Merge pull request #2115 from crazy-max/rework-driver-resolution2

build: rework node resolution

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -31,20 +31,20 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
           driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
           buildkitd-flags: --debug
       -
         name: Build
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           targets: integration-test-base
           set: |
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         worker:
           - docker
+          - docker\+containerd  # same as docker, but with containerd snapshotter
           - docker-container
           - remote
         pkg:
@@ -76,20 +77,22 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
           driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
           buildkitd-flags: --debug
       -
         name: Build test image
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           targets: integration-test
           set: |
@@ -101,8 +104,8 @@ jobs:
           export TEST_REPORT_SUFFIX=-${{ github.job }}-$(echo "${{ matrix.pkg }}-${{ matrix.skip-integration-tests }}-${{ matrix.worker }}" | tr -dc '[:alnum:]-\n\r' | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
           ./hack/test
         env:
-          TEST_DOCKERD: "${{ (matrix.worker == 'docker' || matrix.worker == 'docker-container') && '1' || '0' }}"
-          TESTFLAGS: "${{ (matrix.worker == 'docker' || matrix.worker == 'docker-container') && env.TESTFLAGS_DOCKER || env.TESTFLAGS }} --run=//worker=${{ matrix.worker }}$"
+          TEST_DOCKERD: "${{ startsWith(matrix.worker, 'docker') && '1' || '0' }}"
+          TESTFLAGS: "${{ (matrix.worker == 'docker' || matrix.worker == 'docker\\+containerd') && env.TESTFLAGS_DOCKER || env.TESTFLAGS }} --run=//worker=${{ matrix.worker }}$"
           TESTPKGS: "${{ matrix.pkg }}"
           SKIP_INTEGRATION_TESTS: "${{ matrix.skip-integration-tests }}"
       -
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Create matrix
         id: platforms
@@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ jobs:
           echo "PLATFORM_PAIR=${platform//\//-}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
           driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
@@ -194,13 +197,13 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
           driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
@@ -208,7 +211,7 @@ jobs:
       -
         name: Docker meta
         id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
         with:
           images: |
             ${{ env.REPO_SLUG }}
@@ -220,13 +223,13 @@ jobs:
       -
         name: Login to DockerHub
         if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
-        uses: docker/login-action@v2
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
       -
         name: Build and push image
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           files: |
             ./docker-bake.hcl
@@ -246,7 +249,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Download binaries
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
@@ -280,13 +283,13 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
           driver-opts: image=moby/buildkit:master
@@ -294,6 +297,6 @@ jobs:
       -
         # Just run a bake target to check eveything runs fine
         name: Build
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           targets: binaries

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+name: codeql
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'master'
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
+  pull_request:
+
+permissions:
+  actions: read
+  contents: read
+  security-events: write
+
+env:
+  GO_VERSION: 1.21.3
+
+jobs:
+  codeql:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      -
+        name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v4
+        with:
+          go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
+      -
+        name: Initialize CodeQL
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
+        with:
+          languages: go
+      -
+        name: Autobuild
+        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
+      -
+        name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
+        with:
+          category: "/language:go"

.github/workflows/docs-release.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout docs repo
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.GHPAT_DOCS_DISPATCH }}
           repository: docker/docs
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ jobs:
           rm -rf ./_data/buildx/*
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
       -
         name: Build docs
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           source: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}.git#${{ github.event.release.name }}
           targets: update-docs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
           git add -A .
       -
         name: Create PR on docs repo
-        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@284f54f989303d2699d373481a0cfa13ad5a6666
+        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@153407881ec5c347639a548ade7d8ad1d6740e38
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.GHPAT_DOCS_DISPATCH }}
           push-to-fork: docker-tools-robot/docker.github.io

.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml

@@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: latest
       -
         name: Build reference YAML docs
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           targets: update-docs
           set: |
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ jobs:
     needs:
       - docs-yaml
     with:
-      repo: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}
+      module-name: docker/buildx
       data-files-id: docs-yaml
       data-files-folder: buildx
       data-files-placeholder-folder: engine/reference/commandline

.github/workflows/e2e.yml

@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: latest
       -
         name: Build
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v3
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v4
         with:
           targets: binaries
           set: |
@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
         if: matrix.driver == 'docker' || matrix.driver == 'docker-container'
       -
         name: Install buildx

.github/workflows/validate.yml

@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
         with:
           version: latest
       -

.golangci.yml

@@ -26,12 +26,13 @@ linters:
 
 linters-settings:
   depguard:
-    list-type: blacklist
-    include-go-root: true
-    packages:
-      # The io/ioutil package has been deprecated.
-      # https://go.dev/doc/go1.16#ioutil
-      - io/ioutil
+    rules:
+      main:
+        deny:
+          # The io/ioutil package has been deprecated.
+          # https://go.dev/doc/go1.16#ioutil
+          - pkg: "io/ioutil"
+            desc: The io/ioutil package has been deprecated.
   forbidigo:
     forbid:
       - '^fmt\.Errorf(# use errors\.Errorf instead)?$'
@@ -47,3 +48,22 @@ issues:
     - linters:
         - revive
       text: "stutters"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "empty-block"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "superfluous-else"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "unused-parameter"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "redefines-builtin-id"
+    - linters:
+        - revive
+      text: "if-return"
+
+# show all
+max-issues-per-linter: 0
+max-same-issues: 0

Dockerfile

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
 
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.20
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.21.3
 ARG XX_VERSION=1.2.1
-ARG DOCKERD_VERSION=20.10.14
+
+ARG DOCKER_VERSION=24.0.6
 ARG GOTESTSUM_VERSION=v1.9.0
 ARG REGISTRY_VERSION=2.8.0
 ARG BUILDKIT_VERSION=v0.11.6
 
-FROM docker:$DOCKERD_VERSION AS dockerd-release
-
 # xx is a helper for cross-compilation
 FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx:${XX_VERSION} AS xx
 
@@ -25,6 +24,22 @@ FROM registry:$REGISTRY_VERSION AS registry
 
 FROM moby/buildkit:$BUILDKIT_VERSION AS buildkit
 
+FROM gobase AS docker
+ARG TARGETPLATFORM
+ARG DOCKER_VERSION
+WORKDIR /opt/docker
+RUN DOCKER_ARCH=$(case ${TARGETPLATFORM:-linux/amd64} in \
+    "linux/amd64")   echo "x86_64"  ;; \
+    "linux/arm/v6")  echo "armel"   ;; \
+    "linux/arm/v7")  echo "armhf"   ;; \
+    "linux/arm64")   echo "aarch64" ;; \
+    "linux/ppc64le") echo "ppc64le" ;; \
+    "linux/s390x")   echo "s390x"   ;; \
+    *)               echo ""        ;; esac) \
+  && echo "DOCKER_ARCH=$DOCKER_ARCH" \
+  && wget -qO- "https://download.docker.com/linux/static/stable/${DOCKER_ARCH}/docker-${DOCKER_VERSION}.tgz" | tar xvz --strip 1
+RUN ./dockerd --version && ./containerd --version && ./ctr --version && ./runc --version
+
 FROM gobase AS gotestsum
 ARG GOTESTSUM_VERSION
 ENV GOFLAGS=
@@ -77,9 +92,20 @@ FROM binaries-$TARGETOS AS binaries
 ARG BUILDKIT_SBOM_SCAN_STAGE=true
 
 FROM gobase AS integration-test-base
-RUN apk add --no-cache docker runc containerd
+# https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/master/project/PACKAGERS.md#runtime-dependencies
+RUN apk add --no-cache \
+      btrfs-progs \
+      e2fsprogs \
+      e2fsprogs-extra \
+      ip6tables \
+      iptables \
+      openssl \
+      shadow-uidmap \
+      xfsprogs \
+      xz
 COPY --link --from=gotestsum /out/gotestsum /usr/bin/
 COPY --link --from=registry /bin/registry /usr/bin/
+COPY --link --from=docker /opt/docker/* /usr/bin/
 COPY --link --from=buildkit /usr/bin/buildkitd /usr/bin/
 COPY --link --from=buildkit /usr/bin/buildctl /usr/bin/
 COPY --link --from=binaries /buildx /usr/bin/
@@ -102,7 +128,7 @@ FROM scratch AS release
 COPY --from=releaser /out/ /
 
 # Shell
-FROM docker:$DOCKERD_VERSION AS dockerd-release
+FROM docker:$DOCKER_VERSION AS dockerd-release
 FROM alpine AS shell
 RUN apk add --no-cache iptables tmux git vim less openssh
 RUN mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins && ln -s /usr/local/bin/buildx /usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx

README.md

@@ -41,12 +41,10 @@ Key features:
     - [`buildx imagetools create`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_create.md)
     - [`buildx imagetools inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_inspect.md)
   - [`buildx inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_inspect.md)
-  - [`buildx install`](docs/reference/buildx_install.md)
   - [`buildx ls`](docs/reference/buildx_ls.md)
   - [`buildx prune`](docs/reference/buildx_prune.md)
   - [`buildx rm`](docs/reference/buildx_rm.md)
   - [`buildx stop`](docs/reference/buildx_stop.md)
-  - [`buildx uninstall`](docs/reference/buildx_uninstall.md)
   - [`buildx use`](docs/reference/buildx_use.md)
   - [`buildx version`](docs/reference/buildx_version.md)
 - [Contributing](#contributing)
@@ -71,8 +69,9 @@ for Windows and macOS.
 
