args) (*client.PruneInfo, error) {
 	}
 	return &client.PruneInfo{
 		KeepDuration: until,
-		Filter:       []string{strings.Join(bkFilter, ",")},
+		Filter:       []string{strings.Join(filters, ",")},
 	}, nil
 }

commands/rm.go

@@ -2,53 +2,83 @@ package commands
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 type rmOptions struct {
-	builder   string
-	keepState bool
+	builder     string
+	keepState   bool
+	keepDaemon  bool
+	allInactive bool
+	force       bool
 }
 
+const (
+	rmInactiveWarning = `WARNING! This will remove all builders that are not in running state. Are you sure you want to continue?`
+)
+
 func runRm(dockerCli command.Cli, in rmOptions) error {
 	ctx := appcontext.Context()
 
+	if in.allInactive && !in.force && !command.PromptForConfirmation(dockerCli.In(), dockerCli.Out(), rmInactiveWarning) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer release()
 
+	if in.allInactive {
+		return rmAllInactive(ctx, txn, dockerCli, in)
+	}
+
+	var ng *store.NodeGroup
 	if in.builder != "" {
-		ng, err := storeutil.GetNodeGroup(txn, dockerCli, in.builder)
+		ng, err = storeutil.GetNodeGroup(txn, dockerCli, in.builder)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		err1 := rm(ctx, dockerCli, ng, in.keepState)
-		if err := txn.Remove(ng.Name); err != nil {
+	} else {
+		ng, err = storeutil.GetCurrentInstance(txn, dockerCli)
+		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		return err1
+	}
+	if ng == nil {
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	ng, err := storeutil.GetCurrentInstance(txn, dockerCli)
+	ctxbuilders, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if ng != nil {
-		err1 := rm(ctx, dockerCli, ng, in.keepState)
-		if err := txn.Remove(ng.Name); err != nil {
-			return err
+	for _, cb := range ctxbuilders {
+		if ng.Driver == "docker" && len(ng.Nodes) == 1 && ng.Nodes[0].Endpoint == cb.Name {
+			return errors.Errorf("context builder cannot be removed, run `docker context rm %s` to remove this context", cb.Name)
 		}
+	}
+
+	err1 := rm(ctx, dockerCli, in, ng)
+	if err := txn.Remove(ng.Name); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err1 != nil {
 		return err1
 	}
 
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "%s removed\n", ng.Name)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -62,6 +92,9 @@ func rmCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			options.builder = rootOpts.builder
 			if len(args) > 0 {
+				if options.allInactive {
+					return errors.New("cannot specify builder name when --all-inactive is set")
+				}
 				options.builder = args[0]
 			}
 			return runRm(dockerCli, options)
@@ -70,23 +103,30 @@ func rmCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.keepState, "keep-state", false, "Keep BuildKit state")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.keepDaemon, "keep-daemon", false, "Keep the buildkitd daemon running")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.allInactive, "all-inactive", false, "Remove all inactive builders")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&options.force, "force", "f", false, "Do not prompt for confirmation")
 
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func rm(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup, keepState bool) error {
+func rm(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in rmOptions, ng *store.NodeGroup) error {
 	dis, err := driversForNodeGroup(ctx, dockerCli, ng, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	for _, di := range dis {
-		if di.Driver != nil {
+		if di.Driver == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Do not stop the buildkitd daemon when --keep-daemon is provided
+		if !in.keepDaemon {
 			if err := di.Driver.Stop(ctx, true); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			if err := di.Driver.Rm(ctx, true, !keepState); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
+		}
+		if err := di.Driver.Rm(ctx, true, !in.keepState, !in.keepDaemon); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 		if di.Err != nil {
 			err = di.Err
@@ -94,3 +134,43 @@ func rm(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup, keepSta
 	}
 	return err
 }
+
+func rmAllInactive(ctx context.Context, txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli, in rmOptions) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	ll, err := txn.List()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	builders := make([]*nginfo, len(ll))
+	for i, ng := range ll {
+		builders[i] = &nginfo{ng: ng}
+	}
+
+	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	for _, b := range builders {
+		func(b *nginfo) {
+			eg.Go(func() error {
+				if err := loadNodeGroupData(ctx, dockerCli, b); err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot load %s", b.ng.Name)
+				}
+				if b.ng.Dynamic {
+					return nil
+				}
+				if b.inactive() {
+					rmerr := rm(ctx, dockerCli, in, b.ng)
+					if err := txn.Remove(b.ng.Name); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "%s removed\n", b.ng.Name)
+					return rmerr
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
+		}(b)
+	}
+
+	return eg.Wait()
+}

commands/root.go

@@ -4,8 +4,12 @@ import (
 	"os"
 
 	imagetoolscmd "github.com/docker/buildx/commands/imagetools"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/logutil"
+	"github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool/annotation"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli-plugins/plugin"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
@@ -15,13 +19,45 @@ func NewRootCmd(name string, isPlugin bool, dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Comman
 		Short: "Docker Buildx",
 		Long:  `Extended build capabilities with BuildKit`,
 		Use:   name,
+		Annotations: map[string]string{
+			annotation.CodeDelimiter: `"`,
+		},
 	}
 	if isPlugin {
 		cmd.PersistentPreRunE = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			return plugin.PersistentPreRunE(cmd, args)
 		}
+	} else {
+		// match plugin behavior for standalone mode
+		// https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/6c9eb708fa6d17765d71965f90e1c59cea686ee9/cli-plugins/plugin/plugin.go#L117-L127
+		cmd.SilenceUsage = true
+		cmd.SilenceErrors = true
+		cmd.TraverseChildren = true
+		cmd.DisableFlagsInUseLine = true
+		cli.DisableFlagsInUseLine(cmd)
 	}
 
+	logrus.SetFormatter(&logutil.Formatter{})
+
+	logrus.AddHook(logutil.NewFilter([]logrus.Level{
+		logrus.DebugLevel,
+	},
+		"serving grpc connection",
+		"stopping session",
+		"using default config store",
+	))
+
+	// filter out useless commandConn.CloseWrite warning message that can occur
+	// when listing builder instances with "buildx ls" for those that are
+	// unreachable: "commandConn.CloseWrite: commandconn: failed to wait: signal: killed"
+	// https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/3fb4fb83dfb5db0c0753a8316f21aea54dab32c5/cli/connhelper/commandconn/commandconn.go#L203-L214
+	logrus.AddHook(logutil.NewFilter([]logrus.Level{
+		logrus.WarnLevel,
+	},
+		"commandConn.CloseWrite:",
+		"commandConn.CloseRead:",
+	))
+
 	addCommands(cmd, dockerCli)
 	return cmd
 }
@@ -48,7 +84,7 @@ func addCommands(cmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli command.Cli) {
 		versionCmd(dockerCli),
 		pruneCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		duCmd(dockerCli, opts),
-		imagetoolscmd.RootCmd(dockerCli, imagetoolscmd.RootOptions{Builder: opts.builder}),
+		imagetoolscmd.RootCmd(dockerCli, imagetoolscmd.RootOptions{Builder: &opts.builder}),
 	)
 }
 

commands/util.go

@@ -8,20 +8,23 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	ctxkube "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes/context"
+	remoteutil "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote/util"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context/docker"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context/kubernetes"
 	ctxstore "github.com/docker/cli/cli/context/store"
 	dopts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/grpcerrors"
 	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd"
 )
 
@@ -41,6 +44,14 @@ func validateEndpoint(dockerCli command.Cli, ep string) (string, error) {
 	return h, nil
 }
 
+// validateBuildkitEndpoint validates that endpoint is a valid buildkit host
+func validateBuildkitEndpoint(ep string) (string, error) {
+	if err := remoteutil.IsValidEndpoint(ep); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return ep, nil
+}
+
 // driversForNodeGroup returns drivers for a nodegroup instance
 func driversForNodeGroup(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup, contextPathHash string) ([]build.DriverInfo, error) {
 	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
@@ -49,16 +60,27 @@ func driversForNodeGroup(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.N
 
 	var f driver.Factory
 	if ng.Driver != "" {
-		f = driver.GetFactory(ng.Driver, true)
-		if f == nil {
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to find driver %q", f)
-		}
-	} else {
-		dockerapi, err := clientForEndpoint(dockerCli, ng.Nodes[0].Endpoint)
+		var err error
+		f, err = driver.GetFactory(ng.Driver, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		f, err = driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, dockerapi, false)
+	} else {
+		// empty driver means nodegroup was implicitly created as a default
+		// driver for a docker context and allows falling back to a
+		// docker-container driver for older daemon that doesn't support
+		// buildkit (< 18.06).
+		ep := ng.Nodes[0].Endpoint
+		dockerapi, err := clientForEndpoint(dockerCli, ep)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// check if endpoint is healthy is needed to determine the driver type.
+		// if this fails then can't continue with driver selection.
+		if _, err = dockerapi.Ping(ctx); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		f, err = driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, ep, dockerapi, false)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -73,12 +95,14 @@ func driversForNodeGroup(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.N
 		func(i int, n store.Node) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
 				di := build.DriverInfo{
-					Name:     n.Name,
-					Platform: n.Platforms,
+					Name:        n.Name,
+					Platform:    n.Platforms,
+					ProxyConfig: storeutil.GetProxyConfig(dockerCli),
 				}
 				defer func() {
 					dis[i] = di
 				}()
+
 				dockerapi, err := clientForEndpoint(dockerCli, n.Endpoint)
 				if err != nil {
 					di.Err = err
@@ -117,7 +141,7 @@ func driversForNodeGroup(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.N
 					}
 				}
 
-				d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_"+n.Name, f, dockerapi, imageopt.Auth, kcc, n.Flags, n.Files, n.DriverOpts, n.Platforms, contextPathHash)
+				d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_"+n.Name, f, n.Endpoint, dockerapi, imageopt.Auth, kcc, n.Flags, n.Files, n.DriverOpts, n.Platforms, contextPathHash)
 				if err != nil {
 					di.Err = err
 					return nil
@@ -149,7 +173,7 @@ func configFromContext(endpointName string, s ctxstore.Reader) (clientcmd.Client
 		}
 		return clientcmd.NewDefaultClientConfig(*apiConfig, &clientcmd.ConfigOverrides{}), nil
 	}
-	return kubernetes.ConfigFromContext(endpointName, s)
+	return ctxkube.ConfigFromContext(endpointName, s)
 }
 
 // clientForEndpoint returns a docker client for an endpoint
@@ -258,15 +282,16 @@ func getDefaultDrivers(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, defaultOnly b
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_default", nil, dockerCli.Client(), imageopt.Auth, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, contextPathHash)
+	d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_default", nil, "", dockerCli.Client(), imageopt.Auth, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, contextPathHash)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return []build.DriverInfo{
 		{
-			Name:     "default",
-			Driver:   d,
-			ImageOpt: imageopt,
+			Name:        "default",
+			Driver:      d,
+			ImageOpt:    imageopt,
+			ProxyConfig: storeutil.GetProxyConfig(dockerCli),
 		},
 	}, nil
 }
@@ -290,11 +315,20 @@ func loadInfoData(ctx context.Context, d *dinfo) error {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
 		}
 		for _, w := range workers {
-			for _, p := range w.Platforms {
-				d.platforms = append(d.platforms, p)
-			}
+			d.platforms = append(d.platforms, w.Platforms...)
 		}
 		d.platforms = platformutil.Dedupe(d.platforms)
+		inf, err := c.Info(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			if st, ok := grpcerrors.AsGRPCStatus(err); ok && st.Code() == codes.Unimplemented {
+				d.version, err = d.di.Driver.Version(ctx)
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrap(err, "getting version")
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			d.version = inf.BuildkitVersion.Version
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -363,6 +397,15 @@ func loadNodeGroupData(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ngi *nginfo)
 	return nil
 }
 
+func hasNodeGroup(list []*nginfo, ngi *nginfo) bool {
+	for _, l := range list {
+		if ngi.ng.Name == l.ng.Name {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 func dockerAPI(dockerCli command.Cli) *api {
 	return &api{dockerCli: dockerCli}
 }
@@ -382,6 +425,7 @@ type dinfo struct {
 	di        *build.DriverInfo
 	info      *driver.Info
 	platforms []specs.Platform
+	version   string
 	err       error
 }
 
@@ -391,6 +435,17 @@ type nginfo struct {
 	err     error
 }
 
+// inactive checks if all nodes are inactive for this builder
+func (n *nginfo) inactive() bool {
+	for idx := range n.ng.Nodes {
+		d := n.drivers[idx]
+		if d.info != nil && d.info.Status == driver.Running {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
 func boot(ctx context.Context, ngi *nginfo) (bool, error) {
 	toBoot := make([]int, 0, len(ngi.drivers))
 	for i, d := range ngi.drivers {
@@ -405,7 +460,7 @@ func boot(ctx context.Context, ngi *nginfo) (bool, error) {
 		return false, nil
 	}
 
-	printer := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, "auto")
+	printer := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, os.Stderr, "auto")
 
 	baseCtx := ctx
 	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)

docker-bake.hcl

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 variable "GO_VERSION" {
-  default = "1.17"
+  default = "1.18"
 }
 variable "BIN_OUT" {
   default = "./bin"
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ target "_common" {
   args = {
     GO_VERSION = GO_VERSION
     BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR = 1
+    BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL = 1
   }
 }
 
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ target "mod-outdated" {
   inherits = ["_common"]
   dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/vendor.Dockerfile"
   target = "outdated"
+  no-cache-filter = ["outdated"]
   output = ["type=cacheonly"]
 }
 

docs/generate.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/docker"
 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/docker-container"
 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes"
+	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote"
 )
 
 const defaultSourcePath = "docs/reference/"

docs/guides/bake/build-contexts.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Defining additional build contexts and linking targets
+
+In addition to the main `context` key that defines the build context each target
+can also define additional named contexts with a map defined with key `contexts`.
+These values map to the `--build-context` flag in the [build command](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#build-context).
+
+Inside the Dockerfile these contexts can be used with the `FROM` instruction or `--from` flag.
+
+The value can be a local source directory, container image (with `docker-image://` prefix),
+Git URL, HTTP URL or a name of another target in the Bake file (with `target:` prefix).
+
+## Pinning alpine image
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+FROM alpine
+RUN echo "Hello world"
+```
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "app" {
+  contexts = {
+    alpine = "docker-image://alpine:3.13"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Using a secondary source directory
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+FROM scratch AS src
+
+FROM golang
+COPY --from=src . .
+```
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "app" {
+  contexts = {
+    src = "../path/to/source"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Using a result of one target as a base image in another target
+
+To use a result of one target as a build context of another, specity the target
+name with `target:` prefix.
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+FROM baseapp
+RUN echo "Hello world"
+```
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "base" {
+  dockerfile = "baseapp.Dockerfile"
+}
+
+target "app" {
+  contexts = {
+    baseapp = "target:base"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Please note that in most cases you should just use a single multi-stage
+Dockerfile with multiple targets for similar behavior. This case is recommended
+when you have multiple Dockerfiles that can't be easily merged into one.

docs/guides/bake/compose-file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# Building from Compose file
+
+## Specification
+
+Bake uses the [compose-spec](https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/) to
+parse a compose file and translate each service to a [target](file-definition.md#target).
+
+```yaml
+# docker-compose.yml
+services:
+  webapp-dev: 
+    build: &build-dev
+      dockerfile: Dockerfile.webapp
+      tags:
+        - docker.io/username/webapp:latest
+      cache_from:
+        - docker.io/username/webapp:cache
+      cache_to:
+        - docker.io/username/webapp:cache
+
+  webapp-release:
+    build:
+      <<: *build-dev
+      x-bake:
+        platforms:
+          - linux/amd64
+          - linux/arm64
+
+  db:
+    image: docker.io/username/db
+    build:
+      dockerfile: Dockerfile.db
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "db",
+        "webapp-dev",
+        "webapp-release"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "db": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile.db",
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/username/db"
+      ]
+    },
+    "webapp-dev": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile.webapp",
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:latest"
+      ],
+      "cache-from": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:cache"
+      ],
+      "cache-to": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:cache"
+      ]
+    },
+    "webapp-release": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile.webapp",
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:latest"
+      ],
+      "cache-from": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:cache"
+      ],
+      "cache-to": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:cache"
+      ],
+      "platforms": [
+        "linux/amd64",
+        "linux/arm64"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Unlike the [HCL format](file-definition.md#hcl-definition), there are some
+limitations with the compose format:
+
+* Specifying variables or global scope attributes is not yet supported
+* `inherits` service field is not supported, but you can use [YAML anchors](https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/#fragments) to reference other services like the example above
+
+## `.env` file
+
+You can declare default environment variables in an environment file named
+`.env`. This file will be loaded from the current working directory,
+where the command is executed and applied to compose definitions passed
+with `-f`.
+
+```yaml
+# docker-compose.yml
+services:
+  webapp:
+    image: docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG:-v1.0.0}
+    build:
+      dockerfile: Dockerfile
+```
+
+```
+# .env
+TAG=v1.1.0
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:v1.1.0"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> System environment variables take precedence over environment variables
+> in `.env` file.
+
+## Extension field with `x-bake`
+
+Even if some fields are not (yet) available in the compose specification, you
+can use the [special extension](https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/#extension)
+field `x-bake` in your compose file to evaluate extra fields:
+
+```yaml
+# docker-compose.yml
+services:
+  addon:
+    image: ct-addon:bar
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile: ./Dockerfile
+      args:
+        CT_ECR: foo
+        CT_TAG: bar
+      x-bake:
+        tags:
+          - ct-addon:foo
+          - ct-addon:alp
+        platforms:
+          - linux/amd64
+          - linux/arm64
+        cache-from:
+          - user/app:cache
+          - type=local,src=path/to/cache
+        cache-to:
+          - type=local,dest=path/to/cache
+        pull: true
+
+  aws:
+    image: ct-fake-aws:bar
+    build:
+      dockerfile: ./aws.Dockerfile
+      args:
+        CT_ECR: foo
+        CT_TAG: bar
+      x-bake:
+        secret:
+          - id=mysecret,src=./secret
+          - id=mysecret2,src=./secret2
+        platforms: linux/arm64
+        output: type=docker
+        no-cache: true
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "aws",
+        "addon"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "addon": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "./Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "CT_ECR": "foo",
+        "CT_TAG": "bar"
+      },
+      "tags": [
+        "ct-addon:foo",
+        "ct-addon:alp"
+      ],
+      "cache-from": [
+        "user/app:cache",
+        "type=local,src=path/to/cache"
+      ],
+      "cache-to": [
+        "type=local,dest=path/to/cache"
+      ],
+      "platforms": [
+        "linux/amd64",
+        "linux/arm64"
+      ],
+      "pull": true
+    },
+    "aws": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "./aws.Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "CT_ECR": "foo",
+        "CT_TAG": "bar"
+      },
+      "tags": [
+        "ct-fake-aws:bar"
+      ],
+      "secret": [
+        "id=mysecret,src=./secret",
+        "id=mysecret2,src=./secret2"
+      ],
+      "platforms": [
+        "linux/arm64"
+      ],
+      "output": [
+        "type=docker"
+      ],
+      "no-cache": true
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Complete list of valid fields for `x-bake`:
+
+* `cache-from`
+* `cache-to`
+* `contexts`
+* `no-cache`
+* `no-cache-filter`
+* `output`
+* `platforms`
+* `pull`
+* `secret`
+* `ssh`
+* `tags`

docs/guides/bake/configuring-build.md

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+# Configuring builds
+
+Bake supports loading build definition from files, but sometimes you need even
+more flexibility to configure this definition.
+
+For this use case, you can define variables inside the bake files that can be
+set by the user with environment variables or by [attribute definitions](#global-scope-attributes)
+in other bake files. If you wish to change a specific value for a single
+invocation you can use the `--set` flag [from the command line](#from-command-line).
+
+## Global scope attributes
+
+You can define global scope attributes in HCL/JSON and use them for code reuse
+and setting values for variables. This means you can do a "data-only" HCL file
+with the values you want to set/override and use it in the list of regular
+output files.
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+variable "FOO" {
+  default = "abc"
+}
+
+target "app" {
+  args = {
+    v1 = "pre-${FOO}"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+You can use this file directly:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print app
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "app"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "app": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "v1": "pre-abc"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Or create an override configuration file:
+
+```hcl
+# env.hcl
+WHOAMI="myuser"
+FOO="def-${WHOAMI}"
+```
+
+And invoke bake together with both of the files:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.hcl -f env.hcl --print app
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "app"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "app": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "v1": "pre-def-myuser"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## From command line
+
+You can also override target configurations from the command line with the
+[`--set` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_bake/#set):
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "app" {
+  args = {
+    mybuildarg = "foo"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --set app.args.mybuildarg=bar --set app.platform=linux/arm64 app --print
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "app"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "app": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "mybuildarg": "bar"
+      },
+      "platforms": [
+        "linux/arm64"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Pattern matching syntax defined in [https://golang.org/pkg/path/#Match](https://golang.org/pkg/path/#Match)
+is also supported:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --set foo*.args.mybuildarg=value  # overrides build arg for all targets starting with "foo"
+$ docker buildx bake --set *.platform=linux/arm64      # overrides platform for all targets
+$ docker buildx bake --set foo*.no-cache               # bypass caching only for targets starting with "foo"
+```
+
+Complete list of overridable fields:
+
+* `args`
+* `cache-from`
+* `cache-to`
+* `context`
+* `dockerfile`
+* `labels`
+* `no-cache`
+* `output`
+* `platform`
+* `pull`
+* `secrets`
+* `ssh`
+* `tags`
+* `target`
+
+## Using variables in variables across files
+
+When multiple files are specified, one file can use variables defined in
+another file.
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake1.hcl
+variable "FOO" {
+  default = upper("${BASE}def")
+}
+
+variable "BAR" {
+  default = "-${FOO}-"
+}
+
+target "app" {
+  args = {
+    v1 = "pre-${BAR}"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake2.hcl
+variable "BASE" {
+  default = "abc"
+}
+
+target "app" {
+  args = {
+    v2 = "${FOO}-post"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake1.hcl -f docker-bake2.hcl --print app
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "app"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "app": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "v1": "pre--ABCDEF-",
+        "v2": "ABCDEF-post"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```