 ## Linux packages
 
-Docker Linux packages also include Docker Buildx when installed using the
-[DEB or RPM packages](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/).
+Docker Engine package repositories contain Docker Buildx packages when installed according to the
+[Docker Engine install documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/). Install the
+`docker-buildx-plugin` package to install the Buildx plugin.
 
 ## Manual download
 
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ $ DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --platform=local -o . "https://github.com/docke
 $ mkdir -p ~/.docker/cli-plugins
 $ mv buildx ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
 
-# Local 
+# Local
 $ git clone https://github.com/docker/buildx.git && cd buildx
 $ make install
 ```
@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@ When you invoke a build, you can set the `--platform` flag to specify the target
 platform for the build output, (for example, `linux/amd64`, `linux/arm64`, or
 `darwin/amd64`).
 
-When the current builder instance is backed by the `docker-container` or 
+When the current builder instance is backed by the `docker-container` or
 `kubernetes` driver, you can specify multiple platforms together. In this case,
 it builds a manifest list which contains images for all specified architectures.
 When you use this image in [`docker run`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/run/)

bake/bake.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	composecli "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/bake/hclparser"
@@ -18,9 +19,10 @@ import (
 	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
-
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
 	hcl "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session/auth/authprovider"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ func defaultFilenames() []string {
 	return names
 }
 
-func ReadLocalFiles(names []string, stdin io.Reader) ([]File, error) {
+func ReadLocalFiles(names []string, stdin io.Reader, l progress.SubLogger) ([]File, error) {
 	isDefault := false
 	if len(names) == 0 {
 		isDefault = true
@@ -63,20 +65,26 @@ func ReadLocalFiles(names []string, stdin io.Reader) ([]File, error) {
 	}
 	out := make([]File, 0, len(names))
 
+	setStatus := func(st *client.VertexStatus) {
+		if l != nil {
+			l.SetStatus(st)
+		}
+	}
+
 	for _, n := range names {
 		var dt []byte
 		var err error
 		if n == "-" {
-			dt, err = io.ReadAll(stdin)
+			dt, err = readWithProgress(stdin, setStatus)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
 		} else {
-			dt, err = os.ReadFile(n)
+			dt, err = readFileWithProgress(n, isDefault, setStatus)
+			if dt == nil && err == nil {
+				continue
+			}
 			if err != nil {
-				if isDefault && errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-					continue
-				}
 				return nil, err
 			}
 		}
@@ -85,6 +93,88 @@ func ReadLocalFiles(names []string, stdin io.Reader) ([]File, error) {
 	return out, nil
 }
 
+func readFileWithProgress(fname string, isDefault bool, setStatus func(st *client.VertexStatus)) (dt []byte, err error) {
+	st := &client.VertexStatus{
+		ID: "reading " + fname,
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		now := time.Now()
+		st.Completed = &now
+		if dt != nil || err != nil {
+			setStatus(st)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	st.Started = &now
+
+	f, err := os.Open(fname)
+	if err != nil {
+		if isDefault && errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	setStatus(st)
+
+	info, err := f.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	st.Total = info.Size()
+	setStatus(st)
+
+	buf := make([]byte, 1024)
+	for {
+		n, err := f.Read(buf)
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			break
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		dt = append(dt, buf[:n]...)
+		st.Current += int64(n)
+		setStatus(st)
+	}
+
+	return dt, nil
+}
+
+func readWithProgress(r io.Reader, setStatus func(st *client.VertexStatus)) (dt []byte, err error) {
+	st := &client.VertexStatus{
+		ID: "reading from stdin",
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		now := time.Now()
+		st.Completed = &now
+		setStatus(st)
+	}()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	st.Started = &now
+	setStatus(st)
+
+	buf := make([]byte, 1024)
+	for {
+		n, err := r.Read(buf)
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			break
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		dt = append(dt, buf[:n]...)
+		st.Current += int64(n)
+		setStatus(st)
+	}
+
+	return dt, nil
+}
+
 func ListTargets(files []File) ([]string, error) {
 	c, err := ParseFiles(files, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -248,7 +338,7 @@ func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error)
 	}
 
 	if len(hclFiles) > 0 {
-		renamed, err := hclparser.Parse(hcl.MergeFiles(hclFiles), hclparser.Opt{
+		renamed, err := hclparser.Parse(hclparser.MergeFiles(hclFiles), hclparser.Opt{
 			LookupVar:     os.LookupEnv,
 			Vars:          defaults,
 			ValidateLabel: validateTargetName,
@@ -587,9 +677,10 @@ type Target struct {
 	Name string `json:"-" hcl:"name,label" cty:"name"`
 
 	// Inherits is the only field that cannot be overridden with --set
-	Attest   []string `json:"attest,omitempty" hcl:"attest,optional" cty:"attest"`
 	Inherits []string `json:"inherits,omitempty" hcl:"inherits,optional" cty:"inherits"`
 
+	Annotations      []string           `json:"annotations,omitempty" hcl:"annotations,optional" cty:"annotations"`
+	Attest           []string           `json:"attest,omitempty" hcl:"attest,optional" cty:"attest"`
 	Context          *string            `json:"context,omitempty" hcl:"context,optional" cty:"context"`
 	Contexts         map[string]string  `json:"contexts,omitempty" hcl:"contexts,optional" cty:"contexts"`
 	Dockerfile       *string            `json:"dockerfile,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile,optional" cty:"dockerfile"`
@@ -620,6 +711,7 @@ var _ hclparser.WithEvalContexts = &Group{}
 var _ hclparser.WithGetName = &Group{}
 
 func (t *Target) normalize() {
+	t.Annotations = removeDupes(t.Annotations)
 	t.Attest = removeAttestDupes(t.Attest)
 	t.Tags = removeDupes(t.Tags)
 	t.Secrets = removeDupes(t.Secrets)
@@ -680,6 +772,9 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 	if t2.Target != nil {
 		t.Target = t2.Target
 	}
+	if t2.Annotations != nil { // merge
+		t.Annotations = append(t.Annotations, t2.Annotations...)
+	}
 	if t2.Attest != nil { // merge
 		t.Attest = append(t.Attest, t2.Attest...)
 		t.Attest = removeAttestDupes(t.Attest)
@@ -766,6 +861,8 @@ func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
 			t.Platforms = o.ArrValue
 		case "output":
 			t.Outputs = o.ArrValue
+		case "annotations":
+			t.Annotations = append(t.Annotations, o.ArrValue...)
 		case "attest":
 			t.Attest = append(t.Attest, o.ArrValue...)
 		case "no-cache":
@@ -852,8 +949,10 @@ func (t *Target) GetEvalContexts(ectx *hcl.EvalContext, block *hcl.Block, loadDe
 			for _, e := range ectxs {
 				e2 := ectx.NewChild()
 				e2.Variables = make(map[string]cty.Value)
-				for k, v := range e.Variables {
-					e2.Variables[k] = v
+				if e != ectx {
+					for k, v := range e.Variables {
+						e2.Variables[k] = v
+					}
 				}
 				e2.Variables[k] = v
 				ectxs2 = append(ectxs2, e2)
@@ -1038,6 +1137,9 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	if t.Dockerfile != nil {
 		dockerfilePath = *t.Dockerfile
 	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(dockerfilePath, "cwd://") {
+		dockerfilePath = path.Clean(dockerfilePath)
+	}
 
 	bi := build.Inputs{
 		ContextPath:    contextPath,
@@ -1048,12 +1150,44 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 		bi.DockerfileInline = *t.DockerfileInline
 	}
 	updateContext(&bi, inp)
-	if !build.IsRemoteURL(bi.ContextPath) && bi.ContextState == nil && !path.IsAbs(bi.DockerfilePath) {
-		bi.DockerfilePath = path.Join(bi.ContextPath, bi.DockerfilePath)
+	if strings.HasPrefix(bi.DockerfilePath, "cwd://") {
+		// If Dockerfile is local for a remote invocation, we first check if
+		// it's not outside the working directory and then resolve it to an
+		// absolute path.
+		bi.DockerfilePath = path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(bi.DockerfilePath, "cwd://"))
+		if err := checkPath(bi.DockerfilePath); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		var err error
+		bi.DockerfilePath, err = filepath.Abs(bi.DockerfilePath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else if !build.IsRemoteURL(bi.DockerfilePath) && strings.HasPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://") && (inp != nil && build.IsRemoteURL(inp.URL)) {
+		// We don't currently support reading a remote Dockerfile with a local
+		// context when doing a remote invocation because we automatically
+		// derive the dockerfile from the context atm:
+		//
+		// target "default" {
+		//  context = BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT
+		//  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.app"
+		// }
+		//
+		// > docker buildx bake https://github.com/foo/bar.git
+		// failed to solve: failed to read dockerfile: open /var/lib/docker/tmp/buildkit-mount3004544897/Dockerfile.app: no such file or directory
+		//
+		// To avoid mistakenly reading a local Dockerfile, we check if the
+		// Dockerfile exists locally and if so, we error out.
+		if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://")), bi.DockerfilePath)); err == nil {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("reading a dockerfile for a remote build invocation is currently not supported")
+		}
 	}
 	if strings.HasPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://") {
 		bi.ContextPath = path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://"))
 	}
+	if !build.IsRemoteURL(bi.ContextPath) && bi.ContextState == nil && !path.IsAbs(bi.DockerfilePath) {
+		bi.DockerfilePath = path.Join(bi.ContextPath, bi.DockerfilePath)
+	}
 	for k, v := range bi.NamedContexts {
 		if strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://") {
 			bi.NamedContexts[k] = build.NamedContext{Path: path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://"))}
@@ -1114,7 +1248,7 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	bo.Platforms = platforms
 
 	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
-	bo.Session = append(bo.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig))
+	bo.Session = append(bo.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig, nil))
 
 	secrets, err := buildflags.ParseSecretSpecs(t.Secrets)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1164,6 +1298,16 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	annotations, err := buildflags.ParseAnnotations(t.Annotations)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, e := range bo.Exports {
+		for k, v := range annotations {
+			e.Attrs[k.String()] = v
+		}
+	}
+
 	attests, err := buildflags.ParseAttests(t.Attest)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err

bake/bake_test.go

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ package bake
 import (
 	"context"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -295,6 +297,9 @@ services:
 
 	ctx := context.TODO()
 
+	cwd, err := os.Getwd()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2, fp3}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -303,7 +308,7 @@ services:
 
 	require.True(t, ok)
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile.webapp", *m["webapp"].Dockerfile)
-	require.Equal(t, ".", *m["webapp"].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, cwd, *m["webapp"].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("1"), m["webapp"].Args["buildno"])
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("12"), m["webapp"].Args["buildno2"])
 
@@ -342,6 +347,9 @@ services:
 
 	ctx := context.TODO()
 
+	cwd, err := os.Getwd()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"web.app"}, nil, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
@@ -364,7 +372,7 @@ services:
 	_, ok = m["web_app"]
 	require.True(t, ok)
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile.webapp", *m["web_app"].Dockerfile)
-	require.Equal(t, ".", *m["web_app"].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, cwd, *m["web_app"].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("1"), m["web_app"].Args["buildno"])
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("12"), m["web_app"].Args["buildno2"])
 
@@ -373,7 +381,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"web_app"}, g["default"].Targets)
 }
 
-func TestHCLCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHCLContextCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 	fp := File{
 		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
 		Data: []byte(
@@ -386,18 +394,49 @@ func TestHCLCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
-	_, ok := m["app"]
-	require.True(t, ok)
-
-	_, err = TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
+	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	require.Equal(t, "test", *m["app"].Dockerfile)
-	require.Equal(t, "foo", *m["app"].Context)
-
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"app"}, g["default"].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
+	require.Contains(t, m, "app")
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", *m["app"].Dockerfile)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", *m["app"].Context)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo/test", bo["app"].Inputs.DockerfilePath)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", bo["app"].Inputs.ContextPath)
+}
+
+func TestHCLDockerfileCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	fp := File{
+		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+		Data: []byte(
+			`target "app" {
+				context = "."
+				dockerfile = "cwd://Dockerfile.app"
+			}`),
+	}
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+
+	cwd, err := os.Getwd()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"app"}, g["default"].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
+	require.Contains(t, m, "app")
+	assert.Equal(t, "cwd://Dockerfile.app", *m["app"].Dockerfile)
+	assert.Equal(t, ".", *m["app"].Context)
+	assert.Equal(t, filepath.Join(cwd, "Dockerfile.app"), bo["app"].Inputs.DockerfilePath)
+	assert.Equal(t, ".", bo["app"].Inputs.ContextPath)
 }
 
 func TestOverrideMerge(t *testing.T) {
@@ -542,6 +581,9 @@ services:
 
 	ctx := context.TODO()
 
+	cwd, err := os.Getwd()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2}, []string{"app1", "app2"}, nil, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -554,7 +596,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile", *m["app1"].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, ".", *m["app1"].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile", *m["app2"].Dockerfile)
-	require.Equal(t, ".", *m["app2"].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, cwd, *m["app2"].Context)
 }
 
 func TestReadContextFromTargetChain(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1398,7 +1440,7 @@ func TestReadLocalFilesDefault(t *testing.T) {
 			for _, tf := range tt.filenames {
 				require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(tf, []byte(tf), 0644))
 			}
-			files, err := ReadLocalFiles(nil, nil)
+			files, err := ReadLocalFiles(nil, nil, nil)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			if len(files) == 0 {
 				require.Equal(t, len(tt.expected), len(files))
@@ -1450,3 +1492,31 @@ func TestAttestDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
 		"provenance": ptrstr("type=provenance,mode=max"),
 	}, opts["default"].Attests)
 }
+
+func TestAnnotations(t *testing.T) {
+	fp := File{
+		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+		Data: []byte(
+			`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=image,name=foo"]
+				annotations = ["manifest[linux/amd64]:foo=bar"]
+			}`),
+	}
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"app"}, g["default"].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
+	require.Contains(t, m, "app")
+	require.Equal(t, "type=image,name=foo", m["app"].Outputs[0])
+	require.Equal(t, "manifest[linux/amd64]:foo=bar", m["app"].Annotations[0])
+
+	require.Len(t, bo["app"].Exports, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bar", bo["app"].Exports[0].Attrs["annotation-manifest[linux/amd64].foo"])
+}

bake/compose.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package bake
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -31,12 +32,13 @@ func ParseCompose(cfgs []compose.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Config, e
 	if envs == nil {
 		envs = make(map[string]string)
 	}
-	cfg, err := loader.Load(compose.ConfigDetails{
+	cfg, err := loader.LoadWithContext(context.Background(), compose.ConfigDetails{
 		ConfigFiles: cfgs,
 		Environment: envs,
 	}, func(options *loader.Options) {
 		options.SetProjectName("bake", false)
 		options.SkipNormalization = true
+		options.Profiles = []string{"*"}
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ func ParseCompose(cfgs []compose.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Config, e
 		g := &Group{Name: "default"}
 
 		for _, s := range cfg.Services {
+			s := s
 			if s.Build == nil {
 				continue
 			}

bake/compose_test.go

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ services:
     build:
       context: ./dir
       additional_contexts:
-        foo: /bar
+        foo: ./bar
       dockerfile: Dockerfile-alternate
       network:
         none
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ services:
         - token
         - aws
   webapp2:
+    profiles:
+      - test
     build:
       context: ./dir
       dockerfile_inline: |
@@ -47,6 +49,9 @@ secrets:
     file: /root/.aws/credentials
 `)
 
+	cwd, err := os.Getwd()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -60,12 +65,12 @@ secrets:
 		return c.Targets[i].Name < c.Targets[j].Name