docs/guides/bake/file-definition.md

@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+# Bake file definition
+
+`buildx bake` supports HCL, JSON and Compose file format for defining build
+[groups](#group), [targets](#target) as well as [variables](#variable) and
+[functions](#functions). It looks for build definition files in the current
+directory in the following order:
+
+* `docker-compose.yml`
+* `docker-compose.yaml`
+* `docker-bake.json`
+* `docker-bake.override.json`
+* `docker-bake.hcl`
+* `docker-bake.override.hcl`
+
+## Specification
+
+Inside a bake file you can declare group, target and variable blocks to define
+project specific reusable build flows.
+
+### Target
+
+A target reflects a single docker build invocation with the same options that
+you would specify for `docker build`:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+}
+```
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake webapp-dev
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> In the case of compose files, each service corresponds to a target.
+> If compose service name contains a dot it will be replaced with an underscore.
+
+Complete list of valid target fields available for [HCL](#hcl-definition) and
+[JSON](#json-definition) definitions:
+
+| Name                | Type   | Description                                                                                                                                     |
+|---------------------|--------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `inherits`          | List   | [Inherit build options](#merging-and-inheritance) from other targets                                                                            |
+| `args`              | Map    | Set build-time variables (same as [`--build-arg` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))                     |
+| `cache-from`        | List   | External cache sources (same as [`--cache-from` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))                      |
+| `cache-to`          | List   | Cache export destinations (same as [`--cache-to` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))                     |
+| `context`           | String | Set of files located in the specified path or URL                                                                                               |
+| `contexts`          | Map    | Additional build contexts (same as [`--build-context` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))                |
+| `dockerfile`        | String | Name of the Dockerfile (same as [`--file` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))                            |
+| `dockerfile-inline` | String | Inline Dockerfile content                                                                                                                       |
+| `labels`            | Map    | Set metadata for an image (same as [`--label` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))                        |
+| `no-cache`          | Bool   | Do not use cache when building the image (same as [`--no-cache` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))      |
+| `no-cache-filter`   | List   | Do not cache specified stages (same as [`--no-cache-filter` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))          |
+| `output`            | List   | Output destination (same as [`--output` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))                              |
+| `platforms`         | List   | Set target platforms for build (same as [`--platform` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))                |
+| `pull`              | Bool   | Always attempt to pull all referenced images (same as [`--pull` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))      |
+| `secret`            | List   | Secret to expose to the build (same as [`--secret` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))                   |
+| `ssh`               | List   | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (same as [`--ssh` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))    |
+| `tags`              | List   | Name and optionally a tag in the format `name:tag` (same as [`--tag` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/)) |
+| `target`            | String | Set the target build stage to build (same as [`--target` flag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/))             |
+
+### Group
+
+A group is a grouping of targets:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+group "build" {
+  targets = ["db", "webapp-dev"]
+}
+
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+}
+
+target "db" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.db"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/db"]
+}
+```
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake build
+```
+
+### Variable
+
+Similar to how Terraform provides a way to [define variables](https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/variables.html#declaring-an-input-variable),
+the HCL file format also supports variable block definitions. These can be used
+to define variables with values provided by the current environment, or a
+default value when unset:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+variable "TAG" {
+  default = "latest"
+}
+
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
+}
+```
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake webapp-dev          # will use the default value "latest"
+$ TAG=dev docker buildx bake webapp-dev  # will use the TAG environment variable value
+```
+
+> **Tip**
+>
+> See also the [Configuring builds](configuring-build.md) page for advanced usage.
+
+### Functions
+
+A [set of generally useful functions](https://github.com/docker/buildx/blob/master/bake/hclparser/stdlib.go)
+provided by [go-cty](https://github.com/zclconf/go-cty/tree/main/cty/function/stdlib)
+are available for use in HCL files:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+  args = {
+    buildno = "${add(123, 1)}"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+In addition, [user defined functions](https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/main/ext/userfunc)
+are also supported:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+function "increment" {
+  params = [number]
+  result = number + 1
+}
+
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+  args = {
+    buildno = "${increment(123)}"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> See [User defined HCL functions](hcl-funcs.md) page for more details.
+
+## Built-in variables
+
+* `BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT` can be used to access the main `context` for bake command
+  from a bake file that has been [imported remotely](file-definition.md#remote-definition).
+* `BAKE_LOCAL_PLATFORM` returns the current platform's default platform
+  specification (e.g. `linux/amd64`).
+
+## Merging and inheritance
+
+Multiple files can include the same target and final build options will be
+determined by merging them together:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+}
+```
+```hcl
+# docker-bake2.hcl
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:dev"]
+}
+```
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.hcl -f docker-bake2.hcl webapp-dev
+```
+
+A group can specify its list of targets with the `targets` option. A target can
+inherit build options by setting the `inherits` option to the list of targets or
+groups to inherit from:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
+}
+
+target "webapp-release" {
+  inherits = ["webapp-dev"]
+  platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"]
+}
+```
+
+## `default` target/group
+
+When you invoke `bake` you specify what targets/groups you want to build. If no
+arguments is specified, the group/target named `default` will be built:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "default" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+}
+```
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake
+```
+
+## Definitions
+
+### HCL definition
+
+HCL definition file is recommended as its experience is more aligned with buildx UX
+and also allows better code reuse, different target groups and extended features.
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+variable "TAG" {
+  default = "latest"
+}
+
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["db", "webapp-dev"]
+}
+
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
+}
+
+target "webapp-release" {
+  inherits = ["webapp-dev"]
+  platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"]
+}
+
+target "db" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.db"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/db"]
+}
+```
+
+### JSON definition
+
+```json
+{
+  "variable": {
+    "TAG": {
+      "default": "latest"
+    }
+  },
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "db",
+        "webapp-dev"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp-dev": {
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile.webapp",
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"
+      ]
+    },
+    "webapp-release": {
+      "inherits": [
+        "webapp-dev"
+      ],
+      "platforms": [
+        "linux/amd64",
+        "linux/arm64"
+      ]
+    },
+    "db": {
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile.db",
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/username/db"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Compose file
+
+```yaml
+# docker-compose.yml
+services:
+  webapp:
+    image: docker.io/username/webapp:latest
+    build:
+      dockerfile: Dockerfile.webapp
+
+  db:
+    image: docker.io/username/db
+    build:
+      dockerfile: Dockerfile.db
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> See [Building from Compose file](compose-file.md) page for more details.
+
+## Remote definition
+
+You can also build bake files directly from a remote Git repository or HTTPS URL:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake "https://github.com/docker/cli.git#v20.10.11" --print
+#1 [internal] load git source https://github.com/docker/cli.git#v20.10.11
+#1 0.745 e8f1871b077b64bcb4a13334b7146492773769f7       refs/tags/v20.10.11
+#1 2.022 From https://github.com/docker/cli
+#1 2.022  * [new tag]         v20.10.11  -> v20.10.11
+#1 DONE 2.9s
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "binary"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "binary": {
+      "context": "https://github.com/docker/cli.git#v20.10.11",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "BASE_VARIANT": "alpine",
+        "GO_STRIP": "",
+        "VERSION": ""
+      },
+      "target": "binary",
+      "platforms": [
+        "local"
+      ],
+      "output": [
+        "build"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+As you can see the context is fixed to `https://github.com/docker/cli.git` even if
+[no context is actually defined](https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/2776a6d694f988c0c1df61cad4bfac0f54e481c8/docker-bake.hcl#L17-L26)
+in the definition.
+
+If you want to access the main context for bake command from a bake file
+that has been imported remotely, you can use the [`BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT` built-in var](#built-in-variables).
+
+```console
+$ cat https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tonistiigi/buildx/remote-test/docker-bake.hcl
+```
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  context = BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT
+  dockerfile-inline = <<EOT
+FROM alpine
+WORKDIR /src
+COPY . .
+RUN ls -l && stop
+EOT
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake "https://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx.git#remote-test" --print
+```
+```json
+{
+  "target": {
+    "default": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "dockerfile-inline": "FROM alpine\nWORKDIR /src\nCOPY . .\nRUN ls -l \u0026\u0026 stop\n"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ touch foo bar
+$ docker buildx bake "https://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx.git#remote-test"
+```
+```text
+...
+ > [4/4] RUN ls -l && stop:
+#8 0.101 total 0
+#8 0.102 -rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Jul 27 18:47 bar
+#8 0.102 -rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Jul 27 18:47 foo
+#8 0.102 /bin/sh: stop: not found
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake "https://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx.git#remote-test" "https://github.com/docker/cli.git#v20.10.11" --print
+#1 [internal] load git source https://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx.git#remote-test
+#1 0.429 577303add004dd7efeb13434d69ea030d35f7888       refs/heads/remote-test
+#1 CACHED
+```
+```json
+{
+  "target": {
+    "default": {
+      "context": "https://github.com/docker/cli.git#v20.10.11",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "dockerfile-inline": "FROM alpine\nWORKDIR /src\nCOPY . .\nRUN ls -l \u0026\u0026 stop\n"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake "https://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx.git#remote-test" "https://github.com/docker/cli.git#v20.10.11"
+```
+```text
+...
+ > [4/4] RUN ls -l && stop:
+#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    5 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 kubernetes
+#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    3 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 man
+#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    2 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 opts
+#8 0.136 -rw-rw-rw-    1 root     root          1893 Jul 27 18:31 poule.yml
+#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    7 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 scripts
+#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    3 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 service
+#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    2 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 templates
+#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx   10 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 vendor
+#8 0.136 -rwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          9620 Jul 27 18:31 vendor.conf
+#8 0.136 /bin/sh: stop: not found
+```

docs/guides/bake/hcl-funcs.md

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# User defined HCL functions
+
+## Using interpolation to tag an image with the git sha
+
+As shown in the [File definition](file-definition.md#variable) page, `bake`
+supports variable blocks which are assigned to matching environment variables
+or default values:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+variable "TAG" {
+  default = "latest"
+}
+
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["webapp"]
+}
+
+target "webapp" {
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
+}
+```
+
+alternatively, in json format:
+
+```json
+{
+  "variable": {
+    "TAG": {
+      "default": "latest"
+    }
+  },
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": ["webapp"]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "tags": ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:latest"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ TAG=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) docker buildx bake --print webapp
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/username/webapp:985e9e9"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Using the `add` function
+
+You can use [`go-cty` stdlib functions](https://github.com/zclconf/go-cty/tree/main/cty/function/stdlib).
+Here we are using the `add` function.
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+variable "TAG" {
+  default = "latest"
+}
+
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["webapp"]
+}
+
+target "webapp" {
+  args = {
+    buildno = "${add(123, 1)}"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "buildno": "124"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Defining an `increment` function
+
+It also supports [user defined functions](https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/main/ext/userfunc).
+The following example defines a simple an `increment` function.
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+function "increment" {
+  params = [number]
+  result = number + 1
+}
+
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["webapp"]
+}
+
+target "webapp" {
+  args = {
+    buildno = "${increment(123)}"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "buildno": "124"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Only adding tags if a variable is not empty using an `notequal`
+
+Here we are using the conditional `notequal` function which is just for
+symmetry with the `equal` one.
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+variable "TAG" {default="" }
+
+group "default" {
+  targets = [
+    "webapp",
+  ]
+}
+
+target "webapp" {
+  context="."
+  dockerfile="Dockerfile"
+  tags = [
+    "my-image:latest",
+    notequal("",TAG) ? "my-image:${TAG}": "",
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "tags": [
+        "my-image:latest"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Using variables in functions
+
+You can refer variables to other variables like the target blocks can. Stdlib
+functions can also be called but user functions can't at the moment.
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+variable "REPO" {
+  default = "user/repo"
+}
+
+function "tag" {
+  params = [tag]
+  result = ["${REPO}:${tag}"]
+}
+
+target "webapp" {
+  tags = tag("v1")
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "tags": [
+        "user/repo:v1"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Using typed variables
+
+Non-string variables are also accepted. The value passed with env is parsed
+into suitable type first.
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+variable "FOO" {
+  default = 3
+}
+
+variable "IS_FOO" {
+  default = true
+}
+
+target "app" {
+  args = {
+    v1 = FOO > 5 ? "higher" : "lower" 
+    v2 = IS_FOO ? "yes" : "no"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print app
+```
+```json
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "app"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "app": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "v1": "lower",
+        "v2": "yes"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```

docs/guides/bake/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# High-level build options with Bake
+
+> This command is experimental.
+>
+> The design of bake is in early stages, and we are looking for [feedback from users](https://github.com/docker/buildx/issues).
+{: .experimental }
+
+Buildx also aims to provide support for high-level build concepts that go beyond
+invoking a single build command. We want to support building all the images in
+your application together and let the users define project specific reusable
+build flows that can then be easily invoked by anyone.
+
+[BuildKit](https://github.com/moby/buildkit) efficiently handles multiple
+concurrent build requests and de-duplicating work. The build commands can be
+combined with general-purpose command runners (for example, `make`). However,
+these tools generally invoke builds in sequence  and therefore cannot leverage
+the full potential of BuildKit parallelization, or combine BuildKit's output
+for the user. For this use case, we have added a command called
+[`docker buildx bake`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_bake/).
+
+The `bake` command supports building images from HCL, JSON and Compose files.
+This is similar to [`docker compose build`](https://docs.docker.com/compose/reference/build/),
+but allowing all the services to be built concurrently as part of a single
+request. If multiple files are specified they are all read and configurations are
+combined.
+
+We recommend using HCL files as its experience is more aligned with buildx UX
+and also allows better code reuse, different target groups and extended features.
+
+## Next steps
+
+* [File definition](file-definition.md)
+* [Configuring builds](configuring-build.md)
+* [User defined HCL functions](hcl-funcs.md)
+* [Defining additional build contexts and linking targets](build-contexts.md)
+* [Building from Compose file](compose-file.md)

docs/guides/cicd.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# CI/CD
+
+## GitHub Actions
+
+Docker provides a [GitHub Action that will build and push your image](https://github.com/docker/build-push-action/#about)
+using Buildx. Here is a simple workflow:
+
+```yaml
+name: ci
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'main'
+
+jobs:
+  docker:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Login to DockerHub
+        uses: docker/login-action@v2 
+        with:
+          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
+      -
+        name: Build and push
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v2
+        with:
+          push: true
+          tags: user/app:latest
+```
+
+In this example we are also using 3 other actions:
+
+* [`setup-buildx`](https://github.com/docker/setup-buildx-action) action will create and boot a builder using by
+default the `docker-container` [builder driver](../reference/buildx_create.md#driver).
+This is **not required but recommended** using it to be able to build multi-platform images, export cache, etc.
+* [`setup-qemu`](https://github.com/docker/setup-qemu-action) action can be useful if you want
+to add emulation support with QEMU to be able to build against more platforms.
+* [`login`](https://github.com/docker/login-action) action will take care to log
+in against a Docker registry.

docs/guides/cni-networking.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# CNI networking
+
+It can be useful to use a bridge network for your builder if for example you
+encounter a network port contention during multiple builds. If you're using
+the BuildKit image, CNI is not yet available in it, but you can create
+[a custom BuildKit image with CNI support](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/cni-networking.md).
+
+Now build this image:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --tag buildkit-cni:local --load .
+```
+
+Then [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/) that
+will use this image:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --driver-opt "image=buildkit-cni:local" \
+  --buildkitd-flags "--oci-worker-net=cni"
+```

docs/guides/color-output.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Color output controls
+
+Buildx has support for modifying the colors that are used to output information
+to the terminal. You can set the environment variable `BUILDKIT_COLORS` to
+something like `run=123,20,245:error=yellow:cancel=blue:warning=white` to set
+the colors that you would like to use:
+
+![Progress output custom colors](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1951866/180584033-24522385-cafd-4a54-a4a2-18f5ce74eb27.png)
+
+Setting `NO_COLOR` to anything will disable any colorized output as recommended
+by [no-color.org](https://no-color.org/):
+
+![Progress output no color](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1951866/180584037-e28f9997-dd4c-49cf-8b26-04864815de19.png)
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> Parsing errors will be reported but ignored. This will result in default
+> color values being used where needed.
+
+See also [the list of pre-defined colors](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/util/progress/progressui/colors.go).

docs/guides/custom-network.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Using a custom network
+
+[Create a network](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/network_create/)
+named `foonet`:
+
+```console
+$ docker network create foonet
+```
+
+[Create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+named `mybuilder` that will use this network:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --driver-opt "network=foonet"
+```
+
+Boot and [inspect `mybuilder`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_inspect/):
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx inspect --bootstrap
+```
+
+[Inspect the builder container](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/inspect/)
+and see what network is being used:
+
+{% raw %}
+```console
+$ docker inspect buildx_buildkit_mybuilder0 --format={{.NetworkSettings.Networks}}
+map[foonet:0xc00018c0c0]
+```
+{% endraw %}

docs/guides/custom-registry-config.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Using a custom registry configuration
+
+If you [create a `docker-container` or `kubernetes` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/) and
+have specified certificates for registries in the [BuildKit daemon configuration](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md),
+the files will be copied into the container under `/etc/buildkit/certs` and
+configuration will be updated to reflect that.
+
+Take the following `buildkitd.toml` configuration that will be used for
+pushing an image to this registry using self-signed certificates:
+
+```toml
+# /etc/buildkitd.toml
+debug = true
+[registry."myregistry.com"]
+  ca=["/etc/certs/myregistry.pem"]
+  [[registry."myregistry.com".keypair]]
+    key="/etc/certs/myregistry_key.pem"
+    cert="/etc/certs/myregistry_cert.pem"
+```
+
+Here we have configured a self-signed certificate for `myregistry.com` registry.
+
+Now [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+that will use this BuildKit configuration:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --config /etc/buildkitd.toml
+```
+
+Inspecting the builder container, you can see that buildkitd configuration
+has changed:
+
+```console
+$ docker exec -it buildx_buildkit_mybuilder0 cat /etc/buildkit/buildkitd.toml
+```
+```toml
+debug = true
+
+[registry]
+
+  [registry."myregistry.com"]
+    ca = ["/etc/buildkit/certs/myregistry.com/myregistry.pem"]
+
+    [[registry."myregistry.com".keypair]]
+      cert = "/etc/buildkit/certs/myregistry.com/myregistry_cert.pem"
+      key = "/etc/buildkit/certs/myregistry.com/myregistry_key.pem"
+```
+
+And certificates copied inside the container:
+
+```console
+$ docker exec -it buildx_buildkit_mybuilder0 ls /etc/buildkit/certs/myregistry.com/
+myregistry.pem    myregistry_cert.pem   myregistry_key.pem
+```
+
+Now you should be able to push to the registry with this builder:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --push --tag myregistry.com/myimage:latest .
+```

docs/guides/drivers/docker-container.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Docker container driver
+
+The buildx docker-container driver allows creation of a managed and
+customizable BuildKit environment inside a dedicated Docker container.
+
+Using the docker-container driver has a couple of advantages over the basic
+docker driver. Firstly, we can manually override the version of buildkit to
+use, meaning that we can access the latest and greatest features as soon as
+they're released, instead of waiting to upgrade to a newer version of Docker.
+Additionally, we can access more complex features like multi-architecture
+builds and the more advanced cache exporters, which are currently unsupported
+in the default docker driver.
+
+We can easily create a new builder that uses the docker-container driver:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --name container --driver docker-container
+container
+```
+
+We should then be able to see it on our list of available builders:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx ls
+NAME/NODE       DRIVER/ENDPOINT      STATUS   BUILDKIT PLATFORMS
+container       docker-container                       
+  container0    desktop-linux        inactive          
+default         docker                                 
+  default       default              running  20.10.17 linux/amd64, linux/386
+```
+
+If we trigger a build, the appropriate `moby/buildkit` image will be pulled
+from [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/u/moby/buildkit), the image started,
+and our build submitted to our containerized build server.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build -t <image> --builder=container .
+WARNING: No output specified with docker-container driver. Build result will only remain in the build cache. To push result image into registry use --push or to load image into docker use --load
+#1 [internal] booting buildkit
+#1 pulling image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1
+#1 pulling image moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1 1.9s done
+#1 creating container buildx_buildkit_container0
+#1 creating container buildx_buildkit_container0 0.5s done
+#1 DONE 2.4s
+...
+```
+
+Note the warning "Build result will only remain in the build cache" - unlike
+the `docker` driver, the built image must be explicitly loaded into the local
+image store. We can use the `--load` flag for this:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --load -t <image> --builder=container .
+...
+ => exporting to oci image format                                                                                                      7.7s
+ => => exporting layers                                                                                                                4.9s
+ => => exporting manifest sha256:4e4ca161fa338be2c303445411900ebbc5fc086153a0b846ac12996960b479d3                                      0.0s 
+ => => exporting config sha256:adf3eec768a14b6e183a1010cb96d91155a82fd722a1091440c88f3747f1f53f                                        0.0s 
+ => => sending tarball                                                                                                                 2.8s 
+ => importing to docker   
+```
+
+The image should then be available in the image store:
+
+```console
+$ docker image ls
+REPOSITORY                       TAG               IMAGE ID       CREATED             SIZE
+<image>                          latest            adf3eec768a1   2 minutes ago       197MB
+```
+
+## Further reading
+
+For more information on the docker-container driver, see the [buildx reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver).
+
+<!--- FIXME: for 0.9, make reference link relative --->

docs/guides/drivers/docker.md

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# Docker driver
+
+The buildx docker driver is the default builtin driver, that uses the BuildKit
+server components built directly into the docker engine.
+
+No setup should be required for the docker driver - it should already be
+configured for you:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx ls
+NAME/NODE       DRIVER/ENDPOINT      STATUS   BUILDKIT PLATFORMS
+default         docker                                 
+  default       default              running  20.10.17 linux/amd64, linux/386
+```
+
+This builder is ready to build with out-of-the-box, requiring no extra setup,
+so you can get going with a `docker buildx build` as soon as you like.
+
+Depending on your personal setup, you may find multiple builders in your list
+the use the docker driver. For example, on a system that runs both a package
+managed version of dockerd, as well as Docker Desktop, you might have the
+following:
+
+```console
+NAME/NODE       DRIVER/ENDPOINT STATUS  BUILDKIT PLATFORMS
+default         docker                           
+  default       default         running 20.10.17 linux/amd64, linux/386
+desktop-linux * docker                           
+  desktop-linux desktop-linux   running 20.10.17 linux/amd64, linux/arm64, linux/riscv64, linux/ppc64le, linux/s390x, linux/386, linux/arm/v7, linux/arm/v6
+```
+
+This is because the docker driver builders are automatically pulled from
+the available [Docker Contexts](https://docs.docker.com/engine/context/working-with-contexts/).
+When you add new contexts using `docker context create`, these will appear in
+your list of buildx builders.
+
+Unlike the [other drivers](../index.md), builders using the docker driver
+cannot be manually created, and can only be automatically created from the
+docker context. Additionally, they cannot be configured to a specific BuildKit
+version, and cannot take any extra parameters, as these are both preset by the
+Docker engine internally.
+
+If you want the extra configuration and flexibility without too much more
+overhead, then see the help page for the [docker-container driver](./docker-container.md).
+
+## Further reading
+
+For more information on the docker driver, see the [buildx reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver).
+
+<!--- FIXME: for 0.9, make reference link relative --->

docs/guides/drivers/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Buildx drivers overview
+
+The buildx client connects out to the BuildKit backend to execute builds -
+Buildx drivers allow fine-grained control over management of the backend, and
+supports several different options for where and how BuildKit should run.
+
+Currently, we support the following drivers:
+
+- The `docker` driver, that uses the BuildKit library bundled into the Docker
+  daemon.
+  ([guide](./docker.md), [reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver))
+- The `docker-container` driver, that launches a dedicated BuildKit container
+  using Docker, for access to advanced features.
+  ([guide](./docker-container.md), [reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver))
+- The `kubernetes` driver, that launches dedicated BuildKit pods in a
+  remote Kubernetes cluster, for scalable builds.
+  ([guide](./kubernetes.md), [reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver))
+- The `remote` driver, that allows directly connecting to a manually managed
+  BuildKit daemon, for more custom setups.
+  ([guide](./remote.md))
+
+<!--- FIXME: for 0.9, make links relative, and add reference link for remote --->
+
+To create a new builder that uses one of the above drivers, you can use the
+[`docker buildx create`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/) command:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --name=<builder-name> --driver=<driver> --driver-opt=<driver-options>
+```
+
+The build experience is very similar across drivers, however, there are some
+features that are not evenly supported across the board, notably, the `docker`
+driver does not include support for certain output/caching types.
+
+| Feature                       |    `docker`     | `docker-container` | `kubernetes` |        `remote`        |
+| :---------------------------- | :-------------: | :----------------: | :----------: | :--------------------: |
+| **Automatic `--load`**        |        ✅        |         ❌          |      ❌       |           ❌            |
+| **Cache export**              | ❔ (inline only) |         ✅          |      ✅       |           ✅            |
+| **Docker/OCI tarball output** |        ❌        |         ✅          |      ✅       |           ✅            |
+| **Multi-arch images**         |        ❌        |         ✅          |      ✅       |           ✅            |
+| **BuildKit configuration**    |        ❌        |         ✅          |      ✅       | ❔ (managed externally) |