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, "db", c.Targets[0].Name)
-	require.Equal(t, "./db", *c.Targets[0].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, filepath.Join(cwd, "db"), *c.Targets[0].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"docker.io/tonistiigi/db"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
 
 	require.Equal(t, "webapp", c.Targets[1].Name)
-	require.Equal(t, "./dir", *c.Targets[1].Context)
-	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"foo": "/bar"}, c.Targets[1].Contexts)
+	require.Equal(t, filepath.Join(cwd, "dir"), *c.Targets[1].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"foo": filepath.Join(cwd, "bar")}, c.Targets[1].Contexts)
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile-alternate", *c.Targets[1].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets[1].Args))
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("123"), c.Targets[1].Args["buildno"])
@@ -78,7 +83,7 @@ secrets:
 	}, c.Targets[1].Secrets)
 
 	require.Equal(t, "webapp2", c.Targets[2].Name)
-	require.Equal(t, "./dir", *c.Targets[2].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, filepath.Join(cwd, "dir"), *c.Targets[2].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, "FROM alpine\n", *c.Targets[2].DockerfileInline)
 }
 
@@ -654,6 +659,85 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"bar": ptrstr("baz")}, c.Targets[0].Args)
 }
 
+func TestDependsOn(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build:
+     context: .
+    ports:
+      - 3306:3306
+    depends_on:
+      - bar
+  bar:
+    build:
+     context: .
+`)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestInclude(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpdir := t.TempDir()
+
+	err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpdir, "compose-foo.yml"), []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build:
+     context: .
+     target: buildfoo
+    ports:
+      - 3306:3306
+`), 0644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var dt = []byte(`
+include:
+  - compose-foo.yml
+
+services:
+  bar:
+    build:
+     context: .
+     target: buildbar
+`)
+
+	chdir(t, tmpdir)
+	c, err := ParseComposeFiles([]File{{
+		Name: "compose.yml",
+		Data: dt,
+	}})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+	sort.Slice(c.Targets, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return c.Targets[i].Name < c.Targets[j].Name
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, "bar", c.Targets[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "buildbar", *c.Targets[0].Target)
+	require.Equal(t, "foo", c.Targets[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "buildfoo", *c.Targets[1].Target)
+}
+
+func TestDevelop(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  scratch:
+    build:
+     context: ./webapp
+    develop:
+      watch: 
+        - path: ./webapp/html
+          action: sync
+          target: /var/www
+          ignore:
+            - node_modules/
+`)
+
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
 // chdir changes the current working directory to the named directory,
 // and then restore the original working directory at the end of the test.
 func chdir(t *testing.T, dir string) {

bake/hcl_test.go

@@ -634,6 +634,29 @@ func TestHCLMultiFileAttrs(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre-ghi"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 }
 
+func TestHCLMultiFileGlobalAttrs(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		FOO = "abc"
+		target "app" {
+			args = {
+				v1 = "pre-${FOO}"
+			}
+		}
+		`)
+	dt2 := []byte(`
+		FOO = "def"
+		`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFiles([]File{
+		{Data: dt, Name: "c1.hcl"},
+		{Data: dt2, Name: "c2.hcl"},
+	}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
+	require.Equal(t, "pre-def", *c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+}
+
 func TestHCLDuplicateTarget(t *testing.T) {
 	dt := []byte(`
 		target "app" {
@@ -1090,6 +1113,27 @@ func TestHCLMatrixBadTypes(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
+func TestHCLMatrixWithGlobalTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		target "x" {
+			tags = ["a", "b"]
+		}
+		
+		target "default" {
+			tags = target.x.tags
+			matrix = {
+				dummy = [""]
+			}
+		}
+	`)
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, "x", c.Targets[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "default", c.Targets[1].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"a", "b"}, c.Targets[1].Tags)
+}
+
 func TestJSONAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 	dt := []byte(`{"FOO": "abc", "variable": {"BAR": {"default": "def"}}, "target": { "app": { "args": {"v1": "pre-${FOO}-${BAR}"}} } }`)
 

bake/hclparser/hclparser.go

@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 
 	attrs, diags := b.JustAttributes()
 	if diags.HasErrors() {
-		if d := removeAttributesDiags(diags, reserved, p.vars); len(d) > 0 {
+		if d := removeAttributesDiags(diags, reserved, p.vars, attrs); len(d) > 0 {
 			return nil, d
 		}
 	}
@@ -631,13 +631,14 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 	}
 
 	for _, a := range content.Attributes {
+		a := a
 		return nil, hcl.Diagnostics{
 			&hcl.Diagnostic{
 				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
 				Summary:  "Invalid attribute",
 				Detail:   "global attributes currently not supported",
-				Subject:  &a.Range,
-				Context:  &a.Range,
+				Subject:  a.Range.Ptr(),
+				Context:  a.Range.Ptr(),
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -660,13 +661,14 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 			var subject *hcl.Range
 			var context *hcl.Range
 			if p.funcs[k].Params != nil {
-				subject = &p.funcs[k].Params.Range
+				subject = p.funcs[k].Params.Range.Ptr()
 				context = subject
 			} else {
 				for _, block := range blocks.Blocks {
+					block := block
 					if block.Type == "function" && len(block.Labels) == 1 && block.Labels[0] == k {
-						subject = &block.LabelRanges[0]
-						context = &block.DefRange
+						subject = block.LabelRanges[0].Ptr()
+						context = block.DefRange.Ptr()
 						break
 					}
 				}
@@ -732,6 +734,7 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 
 	diags = hcl.Diagnostics{}
 	for _, b := range content.Blocks {
+		b := b
 		v := reflect.ValueOf(val)
 
 		err := p.resolveBlock(b, nil)
@@ -742,7 +745,7 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) (map[string]map[string][]string
 					continue
 				}
 			} else {
-				return nil, wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid block", err, &b.LabelRanges[0], &b.DefRange)
+				return nil, wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid block", err, b.LabelRanges[0].Ptr(), b.DefRange.Ptr())
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -854,7 +857,7 @@ func getNameIndex(v reflect.Value) (int, bool) {
 	return 0, false
 }
 
-func removeAttributesDiags(diags hcl.Diagnostics, reserved map[string]struct{}, vars map[string]*variable) hcl.Diagnostics {
+func removeAttributesDiags(diags hcl.Diagnostics, reserved map[string]struct{}, vars map[string]*variable, attrs hcl.Attributes) hcl.Diagnostics {
 	var fdiags hcl.Diagnostics
 	for _, d := range diags {
 		if fout := func(d *hcl.Diagnostic) bool {
@@ -876,6 +879,12 @@ func removeAttributesDiags(diags hcl.Diagnostics, reserved map[string]struct{},
 					return true
 				}
 			}
+			for a := range attrs {
+				// Do the same for attributes
+				if strings.HasPrefix(d.Detail, fmt.Sprintf(`Argument "%s" was already set at `, a)) {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
 			return false
 		}(d); !fout {
 			fdiags = append(fdiags, d)

bake/hclparser/merged.go

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+// Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+// Forked from https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/blob/4679383728fe331fc8a6b46036a27b8f818d9bc0/merged.go
+
+package hclparser
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
+)
+
+// MergeFiles combines the given files to produce a single body that contains
+// configuration from all of the given files.
+//
+// The ordering of the given files decides the order in which contained
+// elements will be returned. If any top-level attributes are defined with
+// the same name across multiple files, a diagnostic will be produced from
+// the Content and PartialContent methods describing this error in a
+// user-friendly way.
+func MergeFiles(files []*hcl.File) hcl.Body {
+	var bodies []hcl.Body
+	for _, file := range files {
+		bodies = append(bodies, file.Body)
+	}
+	return MergeBodies(bodies)
+}
+
+// MergeBodies is like MergeFiles except it deals directly with bodies, rather
+// than with entire files.
+func MergeBodies(bodies []hcl.Body) hcl.Body {
+	if len(bodies) == 0 {
+		// Swap out for our singleton empty body, to reduce the number of
+		// empty slices we have hanging around.
+		return emptyBody
+	}
+
+	// If any of the given bodies are already merged bodies, we'll unpack
+	// to flatten to a single mergedBodies, since that's conceptually simpler.
+	// This also, as a side-effect, eliminates any empty bodies, since
+	// empties are merged bodies with no inner bodies.
+	var newLen int
+	var flatten bool
+	for _, body := range bodies {
+		if children, merged := body.(mergedBodies); merged {
+			newLen += len(children)
+			flatten = true
+		} else {
+			newLen++
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !flatten { // not just newLen == len, because we might have mergedBodies with single bodies inside
+		return mergedBodies(bodies)
+	}
+
+	if newLen == 0 {
+		// Don't allocate a new empty when we already have one
+		return emptyBody
+	}
+
+	n := make([]hcl.Body, 0, newLen)
+	for _, body := range bodies {
+		if children, merged := body.(mergedBodies); merged {
+			n = append(n, children...)
+		} else {
+			n = append(n, body)
+		}
+	}
+	return mergedBodies(n)
+}
+
+var emptyBody = mergedBodies([]hcl.Body{})
+
+// EmptyBody returns a body with no content. This body can be used as a
+// placeholder when a body is required but no body content is available.
+func EmptyBody() hcl.Body {
+	return emptyBody
+}
+
+type mergedBodies []hcl.Body
+
+// Content returns the content produced by applying the given schema to all
+// of the merged bodies and merging the result.
+//
+// Although required attributes _are_ supported, they should be used sparingly
+// with merged bodies since in this case there is no contextual information
+// with which to return good diagnostics. Applications working with merged
+// bodies may wish to mark all attributes as optional and then check for
+// required attributes afterwards, to produce better diagnostics.
+func (mb mergedBodies) Content(schema *hcl.BodySchema) (*hcl.BodyContent, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	// the returned body will always be empty in this case, because mergedContent
+	// will only ever call Content on the child bodies.
+	content, _, diags := mb.mergedContent(schema, false)
+	return content, diags
+}
+
+func (mb mergedBodies) PartialContent(schema *hcl.BodySchema) (*hcl.BodyContent, hcl.Body, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	return mb.mergedContent(schema, true)
+}
+
+func (mb mergedBodies) JustAttributes() (hcl.Attributes, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	attrs := make(map[string]*hcl.Attribute)
+	var diags hcl.Diagnostics
+
+	for _, body := range mb {
+		thisAttrs, thisDiags := body.JustAttributes()
+
+		if len(thisDiags) != 0 {
+			diags = append(diags, thisDiags...)
+		}
+
+		if thisAttrs != nil {
+			for name, attr := range thisAttrs {
+				if existing := attrs[name]; existing != nil {
+					diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+						Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+						Summary:  "Duplicate argument",
+						Detail: fmt.Sprintf(
+							"Argument %q was already set at %s",
+							name, existing.NameRange.String(),
+						),
+						Subject: thisAttrs[name].NameRange.Ptr(),
+					})
+				}
+				attrs[name] = attr
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return attrs, diags
+}
+
+func (mb mergedBodies) MissingItemRange() hcl.Range {
+	if len(mb) == 0 {
+		// Nothing useful to return here, so we'll return some garbage.
+		return hcl.Range{
+			Filename: "<empty>",
+		}
+	}
+
+	// arbitrarily use the first body's missing item range
+	return mb[0].MissingItemRange()
+}
+
+func (mb mergedBodies) mergedContent(schema *hcl.BodySchema, partial bool) (*hcl.BodyContent, hcl.Body, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	// We need to produce a new schema with none of the attributes marked as
+	// required, since _any one_ of our bodies can contribute an attribute value.
+	// We'll separately check that all required attributes are present at
+	// the end.
+	mergedSchema := &hcl.BodySchema{
+		Blocks: schema.Blocks,
+	}
+	for _, attrS := range schema.Attributes {
+		mergedAttrS := attrS
+		mergedAttrS.Required = false
+		mergedSchema.Attributes = append(mergedSchema.Attributes, mergedAttrS)
+	}
+
+	var mergedLeftovers []hcl.Body
+	content := &hcl.BodyContent{
+		Attributes: map[string]*hcl.Attribute{},
+	}
+
+	var diags hcl.Diagnostics
+	for _, body := range mb {
+		var thisContent *hcl.BodyContent
+		var thisLeftovers hcl.Body
+		var thisDiags hcl.Diagnostics
+
+		if partial {
+			thisContent, thisLeftovers, thisDiags = body.PartialContent(mergedSchema)
+		} else {
+			thisContent, thisDiags = body.Content(mergedSchema)
+		}
+
+		if thisLeftovers != nil {
+			mergedLeftovers = append(mergedLeftovers, thisLeftovers)
+		}
+		if len(thisDiags) != 0 {
+			diags = append(diags, thisDiags...)
+		}
+
+		if thisContent.Attributes != nil {
+			for name, attr := range thisContent.Attributes {
+				if existing := content.Attributes[name]; existing != nil {
+					diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+						Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+						Summary:  "Duplicate argument",
+						Detail: fmt.Sprintf(
+							"Argument %q was already set at %s",
+							name, existing.NameRange.String(),
+						),
+						Subject: thisContent.Attributes[name].NameRange.Ptr(),
+					})
+				}
+				content.Attributes[name] = attr
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(thisContent.Blocks) != 0 {
+			content.Blocks = append(content.Blocks, thisContent.Blocks...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Finally, we check for required attributes.
+	for _, attrS := range schema.Attributes {
+		if !attrS.Required {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if content.Attributes[attrS.Name] == nil {
+			// We don't have any context here to produce a good diagnostic,
+			// which is why we warn in the Content docstring to minimize the
+			// use of required attributes on merged bodies.
+			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+				Summary:  "Missing required argument",
+				Detail: fmt.Sprintf(
+					"The argument %q is required, but was not set.",
+					attrS.Name,
+				),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	leftoverBody := MergeBodies(mergedLeftovers)
+	return content, leftoverBody, diags
+}

bake/remote.go

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func ReadRemoteFiles(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, url string, name
 
 	ch, done := progress.NewChannel(pw)
 	defer func() { <-done }()
-	_, err = c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{Session: session}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gwclient.Client) (*gwclient.Result, error) {
+	_, err = c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{Session: session, Internal: true}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gwclient.Client) (*gwclient.Result, error) {
 		def, err := st.Marshal(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err

build/build.go

@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content/local"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/desktop"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/resolver"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/waitmap"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
-	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/builder/remotecontext/urlutil"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/jsonmessage"
@@ -66,12 +65,14 @@ var (
 )
 
 const (
+	//nolint:gosec // G101: false-positive
 	printFallbackImage = "docker/dockerfile:1.5.2-labs@sha256:f2e91734a84c0922ff47aa4098ab775f1dfa932430d2888dd5cad5251fafdac4"
 )
 
 type Options struct {
 	Inputs Inputs
 
+	Ref           string
 	Allow         []entitlements.Entitlement
 	Attests       map[string]*string
 	BuildArgs     map[string]string
@@ -91,12 +92,11 @@ type Options struct {
 	Target        string
 	Ulimits       *opts.UlimitOpt
 
-	Session []session.Attachable
-
-	// Linked marks this target as exclusively linked (not requested by the user).
-	Linked       bool
+	Session      []session.Attachable
+	Linked       bool // Linked marks this target as exclusively linked (not requested by the user).
 	PrintFunc    *PrintFunc
 	SourcePolicy *spb.Policy
+	GroupRef     string
 }
 
 type PrintFunc struct {
@@ -135,218 +135,6 @@ func filterAvailableNodes(nodes []builder.Node) ([]builder.Node, error) {
 	return nil, err
 }
 
-type driverPair struct {
-	driverIndex int
-	platforms   []specs.Platform
-	so          *client.SolveOpt
-	bopts       gateway.BuildOpts
-}
-
-func driverIndexes(m map[string][]driverPair) []int {
-	out := make([]int, 0, len(m))
-	visited := map[int]struct{}{}
-	for _, dp := range m {
-		for _, d := range dp {
-			if _, ok := visited[d.driverIndex]; ok {
-				continue
-			}
-			visited[d.driverIndex] = struct{}{}
-			out = append(out, d.driverIndex)
-		}
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func allIndexes(l int) []int {
-	out := make([]int, 0, l)
-	for i := 0; i < l; i++ {
-		out = append(out, i)