docs/guides/drivers/kubernetes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# Kubernetes driver
+
+The buildx kubernetes driver allows connecting your local development or ci
+environments to your kubernetes cluster to allow access to more powerful
+and varied compute resources.
+
+This guide assumes you already have an existing kubernetes cluster - if you don't already
+have one, you can easily follow along by installing
+[minikube](https://minikube.sigs.k8s.io/docs/).
+
+Before connecting buildx to your cluster, you may want to create a dedicated
+namespace using `kubectl` to keep your buildx-managed resources separate. You
+can call your namespace anything you want, or use the existing `default`
+namespace, but we'll create a `buildkit` namespace for now:
+
+```console
+$ kubectl create namespace buildkit
+```
+
+Then create a new buildx builder:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --bootstrap \
+  --name=kube \
+  --driver=kubernetes \
+  --driver-opt=namespace=buildkit
+```
+
+This assumes that the kubernetes cluster you want to connect to is currently
+accessible via the kubectl command, with the `KUBECONFIG` environment variable
+[set appropriately](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/configure-access-multiple-clusters/#set-the-kubeconfig-environment-variable)
+if neccessary.
+
+You should now be able to see the builder in the list of buildx builders:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx ls
+NAME/NODE                DRIVER/ENDPOINT STATUS  PLATFORMS
+kube                     kubernetes              
+  kube0-6977cdcb75-k9h9m                 running linux/amd64, linux/amd64/v2, linux/amd64/v3, linux/386
+default *                docker
+  default                default         running linux/amd64, linux/386
+```
+
+The buildx driver creates the neccessary resources on your cluster in the
+specified namespace (in this case, `buildkit`), while keeping your
+driver configuration locally. You can see the running pods with:
+
+```console
+$ kubectl -n buildkit get deployments
+NAME    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
+kube0   1/1     1            1           32s
+
+$ kubectl -n buildkit get pods
+NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
+kube0-6977cdcb75-k9h9m   1/1     Running   0          32s
+```
+
+You can use your new builder by including the `--builder` flag when running
+buildx commands. For example (replacing `<user>` and `<image>` with your Docker
+Hub username and desired image output respectively):
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build . \
+  --builder=kube \
+  -t <user>/<image> \
+  --push
+```
+
+## Scaling Buildkit
+
+One of the main advantages of the kubernetes builder is that you can easily
+scale your builder up and down to handle increased build load. These controls
+are exposed via the following options:
+
+- `replicas=N`
+  - This scales the number of buildkit pods to the desired size. By default,
+    only a single pod will be created, but increasing this allows taking of
+    advantage of multiple nodes in your cluster.
+- `requests.cpu`, `requests.memory`, `limits.cpu`, `limits.memory`
+  - These options allow requesting and limiting the resources available to each
+    buildkit pod according to the official kubernetes documentation
+    [here](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-resources-containers/).
+    
+For example, to create 4 replica buildkit pods:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --bootstrap \
+  --name=kube \
+  --driver=kubernetes \
+  --driver-opt=namespace=buildkit,replicas=4
+```
+
+Listing the pods, we get:
+
+```console
+$ kubectl -n buildkit get deployments
+NAME    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
+kube0   4/4     4            4           8s
+
+$ kubectl -n buildkit get pods
+NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
+kube0-6977cdcb75-48ld2   1/1     Running   0          8s
+kube0-6977cdcb75-rkc6b   1/1     Running   0          8s
+kube0-6977cdcb75-vb4ks   1/1     Running   0          8s
+kube0-6977cdcb75-z4fzs   1/1     Running   0          8s
+```
+    
+Additionally, you can use the `loadbalance=(sticky|random)` option to control
+the load-balancing behavior when there are multiple replicas. While `random`
+should selects random nodes from the available pool, which should provide
+better balancing across all replicas, `sticky` (the default) attempts to
+connect the same build performed multiple times to the same node each time,
+ensuring better local cache utilization.
+
+For more information on scalability, see the options for [buildx create](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver-opt).
+
+## Multi-platform builds
+
+The kubernetes buildx driver has support for creating [multi-platform images](https://docs.docker.com/build/buildx/multiplatform-images/),
+for easily building for multiple platforms at once.
+
+### QEMU
+
+Like the other containerized driver `docker-container`, the kubernetes driver
+also supports using [QEMU](https://www.qemu.org/) (user mode) to build
+non-native platforms. If using a default setup like above, no extra setup
+should be needed, you should just be able to start building for other
+architectures, by including the `--platform` flag.
+
+For example, to build a Linux image for `amd64` and `arm64`:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build . \
+  --builder=kube \
+  --platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64 \
+  -t <user>/<image> \
+  --push
+```
+
+> **Warning**
+> QEMU performs full-system emulation of non-native platforms, which is *much*
+> slower than native builds. Compute-heavy tasks like compilation and
+> compression/decompression will likely take a large performance hit.
+
+Note, if you're using a custom buildkit image using the `image=<image>` driver
+option, or invoking non-native binaries from within your build, you may need to
+explicitly enable QEMU using the `qemu.install` option during driver creation:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --bootstrap \
+  --name=kube \
+  --driver=kubernetes \
+  --driver-opt=namespace=buildkit,qemu.install=true
+```
+
+### Native
+
+If you have access to cluster nodes of different architectures, we can
+configure the kubernetes driver to take advantage of these for native builds.
+To do this, we need to use the `--append` feature of `docker buildx create`.
+
+To start, we can create our builder with explicit support for a single
+architecture, `amd64`:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --bootstrap \
+  --name=kube \
+  --driver=kubernetes \
+  --platform=linux/amd64 \
+  --node=builder-amd64 \
+  --driver-opt=namespace=buildkit,nodeselector="kubernetes.io/arch=amd64"
+```
+
+This creates a buildx builder `kube` containing a single builder node `builder-amd64`.
+Note that the buildx concept of a node is not the same as the kubernetes
+concept of a node - the buildx node in this case could connect multiple
+kubernetes nodes of the same architecture together.
+
+With our `kube` driver created, we can now introduce another architecture into
+the mix, for example, like before we can use `arm64`:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --append \
+  --bootstrap \
+  --name=kube \
+  --driver=kubernetes \
+  --platform=linux/arm64 \
+  --node=builder-arm64 \
+  --driver-opt=namespace=buildkit,nodeselector="kubernetes.io/arch=arm64"
+```
+
+If you list builders now, you should be able to see both nodes present:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx ls
+NAME/NODE       DRIVER/ENDPOINT                                         STATUS   PLATFORMS
+kube            kubernetes                                                       
+  builder-amd64 kubernetes:///kube?deployment=builder-amd64&kubeconfig= running  linux/amd64*, linux/amd64/v2, linux/amd64/v3, linux/386
+  builder-arm64 kubernetes:///kube?deployment=builder-arm64&kubeconfig= running  linux/arm64*
+```
+
+You should now be able to build multi-arch images with `amd64` and `arm64`
+combined, by specifying those platforms together in your buildx command:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --builder=kube --platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64 -t <user>/<image> --push .
+```
+
+You can repeat the `buildx create --append` command for as many different
+architectures that you want to support.
+
+## Rootless mode
+
+The kubernetes driver supports rootless mode. For more information on how
+rootless mode works, and it's requirements, see [here](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/rootless.md).
+
+To enable it in your cluster, you can use the `rootless=true` driver option:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --name=kube \
+  --driver=kubernetes \
+  --driver-opt=namespace=buildkit,rootless=true
+```
+
+This will create your pods without `securityContext.privileged`.
+
+## Further reading
+
+For more information on the kubernetes driver, see the [buildx reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver).
+
+<!--- FIXME: for 0.9, make reference link relative --->

docs/guides/drivers/remote.md

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# Remote driver
+
+The buildx remote driver allows for more complex custom build workloads that
+allow users to connect to external buildkit instances. This is useful for
+scenarios that require manual management of the buildkit daemon, or where a
+buildkit daemon is exposed from another source.
+
+To connect to a running buildkitd instance:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --name remote \
+  --driver remote \
+  tcp://localhost:1234
+```
+
+## Remote Buildkit over Unix sockets
+
+In this scenario, we'll create a setup with buildkitd listening on a unix
+socket, and have buildx connect through it.
+
+Firstly, ensure that [buildkit](https://github.com/moby/buildkit) is installed.
+For example, you can launch an instance of buildkitd with:
+
+```console
+$ sudo ./buildkitd --group $(id -gn) --addr unix://$HOME/buildkitd.sock
+```
+
+Alternatively, [see here](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/rootless.md)
+for running buildkitd in rootless mode or [here](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/tree/master/examples/systemd)
+for examples of running it as a systemd service.
+
+You should now have a unix socket accessible to your user, that is available to
+connect to:
+
+```console
+$ ls -lh /home/user/buildkitd.sock
+srw-rw---- 1 root user 0 May  5 11:04 /home/user/buildkitd.sock
+```
+
+You can then connect buildx to it with the remote driver:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --name remote-unix \
+  --driver remote \
+  unix://$HOME/buildkitd.sock
+```
+        
+If you list available builders, you should then see `remote-unix` among them:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx ls
+NAME/NODE           DRIVER/ENDPOINT                        STATUS  PLATFORMS
+remote-unix         remote
+  remote-unix0      unix:///home/.../buildkitd.sock        running linux/amd64, linux/amd64/v2, linux/amd64/v3, linux/386
+default *           docker
+  default           default                                running linux/amd64, linux/386
+```
+
+We can switch to this new builder as the default using `docker buildx use remote-unix`,
+or specify it per build:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --builder=remote-unix -t test --load .
+```
+
+(remember that `--load` is necessary when not using the default `docker`
+driver, to load the build result into the docker daemon)
+
+## Remote Buildkit in Docker container
+
+In this scenario, we'll create a similar setup to the `docker-container`
+driver, by manually booting a buildkit docker container and connecting to it
+using the buildx remote driver. In most cases you'd probably just use the
+`docker-container` driver that connects to buildkit through the Docker daemon,
+but in this case we manually create a container and access it via it's exposed
+port.
+
+First, we need to generate certificates for buildkit - you can use the 
+[create-certs.sh](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/v0.10.3/master/examples/kubernetes/create-certs.sh)
+script as a starting point. Note, that while it is *possible* to expose
+buildkit over TCP without using TLS, it is **not recommended**, since this will
+allow arbitrary access to buildkit without credentials.
+
+With our certificates generated in `.certs/`, we startup the container:
+
+```console
+$ docker run -d --rm \
+  --name=remote-buildkitd \
+  --privileged \
+  -p 1234:1234 \
+  -v $PWD/.certs:/etc/buildkit/certs \
+  moby/buildkit:latest \
+  --addr tcp://0.0.0.0:1234 \
+  --tlscacert /etc/buildkit/certs/ca.pem \
+  --tlscert /etc/buildkit/certs/daemon-cert.pem \
+  --tlskey /etc/buildkit/certs/daemon-key.pem
+```
+
+The above command starts a buildkit container and exposes the daemon's port
+1234 to localhost.
+
+We can now connect to this running container using buildx:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --name remote-container \
+  --driver remote \
+  --driver-opt cacert=.certs/ca.pem,cert=.certs/client-cert.pem,key=.certs/client-key.pem,servername=... \
+  tcp://localhost:1234
+```
+
+Alternatively, we could use the `docker-container://` URL scheme to connect
+to the buildkit container without specifying a port:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --name remote-container \
+  --driver remote \
+  docker-container://remote-container
+```
+
+## Remote Buildkit in Kubernetes
+
+In this scenario, we'll create a similar setup to the `kubernetes` driver by
+manually creating a buildkit `Deployment`. While the `kubernetes` driver will
+do this under-the-hood, it might sometimes be desirable to scale buildkit
+manually. Additionally, when executing builds from inside Kubernetes pods,
+the buildx builder will need to be recreated from within each pod or copied
+between them.
+
+Firstly, we can create a kubernetes deployment of buildkitd, as per the
+instructions [here](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/tree/master/examples/kubernetes).
+Following the guide, we setup certificates for the buildkit daemon and client
+(as above using [create-certs.sh](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/v0.10.3/examples/kubernetes/create-certs.sh))
+and create a `Deployment` of buildkit pods with a service that connects to
+them.
+
+Assuming that the service is called `buildkitd`, we can create a remote builder
+in buildx, ensuring that the listed certificate files are present:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --name remote-kubernetes \
+  --driver remote \
+  --driver-opt cacert=.certs/ca.pem,cert=.certs/client-cert.pem,key=.certs/client-key.pem \
+  tcp://buildkitd.default.svc:1234
+```
+
+Note that the above will only work in-cluster (since the buildkit setup guide
+only creates a ClusterIP service). To configure the builder to be accessible
+remotely, you can use an appropriately configured Ingress, which is outside the
+scope of this guide.
+
+To access the service remotely, we can use the port forwarding mechanism in
+kubectl:
+
+```console
+$ kubectl port-forward svc/buildkitd 1234:1234
+```
+
+Then you can simply point the remote driver at `tcp://localhost:1234`.
+
+Alternatively, we could use the `kube-pod://` URL scheme to connect
+directly to a buildkit pod through the kubernetes api (note that this method
+will only connect to a single pod in the deployment):
+
+```console
+$ kubectl get pods --selector=app=buildkitd -o json | jq -r '.items[].metadata.name
+buildkitd-XXXXXXXXXX-xxxxx
+$ docker buildx create \
+  --name remote-container \
+  --driver remote \
+  kube-pod://buildkitd-XXXXXXXXXX-xxxxx
+```
+
+<!--- FIXME: for 0.9, add further reading section with link to reference --->

docs/guides/opentelemetry.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# OpenTelemetry support
+
+To capture the trace to [Jaeger](https://github.com/jaegertracing/jaeger), set
+`JAEGER_TRACE` environment variable to the collection address using a `driver-opt`.
+
+First create a Jaeger container:
+
+```console
+$ docker run -d --name jaeger -p "6831:6831/udp" -p "16686:16686" jaegertracing/all-in-one
+```
+
+Then [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+that will use the Jaeger instance via the `JAEGER_TRACE` env var:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --driver-opt "network=host" \
+  --driver-opt "env.JAEGER_TRACE=localhost:6831"
+```
+
+Boot and [inspect `mybuilder`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_inspect/):
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx inspect --bootstrap
+```
+
+Buildx commands should be traced at `http://127.0.0.1:16686/`:
+
+![OpenTelemetry Buildx Bake](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1951866/124468052-ef085400-dd98-11eb-84ab-7ac8e261dd52.png)

docs/guides/registry-mirror.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Registry mirror
+
+You can define a registry mirror to use for your builds by providing a [BuildKit daemon configuration](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md)
+while creating a builder with the [`--config` flags](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#config).
+
+```toml
+# /etc/buildkitd.toml
+debug = true
+[registry."docker.io"]
+  mirrors = ["mirror.gcr.io"]
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> `debug = true` has been added to be able to debug requests
+> in the BuildKit daemon and see if the mirror is effectively used.
+
+Then [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+that will use this BuildKit configuration:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --config /etc/buildkitd.toml
+```
+
+Boot and [inspect `mybuilder`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_inspect/):
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx inspect --bootstrap
+```
+
+Build an image:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --load . -f-<<EOF
+FROM alpine
+RUN echo "hello world"
+EOF
+```
+
+Now let's check the BuildKit logs in the builder container:
+
+```console
+$ docker logs buildx_buildkit_mybuilder0
+```
+```text
+...
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="do request" request.header.accept="application/vnd.docker.container.image.v1+json, */*" request.header.user-agent=containerd/1.5.8+unknown request.method=GET spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="fetch response received" response.header.accept-ranges=bytes response.header.age=1356 response.header.alt-svc="h3=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-29=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=\":443\"; ma=2592000,quic=\":443\"; ma=2592000; v=\"46,43\"" response.header.cache-control="public, max-age=3600" response.header.content-length=1469 response.header.content-type=application/octet-stream response.header.date="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 17:25:17 GMT" response.header.etag="\"774380abda8f4eae9a149e5d5d3efc83\"" response.header.expires="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 18:25:17 GMT" response.header.last-modified="Wed, 24 Nov 2021 21:07:57 GMT" response.header.server=UploadServer response.header.x-goog-generation=1637788077652182 response.header.x-goog-hash="crc32c=V3DSrg==" response.header.x-goog-hash.1="md5=d0OAq9qPTq6aFJ5dXT78gw==" response.header.x-goog-metageneration=1 response.header.x-goog-storage-class=STANDARD response.header.x-goog-stored-content-encoding=identity response.header.x-goog-stored-content-length=1469 response.header.x-guploader-uploadid=ADPycduqQipVAXc3tzXmTzKQ2gTT6CV736B2J628smtD1iDytEyiYCgvvdD8zz9BT1J1sASUq9pW_ctUyC4B-v2jvhIxnZTlKg response.status="200 OK" spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="fetch response received" response.header.accept-ranges=bytes response.header.age=760 response.header.alt-svc="h3=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-29=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=\":443\"; ma=2592000,quic=\":443\"; ma=2592000; v=\"46,43\"" response.header.cache-control="public, max-age=3600" response.header.content-length=1471 response.header.content-type=application/octet-stream response.header.date="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 17:35:13 GMT" response.header.etag="\"35d688bd15327daafcdb4d4395e616a8\"" response.header.expires="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 18:35:13 GMT" response.header.last-modified="Wed, 24 Nov 2021 21:07:12 GMT" response.header.server=UploadServer response.header.x-goog-generation=1637788032100793 response.header.x-goog-hash="crc32c=aWgRjA==" response.header.x-goog-hash.1="md5=NdaIvRUyfar8201DleYWqA==" response.header.x-goog-metageneration=1 response.header.x-goog-storage-class=STANDARD response.header.x-goog-stored-content-encoding=identity response.header.x-goog-stored-content-length=1471 response.header.x-guploader-uploadid=ADPycdtR-gJYwC7yHquIkJWFFG8FovDySvtmRnZBqlO3yVDanBXh_VqKYt400yhuf0XbQ3ZMB9IZV2vlcyHezn_Pu3a1SMMtiw response.status="200 OK" spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg=fetch spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg=fetch spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg=fetch spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg=fetch spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="do request" request.header.accept="application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip, */*" request.header.user-agent=containerd/1.5.8+unknown request.method=GET spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="fetch response received" response.header.accept-ranges=bytes response.header.age=1356 response.header.alt-svc="h3=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-29=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=\":443\"; ma=2592000,quic=\":443\"; ma=2592000; v=\"46,43\"" response.header.cache-control="public, max-age=3600" response.header.content-length=2818413 response.header.content-type=application/octet-stream response.header.date="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 17:25:17 GMT" response.header.etag="\"1d55e7be5a77c4a908ad11bc33ebea1c\"" response.header.expires="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 18:25:17 GMT" response.header.last-modified="Wed, 24 Nov 2021 21:07:06 GMT" response.header.server=UploadServer response.header.x-goog-generation=1637788026431708 response.header.x-goog-hash="crc32c=ZojF+g==" response.header.x-goog-hash.1="md5=HVXnvlp3xKkIrRG8M+vqHA==" response.header.x-goog-metageneration=1 response.header.x-goog-storage-class=STANDARD response.header.x-goog-stored-content-encoding=identity response.header.x-goog-stored-content-length=2818413 response.header.x-guploader-uploadid=ADPycdsebqxiTBJqZ0bv9zBigjFxgQydD2ESZSkKchpE0ILlN9Ibko3C5r4fJTJ4UR9ddp-UBd-2v_4eRpZ8Yo2llW_j4k8WhQ response.status="200 OK" spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+...
+```
+
+As you can see, requests come from the GCR registry mirror (`response.header.x-goog*`).

docs/guides/resource-limiting.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Resource limiting
+
+## Max parallelism
+
+You can limit the parallelism of the BuildKit solver, which is particularly useful
+for low-powered machines, using a [BuildKit daemon configuration](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md)
+while creating a builder with the [`--config` flags](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#config).
+
+```toml
+# /etc/buildkitd.toml
+[worker.oci]
+  max-parallelism = 4
+```
+
+Now you can [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+that will use this BuildKit configuration to limit parallelism.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --config /etc/buildkitd.toml
+```
+
+## Limit on TCP connections
+
+We are also now limiting TCP connections to **4 per registry** with an additional
+connection not used for layer pulls and pushes. This limitation will be able to
+manage TCP connection per host to avoid your build being stuck while pulling
+images. The additional connection is used for metadata requests
+(image config retrieval) to enhance the overall build time.
+
+More info: [moby/buildkit#2259](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/pull/2259)

docs/reference/buildx.md

@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ Extended build capabilities with BuildKit
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->

docs/reference/buildx_bake.md

@@ -9,22 +9,22 @@ Build from a file
 
 ### Aliases
 
-`bake`, `f`
+`docker buildx bake`, `docker buildx f`
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`-f`](#file), [`--file stringArray`](#file) | Build definition file |
-| `--load` | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=docker` |
-| `--metadata-file string` | Write build result metadata to the file |
-| [`--no-cache`](#no-cache) | Do not use cache when building the image |
-| [`--print`](#print) | Print the options without building |
-| [`--progress string`](#progress) | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
-| [`--pull`](#pull) | Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image |
-| `--push` | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=registry` |
-| [`--set stringArray`](#set) | Override target value (e.g., `targetpattern.key=value`) |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
+| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file) | `stringArray` |  | Build definition file |
+| `--load` |  |  | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=docker` |
+| `--metadata-file` | `string` |  | Write build result metadata to the file |
+| [`--no-cache`](#no-cache) |  |  | Do not use cache when building the image |
+| [`--print`](#print) |  |  | Print the options without building |
+| [`--progress`](#progress) | `string` | `auto` | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
+| [`--pull`](#pull) |  |  | Always attempt to pull all referenced images |
+| `--push` |  |  | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=registry` |
+| [`--set`](#set) | `stringArray` |  | Override target value (e.g., `targetpattern.key=value`) |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -34,12 +34,14 @@ Build from a file
 Bake is a high-level build command. Each specified target will run in parallel
 as part of the build.
 
-Read [High-level build options](https://github.com/docker/buildx#high-level-build-options)
-for introduction.
+Read [High-level build options with Bake](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/)
+guide for introduction to writing bake files.
 
-Please note that `buildx bake` command may receive backwards incompatible
-features in the future if needed. We are looking for feedback on improving the
-command and extending the functionality further.
+> **Note**
+>
+> `buildx bake` command may receive backwards incompatible features in the future
+> if needed. We are looking for feedback on improving the command and extending
+> the functionality further.
 
 ## Examples
 
@@ -49,172 +51,42 @@ Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
 
 ### <a name="file"></a> Specify a build definition file (-f, --file)
 
-By default, `buildx bake` looks for build definition files in the current
-directory, the following are parsed:
-
-- `docker-compose.yml`
-- `docker-compose.yaml`
-- `docker-bake.json`
-- `docker-bake.override.json`
-- `docker-bake.hcl`
-- `docker-bake.override.hcl`
-
-Use the `-f` / `--file` option to specify the build definition file to use. The
-file can be a Docker Compose, JSON or HCL file. If multiple files are specified
+Use the `-f` / `--file` option to specify the build definition file to use.
+The file can be an HCL, JSON or Compose file. If multiple files are specified
 they are all read and configurations are combined.
 
-The following example uses a Docker Compose file named `docker-compose.dev.yaml`
-as build definition file, and builds all targets in the file:
+You can pass the names of the targets to build, to build only specific target(s).
+The following example builds the `db` and `webapp-release` targets that are
+defined in the `docker-bake.dev.hcl` file:
 
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake -f docker-compose.dev.yaml
-
-[+] Building 66.3s (30/30) FINISHED
- => [frontend internal] load build definition from Dockerfile  0.1s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 36B                            0.0s
- => [backend internal] load build definition from Dockerfile   0.2s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 3.73kB                         0.0s
- => [database internal] load build definition from Dockerfile  0.1s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 5.77kB                         0.0s
- ...
-```
-
-Pass the names of the targets to build, to build only specific target(s). The
-following example builds the `backend` and `database` targets that are defined
-in the `docker-compose.dev.yaml` file, skipping the build for the `frontend`
-target:
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake -f docker-compose.dev.yaml backend database
-
-[+] Building 2.4s (13/13) FINISHED
- => [backend internal] load build definition from Dockerfile  0.1s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 81B                           0.0s
- => [database internal] load build definition from Dockerfile 0.2s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 36B                           0.0s
- => [backend internal] load .dockerignore                     0.3s
- ...
-```
-
-You can also use a remote `git` bake definition:
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake "git://github.com/docker/cli#master" --print
-#1 [internal] load git source git://github.com/docker/cli#master
-#1 0.686 2776a6d694f988c0c1df61cad4bfac0f54e481c8       refs/heads/master
-#1 CACHED
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "binary"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "binary": {
-      "context": "git://github.com/docker/cli#master",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "args": {
-        "BASE_VARIANT": "alpine",
-        "GO_STRIP": "",
-        "VERSION": ""
-      },
-      "target": "binary",
-      "platforms": [
-        "local"
-      ],
-      "output": [
-        "build"
-      ]
-    }
-  }
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.dev.hcl
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["db", "webapp-dev"]
 }
-```
 
-As you can see the context is fixed to `git://github.com/docker/cli` even if
-[no context is actually defined](https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/2776a6d694f988c0c1df61cad4bfac0f54e481c8/docker-bake.hcl#L17-L26)
-in the definition.
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp"]
+}
 
-If you want to access the main context for bake command from a bake file
-that has been imported remotely, you can use the `BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT` builtin var:
+target "webapp-release" {
+  inherits = ["webapp-dev"]
+  platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"]
+}
 
-```console
-$ cat https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tonistiigi/buildx/remote-test/docker-bake.hcl
-target "default" {
-  context = BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT
-  dockerfile-inline = <<EOT
-FROM alpine
-WORKDIR /src
-COPY . .
-RUN ls -l && stop
-EOT
+target "db" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.db"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/db"]
 }
 ```
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx bake "git://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx#remote-test" --print
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "default"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "default": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "dockerfile-inline": "FROM alpine\nWORKDIR /src\nCOPY . .\nRUN ls -l \u0026\u0026 stop\n"
-    }
-  }
-}
+$ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.dev.hcl db webapp-release
 ```
 
-```console
-$ touch foo bar
-$ docker buildx bake "git://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx#remote-test"
-...
- > [4/4] RUN ls -l && stop:
-#8 0.101 total 0
-#8 0.102 -rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Jul 27 18:47 bar
-#8 0.102 -rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Jul 27 18:47 foo
-#8 0.102 /bin/sh: stop: not found
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake "git://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx#remote-test" "git://github.com/docker/cli#master" --print
-#1 [internal] load git source git://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx#remote-test
-#1 0.401 577303add004dd7efeb13434d69ea030d35f7888       refs/heads/remote-test
-#1 CACHED
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "default"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "default": {
-      "context": "git://github.com/docker/cli#master",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "dockerfile-inline": "FROM alpine\nWORKDIR /src\nCOPY . .\nRUN ls -l \u0026\u0026 stop\n"
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake "git://github.com/tonistiigi/buildx#remote-test" "git://github.com/docker/cli#master"
-...
- > [4/4] RUN ls -l && stop:
-#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    5 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 kubernetes
-#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    3 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 man
-#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    2 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 opts
-#8 0.136 -rw-rw-rw-    1 root     root          1893 Jul 27 18:31 poule.yml
-#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    7 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 scripts
-#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    3 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 service
-#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx    2 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 templates
-#8 0.136 drwxrwxrwx   10 root     root          4096 Jul 27 18:31 vendor
-#8 0.136 -rwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          9620 Jul 27 18:31 vendor.conf
-#8 0.136 /bin/sh: stop: not found
-```
+See our [file definition](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/file-definition/)
+guide for more details.
 
 ### <a name="no-cache"></a> Do not use cache when building the image (--no-cache)
 
@@ -229,9 +101,11 @@ format, without starting a build.
 $ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.hcl --print db
 {
   "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "db"
-    ]
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "db"
+      ]
+    }
   },
   "target": {
     "db": {
@@ -247,27 +121,7 @@ $ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.hcl --print db
 
 ### <a name="progress"></a> Set type of progress output (--progress)
 
-Same as [`build --progress`](buildx_build.md#progress). Set type of progress
-output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container output (default "auto").
-
-> You can also use the `BUILDKIT_PROGRESS` environment variable to set its value.
-
-The following example uses `plain` output during the build:
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --progress=plain
-
-#2 [backend internal] load build definition from Dockerfile.test
-#2 sha256:de70cb0bb6ed8044f7b9b1b53b67f624e2ccfb93d96bb48b70c1fba562489618
-#2 ...
-
-#1 [database internal] load build definition from Dockerfile.test
-#1 sha256:453cb50abd941762900a1212657a35fc4aad107f5d180b0ee9d93d6b74481bce
-#1 transferring dockerfile: 36B done
-#1 DONE 0.1s
-...
-```
-
+Same as [`build --progress`](buildx_build.md#progress).
 
 ### <a name="pull"></a> Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image (--pull)
 
@@ -282,9 +136,6 @@ Same as `build --pull`.
 Override target configurations from command line. The pattern matching syntax
 is defined in https://golang.org/pkg/path/#Match.
 
-
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx bake --set target.args.mybuildarg=value
 $ docker buildx bake --set target.platform=linux/arm64
@@ -294,581 +145,20 @@ $ docker buildx bake --set foo*.no-cache              # bypass caching only for
 ```
 
 Complete list of overridable fields:
-`args`, `cache-from`, `cache-to`, `context`, `dockerfile`, `labels`, `no-cache`,
-`output`, `platform`, `pull`, `secrets`, `ssh`, `tags`, `target`
 
-### File definition
-
-In addition to compose files, bake supports a JSON and an equivalent HCL file
-format for defining build groups and targets.
-
-A target reflects a single docker build invocation with the same options that
-you would specify for `docker build`. A group is a grouping of targets.
-
-Multiple files can include the same target and final build options will be
-determined by merging them together.
-
-In the case of compose files, each service corresponds to a target.
-
-A group can specify its list of targets with the `targets` option. A target can
-inherit build options by setting the `inherits` option to the list of targets or
-groups to inherit from.
-
-Note: Design of bake command is work in progress, the user experience may change
-based on feedback.
-
-
-**Example HCL definition**
-
-```hcl
-group "default" {
-    targets = ["db", "webapp-dev"]
-}
-
-target "webapp-dev" {
-    dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
-    tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp"]
-}
-
-target "webapp-release" {
-    inherits = ["webapp-dev"]
-    platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"]
-}
-
-target "db" {
-    dockerfile = "Dockerfile.db"
-    tags = ["docker.io/username/db"]
-}
-```
-
-Complete list of valid target fields:
-
-`args`, `cache-from`, `cache-to`, `context`, `dockerfile`, `inherits`, `labels`,
-`no-cache`, `output`, `platform`, `pull`, `secrets`, `ssh`, `tags`, `target`
-
-### Global scope attributes
-
-You can define global scope attributes in HCL/JSON and use them for code reuse
-and setting values for variables. This means you can do a "data-only" HCL file
-with the values you want to set/override and use it in the list of regular
-output files.
-
-```hcl
-# docker-bake.hcl
-variable "FOO" {
-    default = "abc"
-}
-
-target "app" {
-    args = {
-        v1 = "pre-${FOO}"
-    }
-}
-```
-
-You can use this file directly:
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --print app
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "app"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "app": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "args": {
-        "v1": "pre-abc"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-Or create an override configuration file:
-
-```hcl
-# env.hcl
-WHOAMI="myuser"
-FOO="def-${WHOAMI}"
-```
-
-And invoke bake together with both of the files:
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.hcl -f env.hcl --print app
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "app"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "app": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "args": {
-        "v1": "pre-def-myuser"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### HCL variables and functions
-
-Similar to how Terraform provides a way to [define variables](https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/variables.html#declaring-an-input-variable),
-the HCL file format also supports variable block definitions. These can be used
-to define variables with values provided by the current environment, or a
-default value when unset.
-
-A [set of generally useful functions](https://github.com/docker/buildx/blob/master/bake/hclparser/stdlib.go)
-provided by [go-cty](https://github.com/zclconf/go-cty/tree/main/cty/function/stdlib)
-are available for use in HCL files. In addition, [user defined functions](https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/main/ext/userfunc)
-are also supported.
-
-#### Using interpolation to tag an image with the git sha
-
-Bake supports variable blocks which are assigned to matching environment
-variables or default values.
-
-```hcl
-# docker-bake.hcl
-variable "TAG" {
-    default = "latest"
-}
-
-group "default" {
-    targets = ["webapp"]
-}
-
-target "webapp" {
-    tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "webapp"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "webapp": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "tags": [
-        "docker.io/username/webapp:latest"
-      ]
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ TAG=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "webapp"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "webapp": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "tags": [
-        "docker.io/username/webapp:985e9e9"
-      ]
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-#### Using the `add` function
-
-You can use [`go-cty` stdlib functions](https://github.com/zclconf/go-cty/tree/main/cty/function/stdlib).
-Here we are using the `add` function.
-
-```hcl
-# docker-bake.hcl
-variable "TAG" {
-    default = "latest"
-}
-
-group "default" {
-    targets = ["webapp"]
-}
-
-target "webapp" {
-    args = {
-        buildno = "${add(123, 1)}"
-    }
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "webapp"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "webapp": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "args": {
-        "buildno": "124"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-#### Defining an `increment` function
-
-It also supports [user defined functions](https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/main/ext/userfunc).
-The following example defines a simple an `increment` function.
-
-```hcl
-# docker-bake.hcl
-function "increment" {
-    params = [number]
-    result = number + 1
-}
-
-group "default" {
-    targets = ["webapp"]
-}
-
-target "webapp" {
-    args = {
-        buildno = "${increment(123)}"
-    }
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "webapp"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "webapp": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "args": {
-        "buildno": "124"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-#### Only adding tags if a variable is not empty using an `notequal`
-
-Here we are using the conditional `notequal` function which is just for
-symmetry with the `equal` one.
-
-```hcl
-# docker-bake.hcl
-variable "TAG" {default="" }
-
-group "default" {
-    targets = [
-        "webapp",
-    ]
-}
-
-target "webapp" {
-    context="."
-    dockerfile="Dockerfile"
-    tags = [
-        "my-image:latest",
-        notequal("",TAG) ? "my-image:${TAG}": "",
-    ]
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "webapp"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "webapp": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "tags": [
-        "my-image:latest"
-      ]
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-#### Using variables in functions
-
-You can refer variables to other variables like the target blocks can. Stdlib
-functions can also be called but user functions can't at the moment.
-
-```hcl
-# docker-bake.hcl
-variable "REPO" {
-    default = "user/repo"
-}
-
-function "tag" {
-    params = [tag]
-    result = ["${REPO}:${tag}"]
-}
-
-target "webapp" {
-    tags = tag("v1")
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "webapp"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "webapp": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "tags": [
-        "user/repo:v1"
-      ]
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-#### Using variables in variables across files
-
-When multiple files are specified, one file can use variables defined in
-another file.
-
-```hcl
-# docker-bake1.hcl
-variable "FOO" {
-    default = upper("${BASE}def")
-}
-
-variable "BAR" {
-    default = "-${FOO}-"
-}
-
-target "app" {
-    args = {
-        v1 = "pre-${BAR}"
-    }
-}
-```
-
-```hcl
-# docker-bake2.hcl
-variable "BASE" {
-    default = "abc"
-}
-
-target "app" {
-    args = {
-        v2 = "${FOO}-post"
-    }
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake1.hcl -f docker-bake2.hcl --print app
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "app"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "app": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "args": {
-        "v1": "pre--ABCDEF-",
-        "v2": "ABCDEF-post"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-#### Using typed variables
-
-Non-string variables are also accepted. The value passed with env is parsed
-into suitable type first.
-
-```hcl
-# docker-bake.hcl
-variable "FOO" {
-    default = 3
-}
-
-variable "IS_FOO" {
-    default = true
-}
-
-target "app" {
-    args = {
-        v1 = FOO > 5 ? "higher" : "lower" 
-        v2 = IS_FOO ? "yes" : "no"
-    }
-}
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --print app
-{
-  "group": {
-    "default": [
-      "app"
-    ]
-  },
-  "target": {
-    "app": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-      "args": {
-        "v1": "lower",
-        "v2": "yes"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Extension field with Compose
-
-[Special extension](https://github.com/compose-spec/compose-spec/blob/master/spec.md#extension)
-field `x-bake` can be used in your compose file to evaluate fields that are not
-(yet) available in the [build definition](https://github.com/compose-spec/compose-spec/blob/master/build.md#build-definition).
-
-```yaml
-# docker-compose.yml
-services:
-  addon:
-    image: ct-addon:bar
-    build:
-      context: .
-      dockerfile: ./Dockerfile
-      args:
-        CT_ECR: foo
-        CT_TAG: bar
-      x-bake:
-        tags:
-          - ct-addon:foo
-          - ct-addon:alp
-        platforms:
-          - linux/amd64
-          - linux/arm64
-        cache-from:
-          - user/app:cache
-          - type=local,src=path/to/cache
-        cache-to: type=local,dest=path/to/cache
-        pull: true
-
-  aws:
-    image: ct-fake-aws:bar
-    build:
-      dockerfile: ./aws.Dockerfile
-      args:
-        CT_ECR: foo
-        CT_TAG: bar
-      x-bake:
-        secret:
-          - id=mysecret,src=./secret
-          - id=mysecret2,src=./secret2
-        platforms: linux/arm64
-        output: type=docker
-        no-cache: true
-```
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --print
-{
-  "target": {
-    "addon": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "./Dockerfile",
-      "args": {
-        "CT_ECR": "foo",
-        "CT_TAG": "bar"
-      },
-      "tags": [
-        "ct-addon:foo",
-        "ct-addon:alp"
-      ],
-      "cache-from": [
-        "user/app:cache",
-        "type=local,src=path/to/cache"
-      ],
-      "cache-to": [
-        "type=local,dest=path/to/cache"
-      ],
-      "platforms": [
-        "linux/amd64",
-        "linux/arm64"
-      ],
-      "pull": true
-    },
-    "aws": {
-      "context": ".",
-      "dockerfile": "./aws.Dockerfile",
-      "args": {
-        "CT_ECR": "foo",
-        "CT_TAG": "bar"
-      },
-      "tags": [
-        "ct-fake-aws:bar"
-      ],
-      "secret": [
-        "id=mysecret,src=./secret",
-        "id=mysecret2,src=./secret2"
-      ],
-      "platforms": [
-        "linux/arm64"
-      ],
-      "output": [
-        "type=docker"
-      ],
-      "no-cache": true
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-Complete list of valid fields for `x-bake`:
-
-`tags`, `cache-from`, `cache-to`, `secret`, `ssh`, `platforms`, `output`,
-`pull`, `no-cache`
-
-### Built-in variables
-
-* `BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT` can be used to access the main `context` for bake command
-from a bake file that has been [imported remotely](#file).
-* `BAKE_LOCAL_PLATFORM` returns the current platform's default platform
-specification (e.g. `linux/amd64`).
+* `args`
+* `cache-from`
+* `cache-to`
+* `context`
+* `dockerfile`
+* `labels`
+* `no-cache`
+* `no-cache-filter`
+* `output`
+* `platform`
+* `pull`
+* `push`
+* `secrets`
+* `ssh`
+* `tags`
+* `target`

docs/reference/buildx_build.md

@@ -9,42 +9,49 @@ Start a build
 
 ### Aliases
 
-`build`, `b`
+`docker buildx build`, `docker buildx b`
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--add-host stringSlice`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-entries-to-container-hosts-file---add-host) | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`) |
-| [`--allow stringSlice`](#allow) | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`) |
-| [`--build-arg stringArray`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#set-build-time-variables---build-arg) | Set build-time variables |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`--cache-from stringArray`](#cache-from) | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`) |
-| [`--cache-to stringArray`](#cache-to) | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`) |
-| [`--cgroup-parent string`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#use-a-custom-parent-cgroup---cgroup-parent) | Optional parent cgroup for the container |
-| [`-f`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specify-a-dockerfile--f), [`--file string`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specify-a-dockerfile--f) | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`) |
-| `--iidfile string` | Write the image ID to the file |
-| `--label stringArray` | Set metadata for an image |
-| [`--load`](#load) | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker` |
-| `--metadata-file string` | Write build result metadata to the file |
-| `--network string` | Set the networking mode for the RUN instructions during build |
-| `--no-cache` | Do not use cache when building the image |
-| [`-o`](#output), [`--output stringArray`](#output) | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`) |
-| [`--platform stringArray`](#platform) | Set target platform for build |
-| [`--progress string`](#progress) | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
-| `--pull` | Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image |
-| [`--push`](#push) | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry` |
-| `-q`, `--quiet` | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success |
-| `--secret stringArray` | Secret file to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret,src=/local/secret`) |
-| [`--shm-size bytes`](#shm-size) | Size of `/dev/shm` |
-| `--ssh stringArray` | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
-| [`-t`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag-an-image--t), [`--tag stringArray`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag-an-image--t) | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`) |
-| [`--target string`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specifying-target-build-stage---target) | Set the target build stage to build. |
-| [`--ulimit ulimit`](#ulimit) | Ulimit options |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--add-host`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-entries-to-container-hosts-file---add-host) | `stringSlice` |  | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`) |
+| [`--allow`](#allow) | `stringSlice` |  | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`) |
+| [`--build-arg`](#build-arg) | `stringArray` |  | Set build-time variables |
+| [`--build-context`](#build-context) | `stringArray` |  | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path) |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
+| [`--cache-from`](#cache-from) | `stringArray` |  | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`) |
+| [`--cache-to`](#cache-to) | `stringArray` |  | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`) |
+| [`--cgroup-parent`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#use-a-custom-parent-cgroup---cgroup-parent) | `string` |  | Optional parent cgroup for the container |
+| [`-f`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specify-a-dockerfile--f), [`--file`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specify-a-dockerfile--f) | `string` |  | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`) |
+| `--iidfile` | `string` |  | Write the image ID to the file |
+| `--invoke` | `string` |  | Invoke a command after the build [experimental] |
+| `--label` | `stringArray` |  | Set metadata for an image |
+| [`--load`](#load) |  |  | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker` |
+| [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file) | `string` |  | Write build result metadata to the file |
+| `--network` | `string` | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build |
+| `--no-cache` |  |  | Do not use cache when building the image |
+| `--no-cache-filter` | `stringArray` |  | Do not cache specified stages |
+| [`-o`](#output), [`--output`](#output) | `stringArray` |  | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`) |
+| [`--platform`](#platform) | `stringArray` |  | Set target platform for build |
+| `--print` | `string` |  | Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) [experimental] |
+| [`--progress`](#progress) | `string` | `auto` | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
+| `--pull` |  |  | Always attempt to pull all referenced images |
+| [`--push`](#push) |  |  | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry` |
+| `-q`, `--quiet` |  |  | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success |
+| [`--secret`](#secret) | `stringArray` |  | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`) |
+| [`--shm-size`](#shm-size) | `bytes` | `0` | Size of `/dev/shm` |
+| [`--ssh`](#ssh) | `stringArray` |  | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
+| [`-t`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag-an-image--t), [`--tag`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag-an-image--t) | `stringArray` |  | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`) |
+| [`--target`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specifying-target-build-stage---target) | `string` |  | Set the target build stage to build |
+| [`--ulimit`](#ulimit) | `ulimit` |  | Ulimit options |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
+Flags marked with `[experimental]` need to be explicitly enabled by setting the
+`BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL=1` environment variable.
+
 ## Description
 
 The `buildx build` command starts a build using BuildKit. This command is similar
@@ -52,80 +59,228 @@ to the UI of `docker build` command and takes the same flags and arguments.
 
 For documentation on most of these flags, refer to the [`docker build`
 documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/). In
-here we’ll document a subset of the new flags.
+here we'll document a subset of the new flags.
 
 ## Examples
 
+### <a name="allow"></a> Allow extra privileged entitlement (--allow)
+
+```
+--allow=ENTITLEMENT
+```
+
+Allow extra privileged entitlement. List of entitlements:
+
+- `network.host` - Allows executions with host networking.
+- `security.insecure` - Allows executions without sandbox. See
+  [related Dockerfile extensions](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---securitysandbox).
+
+For entitlements to be enabled, the `buildkitd` daemon also needs to allow them
+with `--allow-insecure-entitlement` (see [`create --buildkitd-flags`](buildx_create.md#buildkitd-flags))
+
+**Examples**
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use --name insecure-builder --buildkitd-flags '--allow-insecure-entitlement security.insecure'
+$ docker buildx build --allow security.insecure .
+```
+
+### <a name="build-arg"></a> Set build-time variables (--build-arg)
+
+Same as [`docker build` command](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#set-build-time-variables---build-arg).
+
+There are also useful built-in build args like:
+
+* `BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR=<bool>` trigger git context to keep the `.git` directory
+* `BUILDKIT_INLINE_BUILDINFO_ATTRS=<bool>` inline build info attributes in image config or not
+* `BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=<bool>` inline cache metadata to image config or not
+* `BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM=<bool>` opt into deterministic output regardless of multi-platform output or not
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --build-arg BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM=1 .
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> More built-in build args can be found in [Dockerfile reference docs](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#buildkit-built-in-build-args).
+
+### <a name="build-context"></a> Additional build contexts (--build-context)
+
+```
+--build-context=name=VALUE
+```
+
+Define additional build context with specified contents. In Dockerfile the context can be accessed when `FROM name` or `--from=name` is used.
+When Dockerfile defines a stage with the same name it is overwritten.
+
+The value can be a local source directory, [local OCI layout compliant directory](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/image-layout.md), container image (with docker-image:// prefix), Git or HTTP URL.
+
+Replace `alpine:latest` with a pinned one:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --build-context alpine=docker-image://alpine@sha256:0123456789 .
+```
+
+Expose a secondary local source directory:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --build-context project=path/to/project/source .
+# docker buildx build --build-context project=https://github.com/myuser/project.git .
+```
+
+```Dockerfile
+FROM alpine
+COPY --from=project myfile /
+```
+
+#### <a name="source-oci-layout"></a> Source image from OCI layout directory
+
+Source an image from a local [OCI layout compliant directory](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/image-layout.md):
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --build-context foo=oci-layout:///path/to/local/layout@sha256:abcd12345 .
+```
+
+```Dockerfile
+FROM alpine
+RUN apk add git
+
+COPY --from=foo myfile /
+
+FROM foo
+```
+
+The OCI layout directory must be compliant with the [OCI layout specification](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/image-layout.md). It looks _solely_ for hashes. It does not
+do any form of `image:tag` resolution to find the hash of the manifest; that is up to you.
+
+The format of the `--build-context` must be: `<context>=oci-layout://<path-to-local-layout>@sha256:<hash-of-manifest>`, where:
+
+* `context` is the name of the build context as used in the `Dockerfile`.
+* `path-to-local-layout` is the path on the local machine, where you are running `docker build`, to the spec-compliant OCI layout.
+* `hash-of-manifest` is the hash of the manifest for the image. It can be a single-architecture manifest or a multi-architecture index.
+
 ### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
 
 Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
 
-### <a name="platform"></a> Set the target platforms for the build (--platform)
+### <a name="cache-from"></a> Use an external cache source for a build (--cache-from)
 
 ```
---platform=value[,value]
+--cache-from=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
 ```
 
-Set the target platform for the build. All `FROM` commands inside the Dockerfile
-without their own `--platform` flag will pull base images for this platform and
-this value will also be the platform of the resulting image. The default value
-will be the current platform of the buildkit daemon.
+Use an external cache source for a build. Supported types are `registry`,
+`local` and `gha`.
 
-When using `docker-container` driver with `buildx`, this flag can accept multiple
-values as an input separated by a comma. With multiple values the result will be
-built for all of the specified platforms and joined together into a single manifest
-list.
+- [`registry` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#registry-push-image-and-cache-separately)
+  can import cache from a cache manifest or (special) image configuration on the
+  registry.
+- [`local` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#local-directory-1) can
+  import cache from local files previously exported with `--cache-to`.
+- [`gha` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#github-actions-cache-experimental)
+  can import cache from a previously exported cache with `--cache-to` in your
+  GitHub repository
 
-If the `Dockerfile` needs to invoke the `RUN` command, the builder needs runtime
-support for the specified platform. In a clean setup, you can only execute `RUN`
-commands for your system architecture.
-If your kernel supports [`binfmt_misc`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binfmt_misc)
-launchers for secondary architectures, buildx will pick them up automatically.
-Docker desktop releases come with `binfmt_misc` automatically configured for `arm64`
-and `arm` architectures. You can see what runtime platforms your current builder
-instance supports by running `docker buildx inspect --bootstrap`.
+If no type is specified, `registry` exporter is used with a specified reference.
 
-Inside a `Dockerfile`, you can access the current platform value through
-`TARGETPLATFORM` build argument. Please refer to the [`docker build`
-documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#automatic-platform-args-in-the-global-scope)
-for the full description of automatic platform argument variants .
-
-The formatting for the platform specifier is defined in the [containerd source
-code](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/v1.4.3/platforms/platforms.go#L63).
-
-**Examples**
+`docker` driver currently only supports importing build cache from the registry.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --platform=linux/arm64 .
-$ docker buildx build --platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v7 .
-$ docker buildx build --platform=darwin .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=user/app:cache .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=user/app .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=registry,ref=user/app .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=local,src=path/to/cache .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=gha .
 ```
 
-### <a name="progress"></a> Set type of progress output (--progress)
+More info about cache exporters and available attributes: https://github.com/moby/buildkit#export-cache
+
+### <a name="cache-to"></a> Export build cache to an external cache destination (--cache-to)
 
 ```
---progress=VALUE
+--cache-to=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
 ```
 
-Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container
-output (default "auto").
+Export build cache to an external cache destination. Supported types are
+`registry`, `local`, `inline` and `gha`.
 
-> You can also use the `BUILDKIT_PROGRESS` environment variable to set
-> its value.
+- [`registry` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#registry-push-image-and-cache-separately) exports build cache to a cache manifest in the registry.
+- [`local` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#local-directory-1) type
+  exports cache to a local directory on the client.
+- [`inline` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#inline-push-image-and-cache-together)
+  type writes the cache metadata into the image configuration.
+- [`gha` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#github-actions-cache-experimental)
+  type exports cache through the [Github Actions Cache service API](https://github.com/tonistiigi/go-actions-cache/blob/master/api.md#authentication).
 