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func ensureBooted(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, idxs []int, pw progress.Writer) ([]*client.Client, error) {
-	clients := make([]*client.Client, len(nodes))
-
-	baseCtx := ctx
-	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
-
-	for _, i := range idxs {
-		func(i int) {
-			eg.Go(func() error {
-				c, err := driver.Boot(ctx, baseCtx, nodes[i].Driver, pw)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-				clients[i] = c
-				return nil
-			})
-		}(i)
-	}
-
-	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return clients, nil
-}
-
-func splitToDriverPairs(availablePlatforms map[string]int, opt map[string]Options) map[string][]driverPair {
-	m := map[string][]driverPair{}
-	for k, opt := range opt {
-		mm := map[int][]specs.Platform{}
-		for _, p := range opt.Platforms {
-			k := platforms.Format(p)
-			idx := availablePlatforms[k] // default 0
-			pp := mm[idx]
-			pp = append(pp, p)
-			mm[idx] = pp
-		}
-		// if no platform is specified, use first driver
-		if len(mm) == 0 {
-			mm[0] = nil
-		}
-		dps := make([]driverPair, 0, 2)
-		for idx, pp := range mm {
-			dps = append(dps, driverPair{driverIndex: idx, platforms: pp})
-		}
-		m[k] = dps
-	}
-	return m
-}
-
-func resolveDrivers(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[string]Options, pw progress.Writer) (map[string][]driverPair, []*client.Client, error) {
-	dps, clients, err := resolveDriversBase(ctx, nodes, opt, pw)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	bopts := make([]gateway.BuildOpts, len(clients))
-
-	span, ctx := tracing.StartSpan(ctx, "load buildkit capabilities", trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindInternal))
-
-	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
-	for i, c := range clients {
-		if c == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		func(i int, c *client.Client) {
-			eg.Go(func() error {
-				clients[i].Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{
-					Internal: true,
-				}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gateway.Client) (*gateway.Result, error) {
-					bopts[i] = c.BuildOpts()
-					return nil, nil
-				}, nil)
-				return nil
-			})
-		}(i, c)
-	}
-
-	err = eg.Wait()
-	tracing.FinishWithError(span, err)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	for key := range dps {
-		for i, dp := range dps[key] {
-			dps[key][i].bopts = bopts[dp.driverIndex]
-		}
-	}
-
-	return dps, clients, nil
-}
-
-func resolveDriversBase(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[string]Options, pw progress.Writer) (map[string][]driverPair, []*client.Client, error) {
-	availablePlatforms := map[string]int{}
-	for i, node := range nodes {
-		for _, p := range node.Platforms {
-			availablePlatforms[platforms.Format(p)] = i
-		}
-	}
-
-	undetectedPlatform := false
-	allPlatforms := map[string]int{}
-	for _, opt := range opt {
-		for _, p := range opt.Platforms {
-			k := platforms.Format(p)
-			allPlatforms[k] = -1
-			if _, ok := availablePlatforms[k]; !ok {
-				undetectedPlatform = true
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// fast path
-	if len(nodes) == 1 || len(allPlatforms) == 0 {
-		m := map[string][]driverPair{}
-		for k, opt := range opt {
-			m[k] = []driverPair{{driverIndex: 0, platforms: opt.Platforms}}
-		}
-		clients, err := ensureBooted(ctx, nodes, driverIndexes(m), pw)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
-		}
-		return m, clients, nil
-	}
-
-	// map based on existing platforms
-	if !undetectedPlatform {
-		m := splitToDriverPairs(availablePlatforms, opt)
-		clients, err := ensureBooted(ctx, nodes, driverIndexes(m), pw)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
-		}
-		return m, clients, nil
-	}
-
-	// boot all drivers in k
-	clients, err := ensureBooted(ctx, nodes, allIndexes(len(nodes)), pw)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
-	workers := make([][]*client.WorkerInfo, len(clients))
-
-	for i, c := range clients {
-		if c == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		func(i int) {
-			eg.Go(func() error {
-				ww, err := clients[i].ListWorkers(ctx)
-				if err != nil {
-					return errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
-				}
-				workers[i] = ww
-				return nil
-			})
-
-		}(i)
-	}
-
-	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	for i, ww := range workers {
-		for _, w := range ww {
-			for _, p := range w.Platforms {
-				p = platforms.Normalize(p)
-				ps := platforms.Format(p)
-
-				if _, ok := availablePlatforms[ps]; !ok {
-					availablePlatforms[ps] = i
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return splitToDriverPairs(availablePlatforms, opt), clients, nil
-}
-
 func toRepoOnly(in string) (string, error) {
 	m := map[string]struct{}{}
 	p := strings.Split(in, ",")
@@ -391,7 +179,7 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 
 	for _, e := range opt.CacheTo {
 		if e.Type != "inline" && !nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.CacheExport] {
-			return nil, nil, notSupported(nodeDriver, driver.CacheExport)
+			return nil, nil, notSupported(driver.CacheExport, nodeDriver, "https://docs.docker.com/go/build-cache-backends/")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -424,6 +212,7 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 	}
 
 	so := client.SolveOpt{
+		Ref:                 opt.Ref,
 		Frontend:            "dockerfile.v0",
 		FrontendAttrs:       map[string]string{},
 		LocalDirs:           map[string]string{},
@@ -433,6 +222,10 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 		SourcePolicy:        opt.SourcePolicy,
 	}
 
+	if so.Ref == "" {
+		so.Ref = identity.NewID()
+	}
+
 	if opt.CgroupParent != "" {
 		so.FrontendAttrs["cgroup-parent"] = opt.CgroupParent
 	}
@@ -454,7 +247,7 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 			attests[k] = *v
 		}
 	}
-	supportsAttestations := bopts.LLBCaps.Contains(apicaps.CapID("exporter.image.attestations"))
+	supportsAttestations := bopts.LLBCaps.Contains(apicaps.CapID("exporter.image.attestations")) && nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.MultiPlatform]
 	if len(attests) > 0 {
 		if !supportsAttestations {
 			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("attestations are not supported by the current buildkitd")
@@ -529,7 +322,7 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 	// set up exporters
 	for i, e := range opt.Exports {
 		if e.Type == "oci" && !nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.OCIExporter] {
-			return nil, nil, notSupported(nodeDriver, driver.OCIExporter)
+			return nil, nil, notSupported(driver.OCIExporter, nodeDriver, "https://docs.docker.com/go/build-exporters/")
 		}
 		if e.Type == "docker" {
 			features := docker.Features(ctx, e.Attrs["context"])
@@ -552,10 +345,12 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 						return nil, nil, err
 					}
 					defers = append(defers, cancel)
-					opt.Exports[i].Output = wrapWriteCloser(w)
+					opt.Exports[i].Output = func(_ map[string]string) (io.WriteCloser, error) {
+						return w, nil
+					}
 				}
 			} else if !nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.DockerExporter] {
-				return nil, nil, notSupported(nodeDriver, driver.DockerExporter)
+				return nil, nil, notSupported(driver.DockerExporter, nodeDriver, "https:/docs.docker.com/go/build-exporters/")
 			}
 		}
 		if e.Type == "image" && nodeDriver.IsMobyDriver() {
@@ -593,7 +388,10 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 	}
 
 	if opt.Pull {
-		so.FrontendAttrs["image-resolve-mode"] = "pull"
+		so.FrontendAttrs["image-resolve-mode"] = pb.AttrImageResolveModeForcePull
+	} else if nodeDriver.IsMobyDriver() {
+		// moby driver always resolves local images by default
+		so.FrontendAttrs["image-resolve-mode"] = pb.AttrImageResolveModePreferLocal
 	}
 	if opt.Target != "" {
 		so.FrontendAttrs["target"] = opt.Target
@@ -624,7 +422,7 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 			pp[i] = platforms.Format(p)
 		}
 		if len(pp) > 1 && !nodeDriver.Features(ctx)[driver.MultiPlatform] {
-			return nil, nil, notSupported(nodeDriver, driver.MultiPlatform)
+			return nil, nil, notSupported(driver.MultiPlatform, nodeDriver, "https://docs.docker.com/go/build-multi-platform/")
 		}
 		so.FrontendAttrs["platform"] = strings.Join(pp, ",")
 	}
@@ -642,7 +440,7 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 	}
 
 	// setup extrahosts
-	extraHosts, err := toBuildkitExtraHosts(opt.ExtraHosts, nodeDriver.IsMobyDriver())
+	extraHosts, err := toBuildkitExtraHosts(ctx, opt.ExtraHosts, nodeDriver)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@@ -663,12 +461,6 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt Op
 		so.FrontendAttrs["ulimit"] = ulimits
 	}
 
-	// remember local state like directory path that is not sent to buildkit
-	so.Ref = identity.NewID()
-	if err := saveLocalState(so, opt, node, configDir); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
 	return &so, releaseF, nil
 }
 
@@ -713,10 +505,14 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 		}
 	}
 