-The following example uses `plain` output during the build:
+`docker` driver currently only supports exporting inline cache metadata to image
+configuration. Alternatively, `--build-arg BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=1` can be used
+to trigger inline cache exporter.
+
+Attribute key:
+
+- `mode` - Specifies how many layers are exported with the cache. `min` on only
+  exports layers already in the final build stage, `max` exports layers for
+  all stages. Metadata is always exported for the whole build.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --load --progress=plain .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=user/app:cache .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=inline .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=registry,ref=user/app .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=local,dest=path/to/cache .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=gha .
+```
 
-#1 [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
-#1 transferring dockerfile: 227B 0.0s done
-#1 DONE 0.1s
+More info about cache exporters and available attributes: https://github.com/moby/buildkit#export-cache
 
-#2 [internal] load .dockerignore
-#2 transferring context: 129B 0.0s done
-#2 DONE 0.0s
-...
+### <a name="load"></a> Load the single-platform build result to `docker images` (--load)
+
+Shorthand for [`--output=type=docker`](#docker). Will automatically load the
+single-platform build result to `docker images`.
+
+### <a name="metadata-file"></a> Write build result metadata to the file (--metadata-file)
+
+To output build metadata such as the image digest, pass the `--metadata-file` flag.
+The metadata will be written as a JSON object to the specified file. The
+directory of the specified file must already exist and be writable.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --load --metadata-file metadata.json .
+$ cat metadata.json
+```
+```json
+{
+  "containerimage.buildinfo": {
+    "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
+    "attrs": {
+      "context": "https://github.com/crazy-max/buildkit-buildsources-test.git#master",
+      "filename": "Dockerfile",
+      "source": "docker/dockerfile:master"
+    },
+    "sources": [
+      {
+        "type": "docker-image",
+        "ref": "docker.io/docker/buildx-bin:0.6.1@sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0",
+        "pin": "sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0"
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "docker-image",
+        "ref": "docker.io/library/alpine:3.13",
+        "pin": "sha256:026f721af4cf2843e07bba648e158fb35ecc876d822130633cc49f707f0fc88c"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "containerimage.config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
+  "containerimage.descriptor": {
+    "annotations": {
+      "config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
+      "org.opencontainers.image.created": "2022-02-08T21:28:03Z"
+    },
+    "digest": "sha256:19ffeab6f8bc9293ac2c3fdf94ebe28396254c993aea0b5a542cfb02e0883fa3",
+    "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+    "size": 506
+  },
+  "containerimage.digest": "sha256:19ffeab6f8bc9293ac2c3fdf94ebe28396254c993aea0b5a542cfb02e0883fa3"
+}
 ```
 
 ### <a name="output"></a> Set the export action for the build result (-o, --output)
@@ -146,8 +301,6 @@ If just the path is specified as a value, `buildx` will use the local exporter
 with this path as the destination. If the value is "-", `buildx` will use `tar`
 exporter and write to `stdout`.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx build -o . .
 $ docker buildx build -o outdir .
@@ -201,7 +354,7 @@ The most common usecase for multi-platform images is to directly push to a regis
 Attribute keys:
 
 - `dest` - destination path where tarball will be written. If not specified the
-tar will be loaded automatically to the current docker instance.
+  tar will be loaded automatically to the current docker instance.
 - `context` - name for the docker context where to import the result
 
 #### `image`
@@ -219,118 +372,169 @@ Attribute keys:
 
 The `registry` exporter is a shortcut for `type=image,push=true`.
 
+### <a name="platform"></a> Set the target platforms for the build (--platform)
+
+```
+--platform=value[,value]
+```
+
+Set the target platform for the build. All `FROM` commands inside the Dockerfile
+without their own `--platform` flag will pull base images for this platform and
+this value will also be the platform of the resulting image. The default value
+will be the current platform of the buildkit daemon.
+
+When using `docker-container` driver with `buildx`, this flag can accept multiple
+values as an input separated by a comma. With multiple values the result will be
+built for all of the specified platforms and joined together into a single manifest
+list.
+
+If the `Dockerfile` needs to invoke the `RUN` command, the builder needs runtime
+support for the specified platform. In a clean setup, you can only execute `RUN`
+commands for your system architecture.
+If your kernel supports [`binfmt_misc`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binfmt_misc)
+launchers for secondary architectures, buildx will pick them up automatically.
+Docker desktop releases come with `binfmt_misc` automatically configured for `arm64`
+and `arm` architectures. You can see what runtime platforms your current builder
+instance supports by running `docker buildx inspect --bootstrap`.
+
+Inside a `Dockerfile`, you can access the current platform value through
+`TARGETPLATFORM` build argument. Please refer to the [`docker build`
+documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#automatic-platform-args-in-the-global-scope)
+for the full description of automatic platform argument variants .
+
+The formatting for the platform specifier is defined in the [containerd source
+code](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/v1.4.3/platforms/platforms.go#L63).
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --platform=linux/arm64 .
+$ docker buildx build --platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v7 .
+$ docker buildx build --platform=darwin .
+```
+
+### <a name="progress"></a> Set type of progress output (--progress)
+
+```
+--progress=VALUE
+```
+
+Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container
+output (default "auto").
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> You can also use the `BUILDKIT_PROGRESS` environment variable to set its value.
+
+The following example uses `plain` output during the build:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --load --progress=plain .
+
+#1 [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
+#1 transferring dockerfile: 227B 0.0s done
+#1 DONE 0.1s
+
+#2 [internal] load .dockerignore
+#2 transferring context: 129B 0.0s done
+#2 DONE 0.0s
+...
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> Check also our [Color output controls guide](https://github.com/docker/buildx/blob/master/docs/guides/color-output.md)
+> for modifying the colors that are used to output information to the terminal.
 
 ### <a name="push"></a> Push the build result to a registry (--push)
 
 Shorthand for [`--output=type=registry`](#registry). Will automatically push the
 build result to registry.
 
-### <a name="load"></a> Load the single-platform build result to `docker images` (--load)
-
-Shorthand for [`--output=type=docker`](#docker). Will automatically load the
-single-platform build result to `docker images`.
-
-### <a name="cache-from"></a> Use an external cache source for a build (--cache-from)
+### <a name="secret"></a> Secret to expose to the build (--secret)
 
 ```
---cache-from=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
+--secret=[type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]
 ```
 
-Use an external cache source for a build. Supported types are `registry`,
-`local` and `gha`.
+Exposes secret to the build. The secret can be used by the build using
+[`RUN --mount=type=secret` mount](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---mounttypesecret).
 
-- [`registry` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#registry-push-image-and-cache-separately)
-can import cache from a cache manifest or (special) image configuration on the
-registry.
-- [`local` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#local-directory-1) can
-import cache from local files previously exported with `--cache-to`.
-- [`gha` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#github-actions-cache-experimental)
-can import cache from a previously exported cache with `--cache-to` in your
-GitHub repository
+If `type` is unset it will be detected. Supported types are:
 
-If no type is specified, `registry` exporter is used with a specified reference.
+#### `file`
 
-`docker` driver currently only supports importing build cache from the registry.
+Attribute keys:
 
-**Examples**
+- `id` - ID of the secret. Defaults to basename of the `src` path.
+- `src`, `source` - Secret filename. `id` used if unset.
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.4
+FROM python:3
+RUN pip install awscli
+RUN --mount=type=secret,id=aws,target=/root/.aws/credentials \
+  aws s3 cp s3://... ...
+```
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --cache-from=user/app:cache .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-from=user/app .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=registry,ref=user/app .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=local,src=path/to/cache .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=gha .
+$ docker buildx build --secret id=aws,src=$HOME/.aws/credentials .
 ```
 
-More info about cache exporters and available attributes: https://github.com/moby/buildkit#export-cache
+#### `env`
 
-### <a name="cache-to"></a> Export build cache to an external cache destination (--cache-to)
+Attribute keys:
 
+- `id` - ID of the secret. Defaults to `env` name.
+- `env` - Secret environment variable. `id` used if unset, otherwise will look for `src`, `source` if `id` unset.
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.4
+FROM node:alpine
+RUN --mount=type=bind,target=. \
+  --mount=type=secret,id=SECRET_TOKEN \
+  SECRET_TOKEN=$(cat /run/secrets/SECRET_TOKEN) yarn run test
 ```
---cache-to=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
-```
-
-Export build cache to an external cache destination. Supported types are
-`registry`, `local`, `inline` and `gha`.
-
-- [`registry` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#registry-push-image-and-cache-separately) exports build cache to a cache manifest in the registry.
-- [`local` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#local-directory-1) type
-exports cache to a local directory on the client.
-- [`inline` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#inline-push-image-and-cache-together)
-type writes the cache metadata into the image configuration.
-- [`gha` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#github-actions-cache-experimental)
-type exports cache through the [Github Actions Cache service API](https://github.com/tonistiigi/go-actions-cache/blob/master/api.md#authentication).
-
-`docker` driver currently only supports exporting inline cache metadata to image
-configuration. Alternatively, `--build-arg BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=1` can be used
-to trigger inline cache exporter.
-
-Attribute key:
-
-- `mode` - Specifies how many layers are exported with the cache. `min` on only
-exports layers already in the final build stage, `max` exports layers for
-all stages. Metadata is always exported for the whole build.
-
-**Examples**
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --cache-to=user/app:cache .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=inline .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=registry,ref=user/app .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=local,dest=path/to/cache .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=gha .
+$ SECRET_TOKEN=token docker buildx build --secret id=SECRET_TOKEN .
 ```
 
-More info about cache exporters and available attributes: https://github.com/moby/buildkit#export-cache
-
-### <a name="allow"></a> Allow extra privileged entitlement (--allow)
-
-```
---allow=ENTITLEMENT
-```
-
-Allow extra privileged entitlement. List of entitlements:
-
-- `network.host` - Allows executions with host networking.
-- `security.insecure` - Allows executions without sandbox. See
-[related Dockerfile extensions](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/frontend/dockerfile/docs/experimental.md#run---securityinsecuresandbox).
-
-For entitlements to be enabled, the `buildkitd` daemon also needs to allow them
-with `--allow-insecure-entitlement` (see [`create --buildkitd-flags`](buildx_create.md#buildkitd-flags))
-
-**Examples**
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx create --use --name insecure-builder --buildkitd-flags '--allow-insecure-entitlement security.insecure'
-$ docker buildx build --allow security.insecure .
-```
-
-### <a name="shm-size"></a> Size of `/dev/shm` (--shm-size)
+### <a name="shm-size"></a> Size of /dev/shm (--shm-size)
 
 The format is `<number><unit>`. `number` must be greater than `0`. Unit is
 optional and can be `b` (bytes), `k` (kilobytes), `m` (megabytes), or `g`
 (gigabytes). If you omit the unit, the system uses bytes.
 
+### <a name="ssh"></a> SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (--ssh)
+
+```
+--ssh=default|<id>[=<socket>|<key>[,<key>]]
+```
+
+This can be useful when some commands in your Dockerfile need specific SSH
+authentication (e.g., cloning a private repository).
+
+`--ssh` exposes SSH agent socket or keys to the build and can be used with the
+[`RUN --mount=type=ssh` mount](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---mounttypessh).
+
+Example to access Gitlab using an SSH agent socket:
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.4
+FROM alpine
+RUN apk add --no-cache openssh-client
+RUN mkdir -p -m 0700 ~/.ssh && ssh-keyscan gitlab.com >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
+RUN --mount=type=ssh ssh -q -T git@gitlab.com 2>&1 | tee /hello
+# "Welcome to GitLab, @GITLAB_USERNAME_ASSOCIATED_WITH_SSHKEY" should be printed here
+# with the type of build progress is defined as `plain`.
+```
+
+```console
+$ eval $(ssh-agent)
+$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
+(Input your passphrase here)
+$ docker buildx build --ssh default=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK .
+```
+
 ### <a name="ulimit"></a> Set ulimits (--ulimit)
 
 `--ulimit` is specified with a soft and hard limit as such:

docs/reference/buildx_create.md

@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ Create a new builder instance
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--append`](#append) | Append a node to builder instead of changing it |
-| `--bootstrap` | Boot builder after creation |
-| [`--buildkitd-flags string`](#buildkitd-flags) | Flags for buildkitd daemon |
-| [`--config string`](#config) | BuildKit config file |
-| [`--driver string`](#driver) | Driver to use (available: `docker`, `docker-container`, `kubernetes`) |
-| [`--driver-opt stringArray`](#driver-opt) | Options for the driver |
-| [`--leave`](#leave) | Remove a node from builder instead of changing it |
-| [`--name string`](#name) | Builder instance name |
-| [`--node string`](#node) | Create/modify node with given name |
-| [`--platform stringArray`](#platform) | Fixed platforms for current node |
-| [`--use`](#use) | Set the current builder instance |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--append`](#append) |  |  | Append a node to builder instead of changing it |
+| `--bootstrap` |  |  | Boot builder after creation |
+| [`--buildkitd-flags`](#buildkitd-flags) | `string` |  | Flags for buildkitd daemon |
+| [`--config`](#config) | `string` |  | BuildKit config file |
+| [`--driver`](#driver) | `string` |  | Driver to use (available: `docker-container`, `kubernetes`, `remote`) |
+| [`--driver-opt`](#driver-opt) | `stringArray` |  | Options for the driver |
+| [`--leave`](#leave) |  |  | Remove a node from builder instead of changing it |
+| [`--name`](#name) | `string` |  | Builder instance name |
+| [`--node`](#node) | `string` |  | Create/modify node with given name |
+| [`--platform`](#platform) | `stringArray` |  | Fixed platforms for current node |
+| [`--use`](#use) |  |  | Set the current builder instance |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -47,8 +47,6 @@ The `--append` flag changes the action of the command to append a new node to an
 existing builder specified by `--name`. Buildx will choose an appropriate node
 for a build based on the platforms it supports.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx create mycontext1
 eager_beaver
@@ -67,8 +65,6 @@ Adds flags when starting the buildkitd daemon. They take precedence over the
 configuration file specified by [`--config`](#config). See `buildkitd --help`
 for the available flags.
 
-**Example**
-
 ```
 --buildkitd-flags '--debug --debugaddr 0.0.0.0:6666'
 ```
@@ -83,6 +79,11 @@ Specifies the configuration file for the buildkitd daemon to use. The configurat
 can be overridden by [`--buildkitd-flags`](#buildkitd-flags).
 See an [example buildkitd configuration file](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md).
 
+If the configuration file is not specified, will look for one by default in:
+* `$BUILDX_CONFIG/buildkitd.default.toml`
+* `$DOCKER_CONFIG/buildx/buildkitd.default.toml`
+* `~/.docker/buildx/buildkitd.default.toml`
+
 Note that if you create a `docker-container` builder and have specified
 certificates for registries in the `buildkitd.toml` configuration, the files
 will be copied into the container under `/etc/buildkit/certs` and configuration
@@ -122,56 +123,59 @@ Unlike `docker` driver, built images will not automatically appear in
 `docker images` and [`build --load`](buildx_build.md#load) needs to be used
 to achieve that.
 
+#### `remote` driver
+
+Uses a remote instance of buildkitd over an arbitrary connection. With this
+driver, you manually create and manage instances of buildkit yourself, and
+configure buildx to point at it.
+
+Unlike `docker` driver, built images will not automatically appear in
+`docker images` and [`build --load`](buildx_build.md#load) needs to be used
+to achieve that.
+
 ### <a name="driver-opt"></a> Set additional driver-specific options (--driver-opt)
 
 ```
 --driver-opt OPTIONS
 ```
 
-Passes additional driver-specific options. Details for each driver:
+Passes additional driver-specific options.
 
-- `docker` - No driver options
-- `docker-container`
-    - `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
-    - `network=NETMODE` - Sets the network mode for running the buildkit container.
-    - `cgroup-parent=CGROUP` - Sets the cgroup parent of the buildkit container if docker is using the "cgroupfs" driver. Defaults to `/docker/buildx`.
-- `kubernetes`
-    - `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
-    - `namespace=NS` - Sets the Kubernetes namespace. Defaults to the current namespace.
-    - `replicas=N` - Sets the number of `Pod` replicas. Defaults to 1.
-    - `requests.cpu` - Sets the request CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `requests.cpu=100m`, `requests.cpu=2`
-    - `requests.memory` - Sets the request memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `requests.memory=500Mi`, `requests.memory=4G`
-    - `limits.cpu` - Sets the limit CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `limits.cpu=100m`, `limits.cpu=2`
-    - `limits.memory` - Sets the limit memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `limits.memory=500Mi`, `limits.memory=4G`
-    - `nodeselector="label1=value1,label2=value2"` - Sets the kv of `Pod` nodeSelector. No Defaults. Example `nodeselector=kubernetes.io/arch=arm64`
-    - `rootless=(true|false)` - Run the container as a non-root user without `securityContext.privileged`. [Using Ubuntu host kernel is recommended](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/rootless.md). Defaults to false.
-    - `loadbalance=(sticky|random)` - Load-balancing strategy. If set to "sticky", the pod is chosen using the hash of the context path. Defaults to "sticky"
-    - `qemu.install=(true|false)` - Install QEMU emulation for multi platforms support.
-    - `qemu.image=IMAGE` - Sets the QEMU emulation image. Defaults to `tonistiigi/binfmt:latest`
+Note: When using quoted values for example for the `nodeselector` or
+`tolerations` options, ensure that quotes are escaped correctly for your shell.
 
-**Examples**
+#### `docker` driver
 
-#### Use a custom network
+No driver options.
 
-```console
-$ docker network create foonet
-$ docker buildx create --name builder --driver docker-container --driver-opt network=foonet --use
-$ docker buildx inspect --bootstrap
-$ docker inspect buildx_buildkit_builder0 --format={{.NetworkSettings.Networks}}
-map[foonet:0xc00018c0c0]
-```
+#### `docker-container` driver
 
-#### OpenTelemetry support
+- `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
+- `network=NETMODE` - Sets the network mode for running the buildkit container.
+- `cgroup-parent=CGROUP` - Sets the cgroup parent of the buildkit container if docker is using the "cgroupfs" driver. Defaults to `/docker/buildx`.
 
-To capture the trace to [Jaeger](https://github.com/jaegertracing/jaeger), set
-`JAEGER_TRACE` environment variable to the collection address using the `driver-opt`:
+#### `kubernetes` driver
 
-```console
-$ docker run -d --name jaeger -p 6831:6831/udp -p 16686:16686 jaegertracing/all-in-one
-$ docker buildx create --name builder --driver docker-container --driver-opt network=host --driver-opt env.JAEGER_TRACE=localhost:6831 --use
-$ docker buildx inspect --bootstrap
-# buildx command should be traced at http://127.0.0.1:16686/
-```
+- `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
+- `namespace=NS` - Sets the Kubernetes namespace. Defaults to the current namespace.
+- `replicas=N` - Sets the number of `Pod` replicas. Defaults to 1.
+- `requests.cpu` - Sets the request CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `requests.cpu=100m`, `requests.cpu=2`
+- `requests.memory` - Sets the request memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `requests.memory=500Mi`, `requests.memory=4G`
+- `limits.cpu` - Sets the limit CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `limits.cpu=100m`, `limits.cpu=2`
+- `limits.memory` - Sets the limit memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `limits.memory=500Mi`, `limits.memory=4G`
+- `"nodeselector=label1=value1,label2=value2"` - Sets the kv of `Pod` nodeSelector. No Defaults. Example `nodeselector=kubernetes.io/arch=arm64`
+- `"tolerations=key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,operator=exists;key=foo3,effect=NoSchedule"` - Sets the `Pod` tolerations. Accepts the same values as the kube manifest tolera>tions. Key-value pairs are separated by `,`, tolerations are separated by `;`. No Defaults. Example `tolerations=operator=exists`
+- `rootless=(true|false)` - Run the container as a non-root user without `securityContext.privileged`. Needs Kubernetes 1.19 or later. [Using Ubuntu host kernel is recommended](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/rootless.md). Defaults to false.
+- `loadbalance=(sticky|random)` - Load-balancing strategy. If set to "sticky", the pod is chosen using the hash of the context path. Defaults to "sticky"
+- `qemu.install=(true|false)` - Install QEMU emulation for multi platforms support.
+- `qemu.image=IMAGE` - Sets the QEMU emulation image. Defaults to `tonistiigi/binfmt:latest`
+
+#### `remote` driver
+
+- `key=KEY` - Sets the TLS client key.
+- `cert=CERT` - Sets the TLS client certificate to present to buildkitd.
+- `cacert=CACERT` - Sets the TLS certificate authority used for validation.
+- `servername=SERVER` - Sets the TLS server name to be used in requests (defaults to the endpoint hostname).
 
 ### <a name="leave"></a> Remove a node from a builder (--leave)
 
@@ -179,8 +183,6 @@ The `--leave` flag changes the action of the command to remove a node from a
 builder. The builder needs to be specified with `--name` and node that is removed
 is set with `--node`.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx create --name mybuilder --node mybuilder0 --leave
 ```
@@ -204,7 +206,7 @@ The `--node` flag specifies the name of the node to be created or modified. If
 none is specified, it is the name of the builder it belongs to, with an index
 number suffix.
 
-### <a name="platform"></a> Set the platforms supported by the node
+### <a name="platform"></a> Set the platforms supported by the node (--platform)
 
 ```
 --platform PLATFORMS
@@ -216,14 +218,12 @@ will also automatically detect the platforms it supports, but manual values take
 priority over the detected ones and can be used when multiple nodes support
 building for the same platform.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx create --platform linux/amd64
 $ docker buildx create --platform linux/arm64,linux/arm/v8
 ```
 
-### <a name="use"></a> Automatically switch to the newly created builder
+### <a name="use"></a> Automatically switch to the newly created builder (--use)
 
 The `--use` flag automatically switches the current builder to the newly created
 one. Equivalent to running `docker buildx use $(docker buildx create ...)`.

docs/reference/buildx_du.md

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ Disk usage
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
-| `--filter filter` | Provide filter values |
-| `--verbose` | Provide a more verbose output |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `--filter` | `filter` |  | Provide filter values |
+| `--verbose` |  |  | Provide a more verbose output |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools.md

@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ Commands to work on images in registry
 | Name | Description |
 | --- | --- |
 | [`create`](buildx_imagetools_create.md) | Create a new image based on source images |
-| [`inspect`](buildx_imagetools_inspect.md) | Show details of image in the registry |
+| [`inspect`](buildx_imagetools_inspect.md) | Show details of an image in the registry |
 
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_create.md

@@ -9,22 +9,20 @@ Create a new image based on source images
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--append`](#append) | Append to existing manifest |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`--dry-run`](#dry-run) | Show final image instead of pushing |
-| [`-f`](#file), [`--file stringArray`](#file) | Read source descriptor from file |
-| [`-t`](#tag), [`--tag stringArray`](#tag) | Set reference for new image |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--append`](#append) |  |  | Append to existing manifest |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
+| [`--dry-run`](#dry-run) |  |  | Show final image instead of pushing |
+| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file) | `stringArray` |  | Read source descriptor from file |
+| `--progress` | `string` | `auto` | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
+| [`-t`](#tag), [`--tag`](#tag) | `stringArray` |  | Set reference for new image |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
 ## Description
 
-Imagetools contains commands for working with manifest lists in the registry.
-These commands are useful for inspecting multi-platform build results.
-
 Create a new manifest list based on source manifests. The source manifests can
 be manifest lists or single platform distribution manifests and must already
 exist in the registry where the new manifest is created. If only one source is
@@ -57,16 +55,15 @@ or a JSON of OCI descriptor object.
 In order to define annotations or additional platform properties like `os.version` and
 `os.features` you need to add them in the OCI descriptor object encoded in JSON.
 
-```
-docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw alpine | jq '.manifests[0] | .platform."os.version"="10.1"' > descr.json
-docker buildx imagetools create -f descr.json myuser/image
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw alpine | jq '.manifests[0] | .platform."os.version"="10.1"' > descr.json
+$ docker buildx imagetools create -f descr.json myuser/image
 ```
 
 The descriptor in the file is merged with existing descriptor in the registry if it exists.
 
 The supported fields for the descriptor are defined in [OCI spec](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/master/descriptor.md#properties) .
 