-	m, clients, err := resolveDrivers(ctx, nodes, opt, w)
+	drivers, err := resolveDrivers(ctx, nodes, opt, w)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	driversSolveOpts := make(map[string][]*client.SolveOpt, len(drivers))
+	for k, dps := range drivers {
+		driversSolveOpts[k] = make([]*client.SolveOpt, len(dps))
+	}
 
 	defers := make([]func(), 0, 2)
 	defer func() {
@@ -730,27 +526,33 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 
 	for k, opt := range opt {
-		multiDriver := len(m[k]) > 1
+		multiDriver := len(drivers[k]) > 1
 		hasMobyDriver := false
 		gitattrs, err := getGitAttributes(ctx, opt.Inputs.ContextPath, opt.Inputs.DockerfilePath)
 		if err != nil {
-			logrus.Warn(err)
+			logrus.WithError(err).Warn("current commit information was not captured by the build")
 		}
-		for i, np := range m[k] {
-			node := nodes[np.driverIndex]
-			if node.Driver.IsMobyDriver() {
+		for i, np := range drivers[k] {
+			if np.Node().Driver.IsMobyDriver() {
 				hasMobyDriver = true
 			}
 			opt.Platforms = np.platforms
-			so, release, err := toSolveOpt(ctx, node, multiDriver, opt, np.bopts, configDir, w, docker)
+			gatewayOpts, err := np.BuildOpts(ctx)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
+			so, release, err := toSolveOpt(ctx, np.Node(), multiDriver, opt, gatewayOpts, configDir, w, docker)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if err := saveLocalState(so, k, opt, np.Node(), configDir); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
 			for k, v := range gitattrs {
 				so.FrontendAttrs[k] = v
 			}
 			defers = append(defers, release)
-			m[k][i].so = so
+			driversSolveOpts[k][i] = so
 		}
 		for _, at := range opt.Session {
 			if s, ok := at.(interface {
@@ -764,8 +566,8 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 
 		// validate for multi-node push
 		if hasMobyDriver && multiDriver {
-			for _, dp := range m[k] {
-				for _, e := range dp.so.Exports {
+			for _, so := range driversSolveOpts[k] {
+				for _, e := range so.Exports {
 					if e.Type == "moby" {
 						if ok, _ := strconv.ParseBool(e.Attrs["push"]); ok {
 							return nil, errors.Errorf("multi-node push can't currently be performed with the docker driver, please switch to a different driver")
@@ -778,12 +580,13 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 
 	// validate that all links between targets use same drivers
 	for name := range opt {
-		dps := m[name]
-		for _, dp := range dps {
-			for k, v := range dp.so.FrontendAttrs {
+		dps := drivers[name]
+		for i, dp := range dps {
+			so := driversSolveOpts[name][i]
+			for k, v := range so.FrontendAttrs {
 				if strings.HasPrefix(k, "context:") && strings.HasPrefix(v, "target:") {
 					k2 := strings.TrimPrefix(v, "target:")
-					dps2, ok := m[k2]
+					dps2, ok := drivers[k2]
 					if !ok {
 						return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to find target %s for context %s", k2, strings.TrimPrefix(k, "context:")) // should be validated before already
 					}
@@ -807,12 +610,13 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 	results := waitmap.New()
 
 	multiTarget := len(opt) > 1
+	childTargets := calculateChildTargets(drivers, driversSolveOpts, opt)
 
 	for k, opt := range opt {
 		err := func(k string) error {
 			opt := opt
-			dps := m[k]
-			multiDriver := len(m[k]) > 1
+			dps := drivers[k]
+			multiDriver := len(drivers[k]) > 1
 
 			var span trace.Span
 			ctx := ctx
@@ -828,8 +632,9 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 			var insecurePush bool
 
 			for i, dp := range dps {
-				i, dp, so := i, dp, *dp.so
-				node := nodes[dp.driverIndex]
+				i, dp := i, dp
+				node := dp.Node()
+				so := driversSolveOpts[k][i]
 				if multiDriver {
 					for i, e := range so.Exports {
 						switch e.Type {
@@ -860,11 +665,14 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 
 				pw := progress.WithPrefix(w, k, multiTarget)
 
-				c := clients[dp.driverIndex]
+				c, err := dp.Client(ctx)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 				eg2.Go(func() error {
 					pw = progress.ResetTime(pw)
 
-					if err := waitContextDeps(ctx, dp.driverIndex, results, &so); err != nil {
+					if err := waitContextDeps(ctx, dp.driverIndex, results, so); err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
 
@@ -937,16 +745,35 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 							printRes = res.Metadata
 						}
 
-						results.Set(resultKey(dp.driverIndex, k), res)
+						rKey := resultKey(dp.driverIndex, k)
+						results.Set(rKey, res)
+
+						if children, ok := childTargets[rKey]; ok && len(children) > 0 {
+							// we need to wait until the child targets have completed before we can release
+							eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+							eg.Go(func() error {
+								return res.EachRef(func(ref gateway.Reference) error {
+									return ref.Evaluate(ctx)
+								})
+							})
+							eg.Go(func() error {
+								_, err := results.Get(ctx, children...)
+								return err
+							})
+							if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+								return nil, err
+							}
+						}
+
 						return res, nil
 					}
 					var rr *client.SolveResponse
 					if resultHandleFunc != nil {
 						var resultHandle *ResultHandle
-						resultHandle, rr, err = NewResultHandle(ctx, cc, so, "buildx", buildFunc, ch)
+						resultHandle, rr, err = NewResultHandle(ctx, cc, *so, "buildx", buildFunc, ch)
 						resultHandleFunc(dp.driverIndex, resultHandle)
 					} else {
-						rr, err = c.Build(ctx, so, "buildx", buildFunc, ch)
+						rr, err = c.Build(ctx, *so, "buildx", buildFunc, ch)
 					}
 					if desktop.BuildBackendEnabled() && node.Driver.HistoryAPISupported(ctx) {
 						buildRef := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", node.Builder, node.Name, so.Ref)
@@ -970,7 +797,7 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 						rr.ExporterResponse[k] = string(v)
 					}
 
-					node := nodes[dp.driverIndex].Driver
+					node := dp.Node().Driver
 					if node.IsMobyDriver() {
 						for _, e := range so.Exports {
 							if e.Type == "moby" && e.Attrs["push"] != "" {
@@ -1062,7 +889,7 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 						if len(descs) > 0 {
 							var imageopt imagetools.Opt
 							for _, dp := range dps {
-								imageopt = nodes[dp.driverIndex].ImageOpt
+								imageopt = dp.Node().ImageOpt
 								break
 							}
 							names := strings.Split(pushNames, ",")
@@ -1098,7 +925,7 @@ func BuildWithResultHandler(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[s
 								}
 							}
 
-							dt, desc, err := itpull.Combine(ctx, srcs)
+							dt, desc, err := itpull.Combine(ctx, srcs, nil)
 							if err != nil {
 								return err
 							}
@@ -1325,6 +1152,10 @@ func LoadInputs(ctx context.Context, d *driver.DriverHandle, inp Inputs, pw prog
 	case IsRemoteURL(inp.ContextPath):
 		if inp.DockerfilePath == "-" {
 			dockerfileReader = inp.InStream
+		} else if filepath.IsAbs(inp.DockerfilePath) {
+			dockerfileDir = filepath.Dir(inp.DockerfilePath)
+			dockerfileName = filepath.Base(inp.DockerfilePath)
+			target.FrontendAttrs["dockerfilekey"] = "dockerfile"
 		}
 		target.FrontendAttrs["context"] = inp.ContextPath
 	default:
@@ -1471,6 +1302,24 @@ func resultKey(index int, name string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%d-%s", index, name)
 }
 
+// calculateChildTargets returns all the targets that depend on current target for reverse index
+func calculateChildTargets(drivers map[string][]*resolvedNode, driversSolveOpts map[string][]*client.SolveOpt, opt map[string]Options) map[string][]string {
+	out := make(map[string][]string)
+	for name := range opt {
+		dps := drivers[name]
+		for i, dp := range dps {
+			so := driversSolveOpts[name][i]
+			for k, v := range so.FrontendAttrs {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(k, "context:") && strings.HasPrefix(v, "target:") {
+					target := resultKey(dp.driverIndex, strings.TrimPrefix(v, "target:"))
+					out[target] = append(out[target], resultKey(dp.driverIndex, name))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
 func waitContextDeps(ctx context.Context, index int, results *waitmap.Map, so *client.SolveOpt) error {
 	m := map[string]string{}
 	for k, v := range so.FrontendAttrs {
@@ -1557,8 +1406,10 @@ func waitContextDeps(ctx context.Context, index int, results *waitmap.Map, so *c
 	return nil
 }
 
-func notSupported(d driver.Driver, f driver.Feature) error {
-	return errors.Errorf("%s feature is currently not supported for %s driver. Please switch to a different driver (eg. \"docker buildx create --use\")", f, d.Factory().Name())
+func notSupported(f driver.Feature, d driver.Driver, docs string) error {
+	return errors.Errorf(`%s is not supported for the %s driver.
+Switch to a different driver, or turn on the containerd image store, and try again.
+Learn more at %s`, f, d.Factory().Name(), docs)
 }
 
 func noDefaultLoad() bool {
@@ -1604,12 +1455,6 @@ func handleLowercaseDockerfile(dir, p string) string {