-
 ### <a name="tag"></a> Set reference for new image  (-t, --tag)
 
 ```
@@ -75,10 +72,7 @@ The supported fields for the descriptor are defined in [OCI spec](https://github
 
 Use the `-t` or `--tag` flag to set the name of the image to be created.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools create --dry-run alpine@sha256:5c40b3c27b9f13c873fefb2139765c56ce97fd50230f1f2d5c91e55dec171907 sha256:c4ba6347b0e4258ce6a6de2401619316f982b7bcc529f73d2a410d0097730204
-
 $ docker buildx imagetools create -t tonistiigi/myapp -f image1 -f image2
 ```

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_inspect.md

@@ -5,40 +5,57 @@ docker buildx imagetools inspect [OPTIONS] NAME
 ```
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Show details of image in the registry
+Show details of an image in the registry
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`--raw`](#raw) | Show original JSON manifest |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
+| [`--format`](#format) | `string` | `{{.Manifest}}` | Format the output using the given Go template |
+| [`--raw`](#raw) |  |  | Show original, unformatted JSON manifest |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
 ## Description
 
-Show details of image in the registry.
-
-Example:
+Show details of an image in the registry.
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools inspect alpine
-
 Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest
 MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json
-Digest:    sha256:28ef97b8686a0b5399129e9b763d5b7e5ff03576aa5580d6f4182a49c5fe1913
+Digest:    sha256:21a3deaa0d32a8057914f36584b5288d2e5ecc984380bc0118285c70fa8c9300
 
 Manifests:
-  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:5c40b3c27b9f13c873fefb2139765c56ce97fd50230f1f2d5c91e55dec171907
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:e7d88de73db3d3fd9b2d63aa7f447a10fd0220b7cbf39803c803f2af9ba256b3
   MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
   Platform:  linux/amd64
 
-  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:c4ba6347b0e4258ce6a6de2401619316f982b7bcc529f73d2a410d0097730204
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:e047bc2af17934d38c5a7fa9f46d443f1de3a7675546402592ef805cfa929f9d
   MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
   Platform:  linux/arm/v6
- ...
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:8483ecd016885d8dba70426fda133c30466f661bb041490d525658f1aac73822
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/arm/v7
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:c74f1b1166784193ea6c8f9440263b9be6cae07dfe35e32a5df7a31358ac2060
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/arm64/v8
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:2689e157117d2da668ad4699549e55eba1ceb79cb7862368b30919f0488213f4
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/386
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:2042a492bcdd847a01cd7f119cd48caa180da696ed2aedd085001a78664407d6
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/ppc64le
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:49e322ab6690e73a4909f787bcbdb873631264ff4a108cddfd9f9c249ba1d58e
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/s390x
 ```
 
 ## Examples
@@ -47,7 +64,569 @@ Manifests:
 
 Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
 
+### <a name="format"></a> Format the output (--format)
+
+Format the output using the given Go template. Defaults to `{{.Manifest}}` if
+unset. Following fields are available:
+
+* `.Name`: provides the reference of the image
+* `.Manifest`: provides the manifest or manifest list
+* `.Image`: provides the image config
+* `.BuildInfo`: provides [build info from image config](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/build-repro.md#image-config)
+
+#### `.Name`
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect alpine --format "{{.Name}}"
+Name: docker.io/library/alpine:latest
+```
+
+#### `.Manifest`
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/loop --format "{{.Manifest}}"
+Name:      docker.io/crazymax/loop:latest
+MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+Digest:    sha256:08602e7340970e92bde5e0a2e887c1fde4d9ae753d1e05efb4c8ef3b609f97f1
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect moby/buildkit:master --format "{{.Manifest}}"
+Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master
+MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json
+Digest:    sha256:3183f7ce54d1efb44c34b84f428ae10aaf141e553c6b52a7ff44cc7083a05a66
+
+Manifests:
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:667d28c9fb33820ce686887a717a148e89fa77f9097f9352996bbcce99d352b1
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/amd64
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:71789527b64ab3d7b3de01d364b449cd7f7a3da758218fbf73b9c9aae05a6775
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/arm/v7
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:fb64667e1ce6ab0d05478f3a8402af07b27737598dcf9a510fb1d792b13a66be
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/arm64
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:1c3ddf95a0788e23f72f25800c05abc4458946685e2b66788c3d978cde6da92b
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/s390x
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:05bcde6d460a284e5bc88026cd070277e8380355de3126cbc8fe8a452708c6b1
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/ppc64le
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:c04c57765304ab84f4f9807fff3e11605c3a60e16435c734b02c723680f6bd6e
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/riscv64
+```
+
+#### `.BuildInfo`
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildx:buildinfo --format "{{.BuildInfo}}"
+Name: docker.io/crazymax/buildx:buildinfo
+Frontend: dockerfile.v0
+Attrs:
+  filename:      Dockerfile
+  source:        docker/dockerfile-upstream:master-labs
+  build-arg:bar: foo
+  build-arg:foo: bar
+Sources:
+  Type: docker-image
+  Ref:  docker.io/docker/buildx-bin:0.6.1@sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0
+  Pin:  sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0
+
+  Type: docker-image
+  Ref:  docker.io/library/alpine:3.13
+  Pin:  sha256:026f721af4cf2843e07bba648e158fb35ecc876d822130633cc49f707f0fc88c
+
+  Type: docker-image
+  Ref:  docker.io/moby/buildkit:v0.9.0
+  Pin:  sha256:8dc668e7f66db1c044aadbed306020743516a94848793e0f81f94a087ee78cab
+
+  Type: docker-image
+  Ref:  docker.io/tonistiigi/xx@sha256:21a61be4744f6531cb5f33b0e6f40ede41fa3a1b8c82d5946178f80cc84bfc04
+  Pin:  sha256:21a61be4744f6531cb5f33b0e6f40ede41fa3a1b8c82d5946178f80cc84bfc04
+
+  Type: http
+  Ref:  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/moby/moby/master/README.md
+  Pin:  sha256:419455202b0ef97e480d7f8199b26a721a417818bc0e2d106975f74323f25e6c
+```
+
+#### JSON output
+
+A `json` go template func is also available if you want to render fields as
+JSON bytes:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/loop --format "{{json .Manifest}}"
+```
+```json
+{
+  "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+  "digest": "sha256:08602e7340970e92bde5e0a2e887c1fde4d9ae753d1e05efb4c8ef3b609f97f1",
+  "size": 949
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect moby/buildkit:master --format "{{json .Manifest}}"
+```
+```json
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 2,
+  "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json",
+  "digest": "sha256:79d97f205e2799d99a3a8ae2a1ef17acb331e11784262c3faada847dc6972c52",
+  "size": 2010,
+  "manifests": [
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:bd1e78f06de26610fadf4eb9d04b1a45a545799d6342701726e952cc0c11c912",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "amd64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:d37dcced63ec0965824fca644f0ac9efad8569434ec15b4c83adfcb3dcfc743b",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "arm",
+        "os": "linux",
+        "variant": "v7"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:ce142eb2255e6af46f2809e159fd03081697c7605a3de03b9cbe9a52ddb244bf",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "arm64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:f59bfb5062fff76ce464bfa4e25ebaaaac887d6818238e119d68613c456d360c",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "s390x",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:cc96426e0c50a78105d5637d31356db5dd6ec594f21b24276e534a32da09645c",
+      "size": 1159,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "ppc64le",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:39f9c1e2878e6c333acb23187d6b205ce82ed934c60da326cb2c698192631478",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "riscv64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildx:buildinfo --format "{{json .BuildInfo}}"
+```
+```json
+{
+  "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
+  "attrs": {
+    "build-arg:bar": "foo",
+    "build-arg:foo": "bar",
+    "filename": "Dockerfile",
+    "source": "crazymax/dockerfile:buildattrs"
+  },
+  "sources": [
+    {
+      "type": "docker-image",
+      "ref": "docker.io/docker/buildx-bin:0.6.1@sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0",
+      "pin": "sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "docker-image",
+      "ref": "docker.io/library/alpine:3.13@sha256:026f721af4cf2843e07bba648e158fb35ecc876d822130633cc49f707f0fc88c",
+      "pin": "sha256:026f721af4cf2843e07bba648e158fb35ecc876d822130633cc49f707f0fc88c"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "docker-image",
+      "ref": "docker.io/moby/buildkit:v0.9.0@sha256:8dc668e7f66db1c044aadbed306020743516a94848793e0f81f94a087ee78cab",
+      "pin": "sha256:8dc668e7f66db1c044aadbed306020743516a94848793e0f81f94a087ee78cab"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "docker-image",
+      "ref": "docker.io/tonistiigi/xx@sha256:21a61be4744f6531cb5f33b0e6f40ede41fa3a1b8c82d5946178f80cc84bfc04",
+      "pin": "sha256:21a61be4744f6531cb5f33b0e6f40ede41fa3a1b8c82d5946178f80cc84bfc04"
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "http",
+      "ref": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/moby/moby/master/README.md",
+      "pin": "sha256:419455202b0ef97e480d7f8199b26a721a417818bc0e2d106975f74323f25e6c"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildx:buildinfo --format "{{json .}}"
+```
+```json
+{
+  "name": "crazymax/buildx:buildinfo",
+  "manifest": {
+    "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+    "digest": "sha256:899d2c7acbc124d406820857bb51d9089717bbe4e22b97eb4bc5789e99f09f83",
+    "size": 2628
+  },
+  "image": {
+    "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.627154558Z",
+    "architecture": "amd64",
+    "os": "linux",
+    "config": {
+      "Env": [
+        "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
+        "DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR=/certs",
+        "DOCKER_CLI_EXPERIMENTAL=enabled"
+      ],
+      "Entrypoint": [
+        "docker-entrypoint.sh"
+      ],
+      "Cmd": [
+        "sh"
+      ]
+    },
+    "rootfs": {
+      "type": "layers",
+      "diff_ids": [
+        "sha256:7fcb75871b2101082203959c83514ac8a9f4ecfee77a0fe9aa73bbe56afdf1b4",
+        "sha256:d3c0b963ff5684160641f936d6a4aa14efc8ff27b6edac255c07f2d03ff92e82",
+        "sha256:3f8d78f13fa9b1f35d3bc3f1351d03a027c38018c37baca73f93eecdea17f244",
+        "sha256:8e6eb1137b182ae0c3f5d40ca46341fda2eaeeeb5fa516a9a2bf96171238e2e0",
+        "sha256:fde4c869a56b54dd76d7352ddaa813fd96202bda30b9dceb2c2f2ad22fa2e6ce",
+        "sha256:52025823edb284321af7846419899234b3c66219bf06061692b709875ed0760f",
+        "sha256:50adb5982dbf6126c7cf279ac3181d1e39fc9116b610b947a3dadae6f7e7c5bc",
+        "sha256:9801c319e1c66c5d295e78b2d3e80547e73c7e3c63a4b71e97c8ca357224af24",
+        "sha256:dfbfac44d5d228c49b42194c8a2f470abd6916d072f612a6fb14318e94fde8ae",
+        "sha256:3dfb74e19dedf61568b917c19b0fd3ee4580870027ca0b6054baf239855d1322",
+        "sha256:b182e707c23e4f19be73f9022a99d2d1ca7bf1ca8f280d40e4d1c10a6f51550e"
+      ]
+    },
+    "history": [
+      {
+        "created": "2021-11-12T17:19:58.698676655Z",
+        "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:5a707b9d6cb5fff532e4c2141bc35707593f21da5528c9e71ae2ddb6ba4a4eb6 in / "
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2021-11-12T17:19:58.948920855Z",
+        "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD [\"/bin/sh\"]",
+        "empty_layer": true
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:38.285594601Z",
+        "created_by": "RUN /bin/sh -c apk --update --no-cache add     bash     ca-certificates     openssh-client   \u0026\u0026 rm -rf /tmp/* /var/cache/apk/* # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:41.061874167Z",
+        "created_by": "COPY /opt/docker/ /usr/local/bin/ # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:41.174098947Z",
+        "created_by": "COPY /usr/bin/buildctl /usr/local/bin/buildctl # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:41.320343683Z",
+        "created_by": "COPY /usr/bin/buildkit* /usr/local/bin/ # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:41.447149933Z",
+        "created_by": "COPY /buildx /usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.057722191Z",
+        "created_by": "COPY /opt/docker-compose /usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/docker-compose # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.145224134Z",
+        "created_by": "ADD https://raw.githubusercontent.com/moby/moby/master/README.md / # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.422212427Z",
+        "created_by": "ENV DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR=/certs",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0",
+        "empty_layer": true
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.422212427Z",
+        "created_by": "ENV DOCKER_CLI_EXPERIMENTAL=enabled",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0",
+        "empty_layer": true
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.422212427Z",
+        "created_by": "RUN /bin/sh -c docker --version   \u0026\u0026 buildkitd --version   \u0026\u0026 buildctl --version   \u0026\u0026 docker buildx version   \u0026\u0026 docker compose version   \u0026\u0026 mkdir /certs /certs/client   \u0026\u0026 chmod 1777 /certs /certs/client # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.514320155Z",
+        "created_by": "COPY rootfs/modprobe.sh /usr/local/bin/modprobe # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.627154558Z",
+        "created_by": "COPY rootfs/docker-entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin/ # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.627154558Z",
+        "created_by": "ENTRYPOINT [\"docker-entrypoint.sh\"]",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0",
+        "empty_layer": true
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-02-24T12:27:43.627154558Z",
+        "created_by": "CMD [\"sh\"]",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0",
+        "empty_layer": true
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "buildinfo": {
+    "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
+    "attrs": {
+      "build-arg:bar": "foo",
+      "build-arg:foo": "bar",
+      "filename": "Dockerfile",
+      "source": "docker/dockerfile-upstream:master-labs"
+    },
+    "sources": [
+      {
+        "type": "docker-image",
+        "ref": "docker.io/docker/buildx-bin:0.6.1@sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0",
+        "pin": "sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0"
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "docker-image",
+        "ref": "docker.io/library/alpine:3.13",
+        "pin": "sha256:026f721af4cf2843e07bba648e158fb35ecc876d822130633cc49f707f0fc88c"
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "docker-image",
+        "ref": "docker.io/moby/buildkit:v0.9.0",
+        "pin": "sha256:8dc668e7f66db1c044aadbed306020743516a94848793e0f81f94a087ee78cab"
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "docker-image",
+        "ref": "docker.io/tonistiigi/xx@sha256:21a61be4744f6531cb5f33b0e6f40ede41fa3a1b8c82d5946178f80cc84bfc04",
+        "pin": "sha256:21a61be4744f6531cb5f33b0e6f40ede41fa3a1b8c82d5946178f80cc84bfc04"
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "http",
+        "ref": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/moby/moby/master/README.md",
+        "pin": "sha256:419455202b0ef97e480d7f8199b26a721a417818bc0e2d106975f74323f25e6c"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Multi-platform
+
+Multi-platform images are supported for `.Image` and `.BuildInfo` fields. If
+you want to pick up a specific platform, you can specify it using the `index`
+go template function:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --format '{{json (index .Image "linux/s390x")}}' moby/buildkit:master
+```
+```json
+{
+  "created": "2022-02-25T17:13:27.89891722Z",
+  "architecture": "s390x",
+  "os": "linux",
+  "config": {
+    "Env": [
+      "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
+    ],
+    "Entrypoint": [
+      "buildkitd"
+    ],
+    "Volumes": {
+      "/var/lib/buildkit": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "rootfs": {
+    "type": "layers",
+    "diff_ids": [
+      "sha256:41048e32d0684349141cf05f629c5fc3c5915d1f3426b66dbb8953a540e01e1e",
+      "sha256:2651209b9208fff6c053bc3c17353cb07874e50f1a9bc96d6afd03aef63de76a",
+      "sha256:6741ed7e73039d853fa8902246a4c7e8bf9dd09652fd1b08251bc5f9e8876a7f",
+      "sha256:92ac046adeeb65c86ae3f0b458dee04ad4a462e417661c04d77642c66494f69b"
+    ]
+  },
+  "history": [
+    {
+      "created": "2021-11-24T20:41:23.709681315Z",
+      "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:cd24c711a2ef431b3ff94f9a02bfc42f159bc60de1d0eceecafea4e8af02441d in / "
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2021-11-24T20:41:23.94211262Z",
+      "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD [\"/bin/sh\"]",
+      "empty_layer": true
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-01-26T18:15:21.449825391Z",
+      "created_by": "RUN /bin/sh -c apk add --no-cache fuse3 git openssh pigz xz   \u0026\u0026 ln -s fusermount3 /usr/bin/fusermount # buildkit",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-02-24T00:34:00.924540012Z",
+      "created_by": "COPY examples/buildctl-daemonless/buildctl-daemonless.sh /usr/bin/ # buildkit",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-02-25T17:13:27.89891722Z",
+      "created_by": "VOLUME [/var/lib/buildkit]",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0",
+      "empty_layer": true
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-02-25T17:13:27.89891722Z",
+      "created_by": "COPY / /usr/bin/ # buildkit",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-02-25T17:13:27.89891722Z",
+      "created_by": "ENTRYPOINT [\"buildkitd\"]",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0",
+      "empty_layer": true
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
 ### <a name="raw"></a> Show original, unformatted JSON manifest (--raw)
 
-Use the `--raw` option to print the original JSON bytes instead of the formatted
-output.
+Use the `--raw` option to print the unformatted JSON manifest bytes.
+
+> `jq` is used here to get a better rendering of the output result.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw crazymax/loop | jq
+```
+```json
+{
+  "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+  "schemaVersion": 2,
+  "config": {
+    "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.container.image.v1+json",
+    "digest": "sha256:7ace7d324e79b360b2db8b820d83081863d96d22e734cdf297a8e7fd83f6ceb3",
+    "size": 2298
+  },
+  "layers": [
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+      "digest": "sha256:5843afab387455b37944e709ee8c78d7520df80f8d01cf7f861aae63beeddb6b",
+      "size": 2811478
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+      "digest": "sha256:726d3732a87e1c430d67e8969de6b222a889d45e045ebae1a008a37ba38f3b1f",
+      "size": 1776812
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+      "digest": "sha256:5d7cf9b33148a8f220c84f27dd2cfae46aca019a3ea3fbf7274f6d6dbfae8f3b",
+      "size": 382855
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw moby/buildkit:master | jq
+```
+```json
+{
+  "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json",
+  "schemaVersion": 2,
+  "manifests": [
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:667d28c9fb33820ce686887a717a148e89fa77f9097f9352996bbcce99d352b1",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "amd64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:71789527b64ab3d7b3de01d364b449cd7f7a3da758218fbf73b9c9aae05a6775",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "arm",
+        "os": "linux",
+        "variant": "v7"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:fb64667e1ce6ab0d05478f3a8402af07b27737598dcf9a510fb1d792b13a66be",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "arm64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:1c3ddf95a0788e23f72f25800c05abc4458946685e2b66788c3d978cde6da92b",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "s390x",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:05bcde6d460a284e5bc88026cd070277e8380355de3126cbc8fe8a452708c6b1",
+      "size": 1159,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "ppc64le",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:c04c57765304ab84f4f9807fff3e11605c3a60e16435c734b02c723680f6bd6e",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "riscv64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```

docs/reference/buildx_inspect.md

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ Inspect current builder instance
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--bootstrap`](#bootstrap) | Ensure builder has booted before inspecting |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--bootstrap`](#bootstrap) |  |  | Ensure builder has booted before inspecting |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ name of the builder to inspect to get information about that builder.
 The following example shows information about a builder instance named
 `elated_tesla`:
 
+> **Note**
+>
+> Asterisk `*` next to node build platform(s) indicate they had been set manually during `buildx create`. Otherwise, it had been autodetected.
+
 ```console
 $ docker buildx inspect elated_tesla
 
@@ -53,10 +57,12 @@ Nodes:
 Name:      elated_tesla0
 Endpoint:  unix:///var/run/docker.sock
 Status:    running
+Buildkit:  v0.10.3
 Platforms: linux/amd64
 
 Name:      elated_tesla1
 Endpoint:  ssh://ubuntu@1.2.3.4
 Status:    running
-Platforms: linux/arm64, linux/arm/v7, linux/arm/v6
+Buildkit:  v0.10.3
+Platforms: linux/arm64*, linux/arm/v7, linux/arm/v6
 ```

docs/reference/buildx_ls.md

@@ -14,18 +14,16 @@ List builder instances
 
 Lists all builder instances and the nodes for each instance
 
-**Example**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx ls
-
-NAME/NODE       DRIVER/ENDPOINT             STATUS  PLATFORMS
+NAME/NODE       DRIVER/ENDPOINT             STATUS  BUILDKIT PLATFORMS
 elated_tesla *  docker-container
-  elated_tesla0 unix:///var/run/docker.sock running linux/amd64
-  elated_tesla1 ssh://ubuntu@1.2.3.4        running linux/arm64, linux/arm/v7, linux/arm/v6
+  elated_tesla0 unix:///var/run/docker.sock running v0.10.3  linux/amd64
+  elated_tesla1 ssh://ubuntu@1.2.3.4        running v0.10.3  linux/arm64*, linux/arm/v7, linux/arm/v6
 default         docker
-  default       default                     running linux/amd64
+  default       default                     running 20.10.14 linux/amd64
 ```
 
 Each builder has one or more nodes associated with it. The current builder's
-name is marked with a `*`.
+name is marked with a `*` in `NAME/NODE` and explicit node to build against for
+the target platform marked with a `*` in the `PLATFORMS` column.

docs/reference/buildx_prune.md

@@ -9,18 +9,38 @@ Remove build cache
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| `-a`, `--all` | Remove all unused images, not just dangling ones |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
-| `--filter filter` | Provide filter values (e.g., `until=24h`) |
-| `-f`, `--force` | Do not prompt for confirmation |
-| `--keep-storage bytes` | Amount of disk space to keep for cache |
-| `--verbose` | Provide a more verbose output |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `-a`, `--all` |  |  | Include internal/frontend images |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `--filter` | `filter` |  | Provide filter values (e.g., `until=24h`) |
+| `-f`, `--force` |  |  | Do not prompt for confirmation |
+| `--keep-storage` | `bytes` | `0` | Amount of disk space to keep for cache |
+| `--verbose` |  |  | Provide a more verbose output |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
+## Description
+
+Clears the build cache of the selected builder.
+
+You can finely control what cache data is kept using:
+
+- The `--filter=until=<duration>` flag to keep images that have been used in
+  the last `<duration>` time.
+
+  `<duration>` is a duration string, e.g. `24h` or `2h30m`, with allowable
+  units of `(h)ours`, `(m)inutes` and `(s)econds`.
+
+- The `--keep-storage=<size>` flag to keep `<size>` bytes of data in the cache.
+
+  `<size>` is a human-readable memory string, e.g. `128mb`, `2gb`, etc. Units
+  are case-insensitive.
+
+- The `--all` flag to allow clearing internal helper images and frontend images
+  set using the `#syntax=` directive or the `BUILDKIT_SYNTAX` build argument.
+
 ## Examples
 
 ### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)

docs/reference/buildx_rm.md

@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@ Remove a builder instance
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`--keep-state`](#keep-state) | Keep BuildKit state |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--all-inactive`](#all-inactive) |  |  | Remove all inactive builders |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
+| [`-f`](#force), [`--force`](#force) |  |  | Do not prompt for confirmation |
+| [`--keep-daemon`](#keep-daemon) |  |  | Keep the buildkitd daemon running |
+| [`--keep-state`](#keep-state) |  |  | Keep BuildKit state |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -24,10 +27,32 @@ default builder.
 
 ## Examples
 
+### <a name="all-inactive"></a> Remove all inactive builders (--all-inactive)
+
+Remove builders that are not in running state.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx rm --all-inactive
+WARNING! This will remove all builders that are not in running state. Are you sure you want to continue? [y/N] y
+```
+
 ### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
 
 Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
 
+### <a name="force"></a> Do not prompt for confirmation (--force)
+
+Do not prompt for confirmation before removing inactive builders.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx rm --all-inactive --force
+```
+
+### <a name="keep-daemon"></a> Keep the buildkitd daemon running (--keep-daemon)
+
+Keep the buildkitd daemon running after the buildx context is removed. This is useful when you manage buildkitd daemons and buildx contexts independently.
+Currently, only supported by the [`docker-container` and `kubernetes` drivers](buildx_create.md#driver).
+
 ### <a name="keep-state"></a> Keep BuildKit state (--keep-state)
 
 Keep BuildKit state, so it can be reused by a new builder with the same name.

docs/reference/buildx_stop.md

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ Stop builder instance
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->

docs/reference/buildx_use.md

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ Set the current builder instance
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--builder string`](#builder) | Override the configured builder instance |
-| `--default` | Set builder as default for current context |
-| `--global` | Builder persists context changes |
+| Name | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |  | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `--default` |  |  | Set builder as default for current context |
+| `--global` |  |  | Builder persists context changes |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->

docs/reference/buildx_version.md

@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ Show buildx version information
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
-## Examples
-
-### View version information
+## Description
 
+View version information
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx version

driver/docker-container/driver.go

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ const (
 type Driver struct {
 	driver.InitConfig
 	factory      driver.Factory
+	userNSRemap  bool // true if dockerd is running with userns-remap mode
 	netMode      string
 	image        string
 	cgroupParent string
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		_, err = io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, rc)
+		_, err = io.Copy(io.Discard, rc)
 		return err
 	}); err != nil {
 		// image pulling failed, check if it exists in local image store.
@@ -112,7 +113,6 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 	if err := l.Wrap("creating container "+d.Name, func() error {
 		hc := &container.HostConfig{
 			Privileged: true,
-			UsernsMode: "host",
 			Mounts: []mount.Mount{
 				{
 					Type:   mount.TypeVolume,
@@ -121,6 +121,9 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 				},
 			},
 		}
+		if d.userNSRemap {
+			hc.UsernsMode = "host"
+		}
 		if d.netMode != "" {
 			hc.NetworkMode = container.NetworkMode(d.netMode)
 		}
@@ -284,18 +287,34 @@ func (d *Driver) Info(ctx context.Context) (*driver.Info, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
+func (d *Driver) Version(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	bufStdout := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	bufStderr := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	if err := d.run(ctx, []string{"buildkitd", "--version"}, bufStdout, bufStderr); err != nil {
+		if bufStderr.Len() > 0 {
+			return "", errors.Wrap(err, bufStderr.String())
+		}
+		return "", err
+	}
+	version := strings.Fields(bufStdout.String())
+	if len(version) != 4 {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("unexpected version format: %s", bufStdout.String())
+	}
+	return version[2], nil
+}
+
 func (d *Driver) Stop(ctx context.Context, force bool) error {
 	info, err := d.Info(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if info.Status == driver.Running {
-		return d.DockerAPI.ContainerStop(ctx, d.Name, nil)
+		return d.DockerAPI.ContainerStop(ctx, d.Name, container.StopOptions{})
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force bool, rmVolume bool) error {
+func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
 	info, err := d.Info(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -305,20 +324,22 @@ func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force bool, rmVolume bool) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerRemove(ctx, d.Name, dockertypes.ContainerRemoveOptions{
-			RemoveVolumes: true,
-			Force:         force,
-		}); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		for _, v := range container.Mounts {
-			if v.Name == d.Name+volumeStateSuffix {
+		if rmDaemon {
+			if err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerRemove(ctx, d.Name, dockertypes.ContainerRemoveOptions{
+				RemoveVolumes: true,
+				Force:         force,
+			}); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			for _, v := range container.Mounts {
+				if v.Name != d.Name+volumeStateSuffix {
+					continue
+				}
 				if rmVolume {
 					return d.DockerAPI.VolumeRemove(ctx, d.Name+volumeStateSuffix, false)
 				}
 			}
 		}
-
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -336,11 +357,14 @@ func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	td, _ := exp.(client.TracerDelegate)
-
-	return client.New(ctx, "", client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	var opts []client.ClientOpt
+	opts = append(opts, client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
 		return conn, nil
-	}), client.WithTracerDelegate(td))
+	}))
+	if td, ok := exp.(client.TracerDelegate); ok {
+		opts = append(opts, client.WithTracerDelegate(td))
+	}
+	return client.New(ctx, "", opts...)
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {

driver/docker-container/factory.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	dockertypes "github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
 	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return "docker-container"
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
 	if api == nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}
@@ -40,6 +41,20 @@ func (f *factory) New(ctx context.Context, cfg driver.InitConfig) (driver.Driver
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("%s driver requires docker API access", f.Name())
 	}
 	d := &Driver{factory: f, InitConfig: cfg}
+	dockerInfo, err := cfg.DockerAPI.Info(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	secOpts, err := dockertypes.DecodeSecurityOptions(dockerInfo.SecurityOptions)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, f := range secOpts {
+		if f.Name == "userns" {
+			d.userNSRemap = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
 	for k, v := range cfg.DriverOpts {
 		switch {
 		case k == "network":

driver/docker/driver.go

@@ -29,11 +29,19 @@ func (d *Driver) Info(ctx context.Context) (*driver.Info, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
+func (d *Driver) Version(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	v, err := d.DockerAPI.ServerVersion(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrapf(driver.ErrNotConnecting, err.Error())
+	}
+	return v.Version, nil
+}
+
 func (d *Driver) Stop(ctx context.Context, force bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force bool, rmVolume bool) error {
+func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -46,11 +54,22 @@ func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Features() map[driver.Feature]bool {
+	var useContainerdSnapshotter bool
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	c, err := d.Client(ctx)
+	if err == nil {
+		workers, _ := c.ListWorkers(ctx)
+		for _, w := range workers {
+			if _, ok := w.Labels["org.mobyproject.buildkit.worker.snapshotter"]; ok {
+				useContainerdSnapshotter = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	return map[driver.Feature]bool{
-		driver.OCIExporter:    false,
-		driver.DockerExporter: false,
-		driver.CacheExport:    false,
-		driver.MultiPlatform:  false,
+		driver.OCIExporter:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
+		driver.DockerExporter: useContainerdSnapshotter,
+		driver.CacheExport:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
+		driver.MultiPlatform:  useContainerdSnapshotter,
 	}
 }
 

driver/docker/factory.go

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return "docker"
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
 	if api == nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}

driver/driver.go

@@ -53,8 +53,9 @@ type Driver interface {
 	Factory() Factory
 	Bootstrap(context.Context, progress.Logger) error
 	Info(context.Context) (*Info, error)
+	Version(context.Context) (string, error)
 	Stop(ctx context.Context, force bool) error
-	Rm(ctx context.Context, force bool, rmVolume bool) error
+	Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error
 	Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error)
 	Features() map[Feature]bool
 	IsMobyDriver() bool

driver/kubernetes/context/constants.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package kubernetes
+package context
 
 const (
 	// KubernetesEndpoint is the kubernetes endpoint name in a stored context

driver/kubernetes/context/endpoint_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+package context
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context/store"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd"
+	clientcmdapi "k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd/api"
+)
+
+func testEndpoint(server, defaultNamespace string, ca, cert, key []byte, skipTLSVerify bool) Endpoint {
+	var tlsData *context.TLSData
+	if ca != nil || cert != nil || key != nil {
+		tlsData = &context.TLSData{
+			CA:   ca,
+			Cert: cert,
+			Key:  key,
+		}
+	}
+	return Endpoint{
+		EndpointMeta: EndpointMeta{
+			EndpointMetaBase: context.EndpointMetaBase{
+				Host:          server,
+				SkipTLSVerify: skipTLSVerify,
+			},
+			DefaultNamespace: defaultNamespace,
+		},
+		TLSData: tlsData,
+	}
+}
+
+var testStoreCfg = store.NewConfig(
+	func() interface{} {
+		return &map[string]interface{}{}
+	},
+	store.EndpointTypeGetter(KubernetesEndpoint, func() interface{} { return &EndpointMeta{} }),
+)
+
+func TestSaveLoadContexts(t *testing.T) {
+	storeDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "test-load-save-k8-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(storeDir)
+	store := store.New(storeDir, testStoreCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, save(store, testEndpoint("https://test", "test", nil, nil, nil, false), "raw-notls"))
+	require.NoError(t, save(store, testEndpoint("https://test", "test", nil, nil, nil, true), "raw-notls-skip"))
+	require.NoError(t, save(store, testEndpoint("https://test", "test", []byte("ca"), []byte("cert"), []byte("key"), true), "raw-tls"))
+
+	kcFile, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), "test-load-save-k8-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(kcFile.Name())
+	defer kcFile.Close()
+	cfg := clientcmdapi.NewConfig()
+	cfg.AuthInfos["user"] = clientcmdapi.NewAuthInfo()
+	cfg.Contexts["context1"] = clientcmdapi.NewContext()
+	cfg.Clusters["cluster1"] = clientcmdapi.NewCluster()
+	cfg.Contexts["context2"] = clientcmdapi.NewContext()
+	cfg.Clusters["cluster2"] = clientcmdapi.NewCluster()
+	cfg.AuthInfos["user"].ClientCertificateData = []byte("cert")
+	cfg.AuthInfos["user"].ClientKeyData = []byte("key")
+	cfg.Clusters["cluster1"].Server = "https://server1"
+	cfg.Clusters["cluster1"].InsecureSkipTLSVerify = true
+	cfg.Clusters["cluster2"].Server = "https://server2"
+	cfg.Clusters["cluster2"].CertificateAuthorityData = []byte("ca")
+	cfg.Contexts["context1"].AuthInfo = "user"
+	cfg.Contexts["context1"].Cluster = "cluster1"
+	cfg.Contexts["context1"].Namespace = "namespace1"
+	cfg.Contexts["context2"].AuthInfo = "user"
+	cfg.Contexts["context2"].Cluster = "cluster2"
+	cfg.Contexts["context2"].Namespace = "namespace2"
+	cfg.CurrentContext = "context1"
+	cfgData, err := clientcmd.Write(*cfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = kcFile.Write(cfgData)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	kcFile.Close()
+
+	epDefault, err := FromKubeConfig(kcFile.Name(), "", "")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	epContext2, err := FromKubeConfig(kcFile.Name(), "context2", "namespace-override")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, save(store, epDefault, "embed-default-context"))
+	require.NoError(t, save(store, epContext2, "embed-context2"))
+
+	rawNoTLSMeta, err := store.GetMetadata("raw-notls")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	rawNoTLSSkipMeta, err := store.GetMetadata("raw-notls-skip")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	rawTLSMeta, err := store.GetMetadata("raw-tls")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	embededDefaultMeta, err := store.GetMetadata("embed-default-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	embededContext2Meta, err := store.GetMetadata("embed-context2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	rawNoTLS := EndpointFromContext(rawNoTLSMeta)
+	rawNoTLSSkip := EndpointFromContext(rawNoTLSSkipMeta)
+	rawTLS := EndpointFromContext(rawTLSMeta)
+	embededDefault := EndpointFromContext(embededDefaultMeta)
+	embededContext2 := EndpointFromContext(embededContext2Meta)
+
+	rawNoTLSEP, err := rawNoTLS.WithTLSData(store, "raw-notls")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	checkClientConfig(t, rawNoTLSEP, "https://test", "test", nil, nil, nil, false)
+	rawNoTLSSkipEP, err := rawNoTLSSkip.WithTLSData(store, "raw-notls-skip")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	checkClientConfig(t, rawNoTLSSkipEP, "https://test", "test", nil, nil, nil, true)
+	rawTLSEP, err := rawTLS.WithTLSData(store, "raw-tls")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	checkClientConfig(t, rawTLSEP, "https://test", "test", []byte("ca"), []byte("cert"), []byte("key"), true)
+	embededDefaultEP, err := embededDefault.WithTLSData(store, "embed-default-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	checkClientConfig(t, embededDefaultEP, "https://server1", "namespace1", nil, []byte("cert"), []byte("key"), true)
+	embededContext2EP, err := embededContext2.WithTLSData(store, "embed-context2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	checkClientConfig(t, embededContext2EP, "https://server2", "namespace-override", []byte("ca"), []byte("cert"), []byte("key"), false)
+}
+
+func checkClientConfig(t *testing.T, ep Endpoint, server, namespace string, ca, cert, key []byte, skipTLSVerify bool) {
+	config := ep.KubernetesConfig()
+	cfg, err := config.ClientConfig()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ns, _, _ := config.Namespace()
+	assert.Equal(t, server, cfg.Host)
+	assert.Equal(t, namespace, ns)
+	assert.Equal(t, ca, cfg.CAData)
+	assert.Equal(t, cert, cfg.CertData)
+	assert.Equal(t, key, cfg.KeyData)
+	assert.Equal(t, skipTLSVerify, cfg.Insecure)
+}
+
+func save(s store.Writer, ep Endpoint, name string) error {
+	meta := store.Metadata{
+		Endpoints: map[string]interface{}{
+			KubernetesEndpoint: ep.EndpointMeta,
+		},
+		Name: name,
+	}
+	if err := s.CreateOrUpdate(meta); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return s.ResetEndpointTLSMaterial(name, KubernetesEndpoint, ep.TLSData.ToStoreTLSData())
+}
+
+func TestSaveLoadGKEConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	storeDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", t.Name())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(storeDir)
+	store := store.New(storeDir, testStoreCfg)
+	cfg, err := clientcmd.LoadFromFile("fixtures/gke-kubeconfig")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	clientCfg := clientcmd.NewDefaultClientConfig(*cfg, &clientcmd.ConfigOverrides{})
+	expectedCfg, err := clientCfg.ClientConfig()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ep, err := FromKubeConfig("fixtures/gke-kubeconfig", "", "")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, save(store, ep, "gke-context"))
+	persistedMetadata, err := store.GetMetadata("gke-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	persistedEPMeta := EndpointFromContext(persistedMetadata)
+	assert.True(t, persistedEPMeta != nil)
+	persistedEP, err := persistedEPMeta.WithTLSData(store, "gke-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	persistedCfg := persistedEP.KubernetesConfig()
+	actualCfg, err := persistedCfg.ClientConfig()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedCfg.AuthProvider, actualCfg.AuthProvider)
+}
+
+func TestSaveLoadEKSConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	storeDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", t.Name())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(storeDir)
+	store := store.New(storeDir, testStoreCfg)
+	cfg, err := clientcmd.LoadFromFile("fixtures/eks-kubeconfig")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	clientCfg := clientcmd.NewDefaultClientConfig(*cfg, &clientcmd.ConfigOverrides{})
+	expectedCfg, err := clientCfg.ClientConfig()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ep, err := FromKubeConfig("fixtures/eks-kubeconfig", "", "")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, save(store, ep, "eks-context"))
+	persistedMetadata, err := store.GetMetadata("eks-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	persistedEPMeta := EndpointFromContext(persistedMetadata)
+	assert.True(t, persistedEPMeta != nil)
+	persistedEP, err := persistedEPMeta.WithTLSData(store, "eks-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	persistedCfg := persistedEP.KubernetesConfig()
+	actualCfg, err := persistedCfg.ClientConfig()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedCfg.ExecProvider, actualCfg.ExecProvider)
+}
+
+func TestSaveLoadK3SConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	storeDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", t.Name())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(storeDir)
+	store := store.New(storeDir, testStoreCfg)
+	cfg, err := clientcmd.LoadFromFile("fixtures/k3s-kubeconfig")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	clientCfg := clientcmd.NewDefaultClientConfig(*cfg, &clientcmd.ConfigOverrides{})
+	expectedCfg, err := clientCfg.ClientConfig()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ep, err := FromKubeConfig("fixtures/k3s-kubeconfig", "", "")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, save(store, ep, "k3s-context"))
+	persistedMetadata, err := store.GetMetadata("k3s-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	persistedEPMeta := EndpointFromContext(persistedMetadata)
+	assert.True(t, persistedEPMeta != nil)
+	persistedEP, err := persistedEPMeta.WithTLSData(store, "k3s-context")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	persistedCfg := persistedEP.KubernetesConfig()
+	actualCfg, err := persistedCfg.ClientConfig()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, len(actualCfg.Username) > 0)
+	assert.True(t, len(actualCfg.Password) > 0)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedCfg.Username, actualCfg.Username)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedCfg.Password, actualCfg.Password)
+}

driver/kubernetes/context/fixtures/eks-kubeconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+  apiVersion: v1
+  clusters:
+  - cluster:
+      server: https://some-server      
+    name: kubernetes
+  contexts:
+  - context:
+      cluster: kubernetes
+      user: aws
+    name: aws
+  current-context: aws
+  kind: Config
+  preferences: {}
+  users:
+  - name: aws
+    user:
+      exec:
+        apiVersion: client.authentication.k8s.io/v1alpha1
+        command: heptio-authenticator-aws
+        args:
+          - "token"
+          - "-i"
+          - "eks-cf"

driver/kubernetes/context/fixtures/gke-kubeconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+clusters:
+- cluster:    
+    server: https://some-server
+  name: gke_sample
+contexts:
+- context:
+    cluster: gke_sample
+    user: gke_sample
+  name: gke_sample
+current-context: gke_sample
+kind: Config
+preferences: {}
+users:
+- name: gke_sample
+  user:
+    auth-provider:
+      config:
+        cmd-args: config config-helper --format=json
+        cmd-path: /google/google-cloud-sdk/bin/gcloud
+        expiry-key: '{.credential.token_expiry}'
+        token-key: '{.credential.access_token}'
+      name: gcp

driver/kubernetes/context/fixtures/k3s-kubeconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+clusters:
+- cluster:
+    certificate-authority-data: dGhlLWNh
+    server: https://someserver
+  name: test-cluster
+contexts:
+- context:
+    cluster: test-cluster
+    user: test-user
+    namespace: zoinx
+  name: test
+current-context: test
+kind: Config
+preferences: {}
+users:
+- name: test-user
+  user:
+    username: admin
+    password: testpwd

driver/kubernetes/context/fixtures/test-kubeconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+clusters:
+- cluster:
+    certificate-authority-data: dGhlLWNh
+    server: https://someserver
+  name: test-cluster
+contexts:
+- context:
+    cluster: test-cluster
+    user: test-user
+    namespace: zoinx
+  name: test
+current-context: test
+kind: Config
+preferences: {}
+users:
+- name: test-user
+  user:
+    client-certificate-data: dGhlLWNlcnQ=
+    client-key-data: dGhlLWtleQ==

driver/kubernetes/context/load.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package kubernetes
+package context
 
 import (
 	"os"
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context/store"
-	api "github.com/docker/compose-on-kubernetes/api"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/homedir"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd"
 	clientcmdapi "k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd/api"
 )
@@ -88,23 +86,18 @@ func (c *Endpoint) KubernetesConfig() clientcmd.ClientConfig {
 
 // ResolveDefault returns endpoint metadata for the default Kubernetes
 // endpoint, which is derived from the env-based kubeconfig.
-func (c *EndpointMeta) ResolveDefault(stackOrchestrator command.Orchestrator) (interface{}, *store.EndpointTLSData, error) {
+func (c *EndpointMeta) ResolveDefault() (interface{}, *store.EndpointTLSData, error) {
 	kubeconfig := os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG")
 	if kubeconfig == "" {
 		kubeconfig = filepath.Join(homedir.Get(), ".kube/config")
 	}
 	kubeEP, err := FromKubeConfig(kubeconfig, "", "")
 	if err != nil {
-		if stackOrchestrator == command.OrchestratorKubernetes || stackOrchestrator == command.OrchestratorAll {
-			return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "default orchestrator is %s but unable to resolve kubernetes endpoint", stackOrchestrator)
-		}
-
 		// We deliberately quash the error here, returning nil
 		// for the first argument is sufficient to indicate we weren't able to
 		// provide a default
 		return nil, nil, nil
 	}
-
 	var tls *store.EndpointTLSData
 	if kubeEP.TLSData != nil {
 		tls = kubeEP.TLSData.ToStoreTLSData()
@@ -142,5 +135,21 @@ func ConfigFromContext(name string, s store.Reader) (clientcmd.ClientConfig, err
 		return ep.KubernetesConfig(), nil
 	}
 	// context has no kubernetes endpoint
-	return api.NewKubernetesConfig(""), nil
+	return NewKubernetesConfig(""), nil
+}
+
+// NewKubernetesConfig resolves the path to the desired Kubernetes configuration
+// file based on the KUBECONFIG environment variable and command line flags.
+func NewKubernetesConfig(configPath string) clientcmd.ClientConfig {
+	kubeConfig := configPath
+	if kubeConfig == "" {
+		if config := os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG"); config != "" {
+			kubeConfig = config
+		} else {
+			kubeConfig = filepath.Join(homedir.Get(), ".kube/config")
+		}
+	}
+	return clientcmd.NewNonInteractiveDeferredLoadingClientConfig(
+		&clientcmd.ClientConfigLoadingRules{ExplicitPath: kubeConfig},
+		&clientcmd.ConfigOverrides{})
 }

driver/kubernetes/context/load_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package context
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	cliflags "github.com/docker/cli/cli/flags"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestDefaultContextInitializer(t *testing.T) {
+	os.Setenv("KUBECONFIG", "./fixtures/test-kubeconfig")
+	defer os.Unsetenv("KUBECONFIG")
+	ctx, err := command.ResolveDefaultContext(&cliflags.CommonOptions{}, command.DefaultContextStoreConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "default", ctx.Meta.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "zoinx", ctx.Meta.Endpoints[KubernetesEndpoint].(EndpointMeta).DefaultNamespace)
+}

driver/kubernetes/context/save.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-package kubernetes
+package context
 
 import (
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context"
 	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd"
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func FromKubeConfig(kubeconfig, kubeContext, namespaceOverride string) (Endpoint
 
 func readFileOrDefault(path string, defaultValue []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	if path != "" {
-		return ioutil.ReadFile(path)
+		return os.ReadFile(path)
 	}
 	return defaultValue, nil
 }

driver/kubernetes/driver.go

@@ -160,12 +160,20 @@ func (d *Driver) Info(ctx context.Context) (*driver.Info, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
+func (d *Driver) Version(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	return "", nil
+}
+
 func (d *Driver) Stop(ctx context.Context, force bool) error {
 	// future version may scale the replicas to zero here
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force bool, rmVolume bool) error {
+func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
+	if !rmDaemon {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	if err := d.deploymentClient.Delete(ctx, d.deployment.Name, metav1.DeleteOptions{}); err != nil {
 		if !apierrors.IsNotFound(err) {
 			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error while calling deploymentClient.Delete for %q", d.deployment.Name)
@@ -207,11 +215,14 @@ func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	td, _ := exp.(client.TracerDelegate)
-
-	return client.New(ctx, "", client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	var opts []client.ClientOpt
+	opts = append(opts, client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
 		return conn, nil
-	}), client.WithTracerDelegate(td))
+	}))
+	if td, ok := exp.(client.TracerDelegate); ok {
+		opts = append(opts, client.WithTracerDelegate(td))
+	}
+	return client.New(ctx, "", opts...)
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {

driver/kubernetes/factory.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver/bkimage"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes/manifest"
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return DriverName
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
 	if api == nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}
@@ -66,77 +68,9 @@ func (f *factory) New(ctx context.Context, cfg driver.InitConfig) (driver.Driver
 		clientset:  clientset,
 	}
 
-	deploymentOpt := &manifest.DeploymentOpt{
-		Name:          deploymentName,
-		Image:         bkimage.DefaultImage,
-		Replicas:      1,
-		BuildkitFlags: cfg.BuildkitFlags,
-		Rootless:      false,
-		Platforms:     cfg.Platforms,
-		ConfigFiles:   cfg.Files,
-	}
-
-	deploymentOpt.Qemu.Image = bkimage.QemuImage
-
-	loadbalance := LoadbalanceSticky
-
-	for k, v := range cfg.DriverOpts {
-		switch k {
-		case "image":
-			if v != "" {
-				deploymentOpt.Image = v
-			}
-		case "namespace":
-			namespace = v
-		case "replicas":
-			deploymentOpt.Replicas, err = strconv.Atoi(v)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-		case "requests.cpu":
-			deploymentOpt.RequestsCPU = v
-		case "requests.memory":
-			deploymentOpt.RequestsMemory = v
-		case "limits.cpu":
-			deploymentOpt.LimitsCPU = v
-		case "limits.memory":
-			deploymentOpt.LimitsMemory = v
-		case "rootless":
-			deploymentOpt.Rootless, err = strconv.ParseBool(v)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			deploymentOpt.Image = bkimage.DefaultRootlessImage
-		case "nodeselector":
-			kvs := strings.Split(strings.Trim(v, `"`), ",")
-			s := map[string]string{}
-			for i := range kvs {
-				kv := strings.Split(kvs[i], "=")
-				if len(kv) == 2 {
-					s[kv[0]] = kv[1]
-				}
-			}
-			deploymentOpt.NodeSelector = s
-		case "loadbalance":
-			switch v {
-			case LoadbalanceSticky:
-			case LoadbalanceRandom:
-			default:
-				return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid loadbalance %q", v)
-			}
-			loadbalance = v
-		case "qemu.install":
-			deploymentOpt.Qemu.Install, err = strconv.ParseBool(v)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-		case "qemu.image":
-			if v != "" {
-				deploymentOpt.Qemu.Image = v
-			}
-		default:
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid driver option %s for driver %s", k, DriverName)
-		}
+	deploymentOpt, loadbalance, namespace, err := f.processDriverOpts(deploymentName, namespace, cfg)
+	if nil != err {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	d.deployment, d.configMaps, err = manifest.NewDeployment(deploymentOpt)
@@ -166,6 +100,121 @@ func (f *factory) New(ctx context.Context, cfg driver.InitConfig) (driver.Driver
 	return d, nil
 }
 
+func (f *factory) processDriverOpts(deploymentName string, namespace string, cfg driver.InitConfig) (*manifest.DeploymentOpt, string, string, error) {
+	deploymentOpt := &manifest.DeploymentOpt{
+		Name:          deploymentName,
+		Image:         bkimage.DefaultImage,
+		Replicas:      1,
+		BuildkitFlags: cfg.BuildkitFlags,
+		Rootless:      false,
+		Platforms:     cfg.Platforms,
+		ConfigFiles:   cfg.Files,
+	}
+
+	deploymentOpt.Qemu.Image = bkimage.QemuImage
+
+	loadbalance := LoadbalanceSticky
+	var err error
+
+	for k, v := range cfg.DriverOpts {
+		switch k {
+		case "image":
+			if v != "" {
+				deploymentOpt.Image = v
+			}
+		case "namespace":
+			namespace = v
+		case "replicas":
+			deploymentOpt.Replicas, err = strconv.Atoi(v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", err
+			}
+		case "requests.cpu":
+			deploymentOpt.RequestsCPU = v
+		case "requests.memory":
+			deploymentOpt.RequestsMemory = v
+		case "limits.cpu":
+			deploymentOpt.LimitsCPU = v
+		case "limits.memory":
+			deploymentOpt.LimitsMemory = v
+		case "rootless":
+			deploymentOpt.Rootless, err = strconv.ParseBool(v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", err
+			}
+			if _, isImage := cfg.DriverOpts["image"]; !isImage {
+				deploymentOpt.Image = bkimage.DefaultRootlessImage
+			}
+		case "nodeselector":
+			kvs := strings.Split(strings.Trim(v, `"`), ",")
+			s := map[string]string{}
+			for i := range kvs {
+				kv := strings.Split(kvs[i], "=")
+				if len(kv) == 2 {
+					s[kv[0]] = kv[1]
+				}
+			}
+			deploymentOpt.NodeSelector = s
+		case "tolerations":
+			ts := strings.Split(v, ";")
+			deploymentOpt.Tolerations = []corev1.Toleration{}
+			for i := range ts {
+				kvs := strings.Split(ts[i], ",")
+
+				t := corev1.Toleration{}
+
+				for j := range kvs {
+					kv := strings.Split(kvs[j], "=")
+					if len(kv) == 2 {
+						switch kv[0] {
+						case "key":
+							t.Key = kv[1]
+						case "operator":
+							t.Operator = corev1.TolerationOperator(kv[1])
+						case "value":
+							t.Value = kv[1]
+						case "effect":
+							t.Effect = corev1.TaintEffect(kv[1])
+						case "tolerationSeconds":
+							c, err := strconv.Atoi(kv[1])
+							if nil != err {
+								return nil, "", "", err
+							}
+							c64 := int64(c)
+							t.TolerationSeconds = &c64
+						default:
+							return nil, "", "", errors.Errorf("invalid tolaration %q", v)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				deploymentOpt.Tolerations = append(deploymentOpt.Tolerations, t)
+			}
+		case "loadbalance":
+			switch v {
+			case LoadbalanceSticky:
+			case LoadbalanceRandom:
+			default:
+				return nil, "", "", errors.Errorf("invalid loadbalance %q", v)
+			}
+			loadbalance = v
+		case "qemu.install":
+			deploymentOpt.Qemu.Install, err = strconv.ParseBool(v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", err
+			}
+		case "qemu.image":
+			if v != "" {
+				deploymentOpt.Qemu.Image = v
+			}
+		default:
+			return nil, "", "", errors.Errorf("invalid driver option %s for driver %s", k, DriverName)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return deploymentOpt, loadbalance, namespace, nil
+}
+
 func (f *factory) AllowsInstances() bool {
 	return true
 }

driver/kubernetes/factory_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+package kubernetes
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver/bkimage"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
+)
+
+type mockKubeClientConfig struct {
+	clientConfig *rest.Config
+	namespace    string
+}
+
+func (r *mockKubeClientConfig) ClientConfig() (*rest.Config, error) {
+	return r.clientConfig, nil
+}
+
+func (r *mockKubeClientConfig) Namespace() (string, bool, error) {
+	return r.namespace, true, nil
+}
+
+func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
+	kcc := mockKubeClientConfig{
+		clientConfig: &rest.Config{},
+	}
+
+	cfg := driver.InitConfig{
+		Name:             "buildx_buildkit_test",
+		KubeClientConfig: &kcc,
+	}
+	f := factory{}
+
+	t.Run(
+		"ValidOptions", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"namespace":       "test-ns",
+				"image":           "test:latest",
+				"replicas":        "2",
+				"requests.cpu":    "100m",
+				"requests.memory": "32Mi",
+				"limits.cpu":      "200m",
+				"limits.memory":   "64Mi",
+				"rootless":        "true",
+				"nodeselector":    "selector1=value1,selector2=value2",
+				"tolerations":     "key=tolerationKey1,value=tolerationValue1,operator=Equal,effect=NoSchedule,tolerationSeconds=60;key=tolerationKey2,operator=Exists",
+				"loadbalance":     "random",
+				"qemu.install":    "true",
+				"qemu.image":      "qemu:latest",
+			}
+			ns := "test"
+
+			r, loadbalance, ns, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, ns, cfg)
+
+			nodeSelectors := map[string]string{
+				"selector1": "value1",
+				"selector2": "value2",
+			}
+
+			ts := int64(60)
+			tolerations := []v1.Toleration{
+				{
+					Key:               "tolerationKey1",
+					Operator:          v1.TolerationOpEqual,
+					Value:             "tolerationValue1",
+					Effect:            v1.TaintEffectNoSchedule,
+					TolerationSeconds: &ts,
+				},
+				{
+					Key:      "tolerationKey2",
+					Operator: v1.TolerationOpExists,
+				},
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			require.Equal(t, "test-ns", ns)
+			require.Equal(t, "test:latest", r.Image)
+			require.Equal(t, 2, r.Replicas)
+			require.Equal(t, "100m", r.RequestsCPU)
+			require.Equal(t, "32Mi", r.RequestsMemory)
+			require.Equal(t, "200m", r.LimitsCPU)
+			require.Equal(t, "64Mi", r.LimitsMemory)
+			require.True(t, r.Rootless)
+			require.Equal(t, nodeSelectors, r.NodeSelector)
+			require.Equal(t, tolerations, r.Tolerations)
+			require.Equal(t, LoadbalanceRandom, loadbalance)
+			require.True(t, r.Qemu.Install)
+			require.Equal(t, "qemu:latest", r.Qemu.Image)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"NoOptions", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{}
+
+			r, loadbalance, ns, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			require.Equal(t, "test", ns)
+			require.Equal(t, bkimage.DefaultImage, r.Image)
+			require.Equal(t, 1, r.Replicas)
+			require.Equal(t, "", r.RequestsCPU)
+			require.Equal(t, "", r.RequestsMemory)
+			require.Equal(t, "", r.LimitsCPU)
+			require.Equal(t, "", r.LimitsMemory)
+			require.False(t, r.Rootless)
+			require.Empty(t, r.NodeSelector)
+			require.Empty(t, r.Tolerations)
+			require.Equal(t, LoadbalanceSticky, loadbalance)
+			require.False(t, r.Qemu.Install)
+			require.Equal(t, bkimage.QemuImage, r.Qemu.Image)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"RootlessOverride", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"rootless":    "true",
+				"loadbalance": "sticky",
+			}
+
+			r, loadbalance, ns, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			require.Equal(t, "test", ns)
+			require.Equal(t, bkimage.DefaultRootlessImage, r.Image)
+			require.Equal(t, 1, r.Replicas)
+			require.Equal(t, "", r.RequestsCPU)
+			require.Equal(t, "", r.RequestsMemory)
+			require.Equal(t, "", r.LimitsCPU)
+			require.Equal(t, "", r.LimitsMemory)
+			require.True(t, r.Rootless)
+			require.Empty(t, r.NodeSelector)
+			require.Empty(t, r.Tolerations)
+			require.Equal(t, LoadbalanceSticky, loadbalance)
+			require.False(t, r.Qemu.Install)
+			require.Equal(t, bkimage.QemuImage, r.Qemu.Image)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidReplicas", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"replicas": "invalid",
+			}
+
+			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidRootless", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"rootless": "invalid",
+			}
+
+			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidTolerationKeyword", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"tolerations": "key=foo,value=bar,invalid=foo2",
+			}
+
+			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidTolerationSeconds", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"tolerations": "key=foo,value=bar,tolerationSeconds=invalid",
+			}
+
+			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidLoadBalance", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"loadbalance": "invalid",
+			}
+
+			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidQemuInstall", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"qemu.install": "invalid",
+			}
+
+			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidOption", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"invalid": "foo",
+			}
+
+			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
+}

driver/kubernetes/manifest/manifest.go

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ type DeploymentOpt struct {
 
 	Rootless       bool
 	NodeSelector   map[string]string
+	Tolerations    []corev1.Toleration
 	RequestsCPU    string
 	RequestsMemory string
 	LimitsCPU      string
@@ -159,6 +160,10 @@ func NewDeployment(opt *DeploymentOpt) (d *appsv1.Deployment, c []*corev1.Config
 		d.Spec.Template.Spec.NodeSelector = opt.NodeSelector
 	}
 
+	if len(opt.Tolerations) > 0 {
+		d.Spec.Template.Spec.Tolerations = opt.Tolerations
+	}
+
 	if opt.RequestsCPU != "" {
 		reqCPU, err := resource.ParseQuantity(opt.RequestsCPU)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -199,12 +204,33 @@ func toRootless(d *appsv1.Deployment) error {
 		d.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].Args,
 		"--oci-worker-no-process-sandbox",
 	)
-	d.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].SecurityContext = nil
+	d.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].SecurityContext = &corev1.SecurityContext{
+		SeccompProfile: &corev1.SeccompProfile{
+			Type: corev1.SeccompProfileTypeUnconfined,
+		},
+	}
 	if d.Spec.Template.ObjectMeta.Annotations == nil {
-		d.Spec.Template.ObjectMeta.Annotations = make(map[string]string, 2)
+		d.Spec.Template.ObjectMeta.Annotations = make(map[string]string, 1)
 	}
 	d.Spec.Template.ObjectMeta.Annotations["container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/"+containerName] = "unconfined"
-	d.Spec.Template.ObjectMeta.Annotations["container.seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/"+containerName] = "unconfined"
+
+	// Dockerfile has `VOLUME /home/user/.local/share/buildkit` by default too,
+	// but the default VOLUME does not work with rootless on Google's Container-Optimized OS
+	// as it is mounted with `nosuid,nodev`.
+	// https://github.com/moby/buildkit/issues/879#issuecomment-1240347038
+	// https://github.com/moby/buildkit/pull/3097
+	const emptyDirVolName = "buildkitd"
+	d.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].VolumeMounts = append(d.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers[0].VolumeMounts, corev1.VolumeMount{
+		Name:      emptyDirVolName,
+		MountPath: "/home/user/.local/share/buildkit",
+	})
+	d.Spec.Template.Spec.Volumes = append(d.Spec.Template.Spec.Volumes, corev1.Volume{
+		Name: emptyDirVolName,
+		VolumeSource: corev1.VolumeSource{
+			EmptyDir: &corev1.EmptyDirVolumeSource{},
+		},
+	})
+
 	return nil
 }
 

driver/kubernetes/podchooser/podchooser.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/serialx/hashring"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
@@ -29,6 +30,9 @@ func (pc *RandomPodChooser) ChoosePod(ctx context.Context) (*corev1.Pod, error)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if len(pods) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("no running buildkit pods found")
+	}
 	randSource := pc.RandSource
 	if randSource == nil {
 		randSource = rand.NewSource(time.Now().Unix())

driver/manager.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package driver
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import (
 type Factory interface {
 	Name() string
 	Usage() string
-	Priority(context.Context, dockerclient.APIClient) int
+	Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int
 	New(ctx context.Context, cfg InitConfig) (Driver, error)
 	AllowsInstances() bool
 }
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func (k KubeClientConfigInCluster) ClientConfig() (*rest.Config, error) {
 }
 
 func (k KubeClientConfigInCluster) Namespace() (string, bool, error) {
-	namespace, err := ioutil.ReadFile("/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/namespace")
+	namespace, err := os.ReadFile("/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/namespace")
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", false, err
 	}
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ func (k KubeClientConfigInCluster) Namespace() (string, bool, error) {
 type InitConfig struct {
 	// This object needs updates to be generic for different drivers
 	Name             string
+	EndpointAddr     string
 	DockerAPI        dockerclient.APIClient
 	KubeClientConfig KubeClientConfig
 	BuildkitFlags    []string
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ func Register(f Factory) {
 	drivers[f.Name()] = f
 }
 
-func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, c dockerclient.APIClient, instanceRequired bool) (Factory, error) {
+func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, ep string, c dockerclient.APIClient, instanceRequired bool) (Factory, error) {
 	if len(drivers) == 0 {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("no drivers available")
 	}
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, c dockerclient.APIClient, instanceRe
 		if instanceRequired && !f.AllowsInstances() {
 			continue
 		}
-		dd = append(dd, p{f: f, priority: f.Priority(ctx, c)})
+		dd = append(dd, p{f: f, priority: f.Priority(ctx, ep, c)})
 	}
 	sort.Slice(dd, func(i, j int) bool {
 		return dd[i].priority < dd[j].priority
@@ -91,20 +92,21 @@ func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, c dockerclient.APIClient, instanceRe
 	return dd[0].f, nil
 }
 
-func GetFactory(name string, instanceRequired bool) Factory {
+func GetFactory(name string, instanceRequired bool) (Factory, error) {
 	for _, f := range drivers {
-		if instanceRequired && !f.AllowsInstances() {
-			continue
-		}
 		if f.Name() == name {
-			return f
+			if instanceRequired && !f.AllowsInstances() {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("additional instances of driver %q cannot be created", name)
+			}
+			return f, nil
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+	return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to find driver %q", name)
 }
 
-func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, api dockerclient.APIClient, auth Auth, kcc KubeClientConfig, flags []string, files map[string][]byte, do map[string]string, platforms []specs.Platform, contextPathHash string) (Driver, error) {
+func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, endpointAddr string, api dockerclient.APIClient, auth Auth, kcc KubeClientConfig, flags []string, files map[string][]byte, do map[string]string, platforms []specs.Platform, contextPathHash string) (Driver, error) {
 	ic := InitConfig{
+		EndpointAddr:     endpointAddr,
 		DockerAPI:        api,
 		KubeClientConfig: kcc,
 		Name:             name,
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, api dockerclient.API
 	}
 	if f == nil {
 		var err error
-		f, err = GetDefaultFactory(ctx, api, false)
+		f, err = GetDefaultFactory(ctx, endpointAddr, api, false)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -129,9 +131,12 @@ func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, api dockerclient.API
 	return &cachedDriver{Driver: d}, nil
 }
 
-func GetFactories() []Factory {
+func GetFactories(instanceRequired bool) []Factory {
 	ds := make([]Factory, 0, len(drivers))
 	for _, d := range drivers {
+		if instanceRequired && !d.AllowsInstances() {
+			continue
+		}
 		ds = append(ds, d)
 	}
 	sort.Slice(ds, func(i, j int) bool {

driver/remote/driver.go

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+)
+
+type Driver struct {
+	factory driver.Factory
+	driver.InitConfig
+	*tlsOpts
+}
+
+type tlsOpts struct {
+	serverName string
+	caCert     string
+	cert       string
+	key        string
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
+	for i := 0; ; i++ {
+		info, err := d.Info(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if info.Status != driver.Inactive {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		default:
+			if i > 10 {
+				i = 10
+			}
+			time.Sleep(time.Duration(i) * time.Second)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Info(ctx context.Context) (*driver.Info, error) {
+	c, err := d.Client(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return &driver.Info{
+			Status: driver.Inactive,
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	if _, err := c.ListWorkers(ctx); err != nil {
+		return &driver.Info{
+			Status: driver.Inactive,
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	return &driver.Info{
+		Status: driver.Running,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Version(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	return "", nil
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Stop(ctx context.Context, force bool) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
+	opts := []client.ClientOpt{}
+	if d.tlsOpts != nil {
+		opts = append(opts, client.WithCredentials(d.tlsOpts.serverName, d.tlsOpts.caCert, d.tlsOpts.cert, d.tlsOpts.key))
+	}
+
+	return client.New(ctx, d.InitConfig.EndpointAddr, opts...)
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Features() map[driver.Feature]bool {
+	return map[driver.Feature]bool{
+		driver.OCIExporter:    true,
+		driver.DockerExporter: false,
+		driver.CacheExport:    true,
+		driver.MultiPlatform:  true,
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {
+	return d.factory
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) IsMobyDriver() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) Config() driver.InitConfig {
+	return d.InitConfig
+}

driver/remote/factory.go

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/url"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	// import connhelpers for special url schemes
+	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/client/connhelper/dockercontainer"
+	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/client/connhelper/kubepod"
+	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/client/connhelper/ssh"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	util "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote/util"
+	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+const prioritySupported = 20
+const priorityUnsupported = 90
+
+func init() {
+	driver.Register(&factory{})
+}
+
+type factory struct {
+}
+
+func (*factory) Name() string {
+	return "remote"
+}
+
+func (*factory) Usage() string {
+	return "remote"
+}
+
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+	if util.IsValidEndpoint(endpoint) != nil {
+		return priorityUnsupported
+	}
+	return prioritySupported
+}
+
+func (f *factory) New(ctx context.Context, cfg driver.InitConfig) (driver.Driver, error) {
+	if len(cfg.Files) > 0 {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("setting config file is not supported for remote driver")
+	}
+	if len(cfg.BuildkitFlags) > 0 {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("setting buildkit flags is not supported for remote driver")
+	}
+
+	d := &Driver{
+		factory:    f,
+		InitConfig: cfg,
+	}
+
+	tls := &tlsOpts{}
+	tlsEnabled := false
+	for k, v := range cfg.DriverOpts {
+		switch k {
+		case "servername":
+			tls.serverName = v
+			tlsEnabled = true
+		case "cacert":
+			if !filepath.IsAbs(v) {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("non-absolute path '%s' provided for %s", v, k)
+			}
+			tls.caCert = v
+			tlsEnabled = true
+		case "cert":
+			if !filepath.IsAbs(v) {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("non-absolute path '%s' provided for %s", v, k)
+			}
+			tls.cert = v
+			tlsEnabled = true
+		case "key":
+			if !filepath.IsAbs(v) {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("non-absolute path '%s' provided for %s", v, k)
+			}
+			tls.key = v
+			tlsEnabled = true
+		default:
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid driver option %s for remote driver", k)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if tlsEnabled {
+		if tls.serverName == "" {
+			// guess servername as hostname of target address
+			uri, err := url.Parse(cfg.EndpointAddr)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			tls.serverName = uri.Hostname()
+		}
+		missing := []string{}
+		if tls.caCert == "" {
+			missing = append(missing, "cacert")
+		}
+		if tls.cert == "" {
+			missing = append(missing, "cert")
+		}
+		if tls.key == "" {
+			missing = append(missing, "key")
+		}
+		if len(missing) > 0 {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("tls enabled, but missing keys %s", strings.Join(missing, ", "))
+		}
+		d.tlsOpts = tls
+	}
+
+	return d, nil
+}
+
+func (f *factory) AllowsInstances() bool {
+	return true
+}

driver/remote/util/endpoint.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"net/url"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+var schemes = map[string]struct{}{
+	"tcp":              {},
+	"unix":             {},
+	"ssh":              {},
+	"docker-container": {},
+	"kube-pod":         {},
+}
+
+func IsValidEndpoint(ep string) error {
+	endpoint, err := url.Parse(ep)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse endpoint %s", ep)
+	}
+	if _, ok := schemes[endpoint.Scheme]; !ok {
+		return errors.Errorf("unrecognized url scheme %s", endpoint.Scheme)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

go.mod

@@ -1,64 +1,163 @@
 module github.com/docker/buildx
 
-go 1.16
+go 1.17
 
 require (
-	github.com/agl/ed25519 v0.0.0-20170116200512-5312a6153412 // indirect
-	github.com/bugsnag/bugsnag-go v1.4.1 // indirect
-	github.com/bugsnag/panicwrap v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/cenkalti/backoff v2.1.1+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v0.0.0-20181213083726-b94e044bb51e // indirect
-	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go v1.0.5
+	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go v1.4.0
 	github.com/containerd/console v1.0.3
-	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.5.5
-	github.com/docker/cli v20.10.8+incompatible
-	github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool v0.2.1
-	github.com/docker/compose-on-kubernetes v0.4.19-0.20190128150448-356b2919c496 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/distribution v2.7.1+incompatible
-	github.com/docker/docker v20.10.7+incompatible
-	github.com/docker/go v1.5.1-1.0.20160303222718-d30aec9fd63c // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.6.6
+	github.com/docker/cli v20.10.17+incompatible // v22.06.x - see "replace" for the actual version
+	github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool v0.5.0
+	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.1+incompatible
+	github.com/docker/docker v20.10.17+incompatible // v22.06.x - see "replace" for the actual version
 	github.com/docker/go-units v0.4.0
-	github.com/docker/libtrust v0.0.0-20150526203908-9cbd2a1374f4 // indirect
-	github.com/elazarl/goproxy v0.0.0-20191011121108-aa519ddbe484 // indirect
-	github.com/fvbommel/sortorder v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.7.3
-	github.com/gofrs/uuid v3.3.0+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/google/certificate-transparency-go v1.0.21 // indirect
 	github.com/google/shlex v0.0.0-20191202100458-e7afc7fbc510
-	github.com/hailocab/go-hostpool v0.0.0-20160125115350-e80d13ce29ed // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs v0.0.0-20200930094925-2721b1e36840
 	github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2 v2.8.2
-	github.com/jinzhu/gorm v1.9.2 // indirect
-	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v0.0.0-20180308033659-04140366298a // indirect
-	github.com/kardianos/osext v0.0.0-20190222173326-2bc1f35cddc0 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/buildkit v0.9.1-0.20211019185819-8778943ac3da
+	github.com/moby/buildkit v0.10.1-0.20220816171719-55ba9d14360a
+	github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0
-	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.0.2-0.20210819154149-5ad6f50d6283
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.0.3-0.20211202183452-c5a74bcca799
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.9.4
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1
 	github.com/serialx/hashring v0.0.0-20190422032157-8b2912629002
-	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.8.1
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.2.1
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.5.0
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0
+	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.10.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.4.1
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.4.1
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4
+	golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.47.0
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
+	k8s.io/api v0.23.5
+	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.23.5
+	k8s.io/client-go v0.23.5
+)
+
+require (
+	cloud.google.com/go v0.81.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-autorest v14.2.0+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest v0.11.24 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/adal v0.9.18 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/date v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/logger v0.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/tracing v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/agext/levenshtein v1.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/agl/ed25519 v0.0.0-20170116200512-5312a6153412 // indirect
+	github.com/apparentlymart/go-cidr v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v12 v12.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v13 v13.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/bugsnag/bugsnag-go v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/bugsnag/panicwrap v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cenkalti/backoff v2.1.1+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v0.0.0-20181213083726-b94e044bb51e // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/continuity v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/typeurl v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/distribution/distribution/v3 v3.0.0-20220725133111-4bf3547399eb // indirect
+	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.6.4 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go v1.5.1-1.0.20160303222718-d30aec9fd63c // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-metrics v0.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/libtrust v0.0.0-20150526203908-9cbd2a1374f4 // indirect
+	github.com/elazarl/goproxy v0.0.0-20191011121108-aa519ddbe484 // indirect
+	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/fvbommel/sortorder v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gogo/googleapis v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/google/certificate-transparency-go v1.0.21 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.8 // indirect
+	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gnostic v0.5.5 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway v1.16.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hailocab/go-hostpool v0.0.0-20160125115350-e80d13ce29ed // indirect
+	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.13 // indirect
+	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jinzhu/gorm v1.9.2 // indirect
+	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v0.0.0-20180308033659-04140366298a // indirect
+	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
+	github.com/kardianos/osext v0.0.0-20190222173326-2bc1f35cddc0 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.15.7 // indirect
+	github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-shellwords v1.0.12 // indirect
+	github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.2-0.20181231171920-c182affec369 // indirect
+	github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/go-wordwrap v0.0.0-20150314170334-ad45545899c7 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/locker v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/spdystream v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/signal v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/term v0.0.0-20210619224110-3f7ff695adc6 // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/runc v1.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.12.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.32.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.7.3 // indirect
+	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.8.1 // indirect
 	github.com/theupdateframework/notary v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/tonistiigi/units v0.0.0-20180711220420-6950e57a87ea
-	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.7.1
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.0.0-RC1
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.0.0-RC1
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c
+	github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil v0.0.0-20220510150904-0dbf3a8a7d58 // indirect
+	github.com/tonistiigi/units v0.0.0-20180711220420-6950e57a87ea // indirect
+	github.com/tonistiigi/vt100 v0.0.0-20210615222946-8066bb97264f // indirect
+	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20180127040702-4e3ac2762d5f // indirect
+	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference v0.0.0-20180127040603-bd5ef7bd5415 // indirect
+	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.29.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace v0.29.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.29.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/internal/retry v1.4.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.4.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.4.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.4.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/internal/metric v0.27.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.27.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.4.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v0.12.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220315160706-3147a52a75dd // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220127200216-cd36cc0744dd // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20210819190943-2bc19b11175f // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.3.7 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220210224613-90d013bbcef8 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220310185008-1973136f34c6 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.27.1 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c // indirect
 	gopkg.in/dancannon/gorethink.v3 v3.0.5 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/fatih/pool.v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/gorethink/gorethink.v3 v3.0.5 // indirect
-	k8s.io/api v0.22.1
-	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.22.1
-	k8s.io/client-go v0.22.1
+	gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
+	k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.30.0 // indirect
+	k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20210930125809-cb0fa318a74b // indirect
+	sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.1.2 // indirect
+	sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.2.0 // indirect
 )
 
 replace (
-	github.com/docker/cli => github.com/docker/cli v20.10.3-0.20210702143511-f782d1355eff+incompatible
-	github.com/docker/docker => github.com/docker/docker v20.10.3-0.20210817025855-ba2adeebdb8d+incompatible
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc => github.com/tonistiigi/opentelemetry-go-contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.0.0-20210714055410-d010b05b4939
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace => github.com/tonistiigi/opentelemetry-go-contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace v0.0.0-20210714055410-d010b05b4939
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp => github.com/tonistiigi/opentelemetry-go-contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.0.0-20210714055410-d010b05b4939
+	github.com/docker/cli => github.com/docker/cli v20.10.3-0.20220803220330-418ca3b4d46f+incompatible // master (v22.06-dev)
+	github.com/docker/docker => github.com/docker/docker v20.10.3-0.20220720171342-a60b458179aa+incompatible // 22.06 branch (v22.06-dev)
+	k8s.io/api => k8s.io/api v0.22.4
+	k8s.io/apimachinery => k8s.io/apimachinery v0.22.4
+	k8s.io/client-go => k8s.io/client-go v0.22.4
 )