 	return p
 }
 
-func wrapWriteCloser(wc io.WriteCloser) func(map[string]string) (io.WriteCloser, error) {
-	return func(map[string]string) (io.WriteCloser, error) {
-		return wc, nil
-	}
-}
-
 var nodeIdentifierMu sync.Mutex
 
 func tryNodeIdentifier(configDir string) (out string) {
@@ -1644,43 +1489,6 @@ func noPrintFunc(opt map[string]Options) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-func saveLocalState(so client.SolveOpt, opt Options, node builder.Node, configDir string) error {
-	var err error
-
-	if so.Ref == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	lp := opt.Inputs.ContextPath
-	dp := opt.Inputs.DockerfilePath
-	if lp != "" || dp != "" {
-		if lp != "" {
-			lp, err = filepath.Abs(lp)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		if dp != "" {
-			dp, err = filepath.Abs(dp)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		ls, err := localstate.New(configDir)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := ls.SaveRef(node.Builder, node.Name, so.Ref, localstate.State{
-			LocalPath:      lp,
-			DockerfilePath: dp,
-		}); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
 // ReadSourcePolicy reads a source policy from a file.
 // The file path is taken from EXPERIMENTAL_BUILDKIT_SOURCE_POLICY env var.
 // if the env var is not set, this `returns nil, nil`

build/driver.go

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	gateway "github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/gateway/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/flightcontrol"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing"
+	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+type resolvedNode struct {
+	resolver    *nodeResolver
+	driverIndex int
+	platforms   []specs.Platform
+}
+
+func (dp resolvedNode) Node() builder.Node {
+	return dp.resolver.nodes[dp.driverIndex]
+}
+
+func (dp resolvedNode) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
+	clients, err := dp.resolver.boot(ctx, []int{dp.driverIndex}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return clients[0], nil
+}
+
+func (dp resolvedNode) BuildOpts(ctx context.Context) (gateway.BuildOpts, error) {
+	opts, err := dp.resolver.opts(ctx, []int{dp.driverIndex}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return gateway.BuildOpts{}, err
+	}
+	return opts[0], nil
+}
+
+type matchMaker func(specs.Platform) platforms.MatchComparer
+
+type nodeResolver struct {
+	nodes   []builder.Node
+	clients flightcontrol.Group[*client.Client]
+	opt     flightcontrol.Group[gateway.BuildOpts]
+}
+
+func resolveDrivers(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, opt map[string]Options, pw progress.Writer) (map[string][]*resolvedNode, error) {
+	driverRes := newDriverResolver(nodes)
+	drivers, err := driverRes.Resolve(ctx, opt, pw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return drivers, err
+}
+
+func newDriverResolver(nodes []builder.Node) *nodeResolver {
+	r := &nodeResolver{
+		nodes: nodes,
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, opt map[string]Options, pw progress.Writer) (map[string][]*resolvedNode, error) {
+	if len(r.nodes) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	nodes := map[string][]*resolvedNode{}
+	for k, opt := range opt {
+		node, perfect, err := r.resolve(ctx, opt.Platforms, pw, platforms.OnlyStrict, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if !perfect {
+			break
+		}
+		nodes[k] = node
+	}
+	if len(nodes) != len(opt) {
+		// if we didn't get a perfect match, we need to boot all drivers
+		allIndexes := make([]int, len(r.nodes))
+		for i := range allIndexes {
+			allIndexes[i] = i
+		}
+
+		clients, err := r.boot(ctx, allIndexes, pw)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		eg, egCtx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+		workers := make([][]specs.Platform, len(clients))
+		for i, c := range clients {
+			i, c := i, c
+			if c == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			eg.Go(func() error {
+				ww, err := c.ListWorkers(egCtx)
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
+				}
+
+				ps := make(map[string]specs.Platform, len(ww))
+				for _, w := range ww {
+					for _, p := range w.Platforms {
+						pk := platforms.Format(platforms.Normalize(p))
+						ps[pk] = p
+					}
+				}
+				for _, p := range ps {
+					workers[i] = append(workers[i], p)
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
+		}
+		if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		// then we can attempt to match against all the available platforms
+		// (this time we don't care about imperfect matches)
+		nodes = map[string][]*resolvedNode{}
+		for k, opt := range opt {
+			node, _, err := r.resolve(ctx, opt.Platforms, pw, platforms.Only, func(idx int, n builder.Node) []specs.Platform {
+				return workers[idx]
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			nodes[k] = node
+		}
+	}
+
+	idxs := make([]int, 0, len(r.nodes))
+	for _, nodes := range nodes {
+		for _, node := range nodes {
+			idxs = append(idxs, node.driverIndex)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// preload capabilities
+	span, ctx := tracing.StartSpan(ctx, "load buildkit capabilities", trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindInternal))
+	_, err := r.opts(ctx, idxs, pw)
+	tracing.FinishWithError(span, err)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return nodes, nil
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) resolve(ctx context.Context, ps []specs.Platform, pw progress.Writer, matcher matchMaker, additional func(idx int, n builder.Node) []specs.Platform) ([]*resolvedNode, bool, error) {
+	if len(r.nodes) == 0 {
+		return nil, true, nil
+	}
+
+	if len(ps) == 0 {
+		ps = []specs.Platform{platforms.DefaultSpec()}
+	}
+
+	perfect := true
+	nodeIdxs := make([]int, 0)
+	for _, p := range ps {
+		idx := r.get(p, matcher, additional)
+		if idx == -1 {
+			idx = 0
+			perfect = false
+		}
+		nodeIdxs = append(nodeIdxs, idx)
+	}
+
+	var nodes []*resolvedNode
+	for i, idx := range nodeIdxs {
+		nodes = append(nodes, &resolvedNode{
+			resolver:    r,
+			driverIndex: idx,
+			platforms:   []specs.Platform{ps[i]},
+		})
+	}
+	nodes = recombineNodes(nodes)
+	if _, err := r.boot(ctx, nodeIdxs, pw); err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	return nodes, perfect, nil
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) get(p specs.Platform, matcher matchMaker, additionalPlatforms func(int, builder.Node) []specs.Platform) int {
+	best := -1
+	bestPlatform := specs.Platform{}
+	for i, node := range r.nodes {
+		platforms := node.Platforms
+		if additionalPlatforms != nil {
+			platforms = append([]specs.Platform{}, platforms...)
+			platforms = append(platforms, additionalPlatforms(i, node)...)
+		}
+		for _, p2 := range platforms {
+			m := matcher(p2)
+			if !m.Match(p) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if best == -1 {
+				best = i
+				bestPlatform = p2
+				continue
+			}
+			if matcher(p2).Less(p, bestPlatform) {
+				best = i
+				bestPlatform = p2
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return best
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) boot(ctx context.Context, idxs []int, pw progress.Writer) ([]*client.Client, error) {
+	clients := make([]*client.Client, len(idxs))
+
+	baseCtx := ctx
+	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	for i, idx := range idxs {
+		i, idx := i, idx
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			c, err := r.clients.Do(ctx, fmt.Sprint(idx), func(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
+				if r.nodes[idx].Driver == nil {
+					return nil, nil
+				}
+				return driver.Boot(ctx, baseCtx, r.nodes[idx].Driver, pw)
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			clients[i] = c
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return clients, nil
+}
+
+func (r *nodeResolver) opts(ctx context.Context, idxs []int, pw progress.Writer) ([]gateway.BuildOpts, error) {
+	clients, err := r.boot(ctx, idxs, pw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	bopts := make([]gateway.BuildOpts, len(clients))
+	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	for i, idxs := range idxs {
+		i, idx := i, idxs
+		c := clients[i]
+		if c == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			opt, err := r.opt.Do(ctx, fmt.Sprint(idx), func(ctx context.Context) (gateway.BuildOpts, error) {
+				opt := gateway.BuildOpts{}
+				_, err := c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{
+					Internal: true,
+				}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gateway.Client) (*gateway.Result, error) {
+					opt = c.BuildOpts()
+					return nil, nil
+				}, nil)
+				return opt, err
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			bopts[i] = opt
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return bopts, nil
+}
+
+// recombineDriverPairs recombines resolved nodes that are on the same driver
+// back together into a single node.
+func recombineNodes(nodes []*resolvedNode) []*resolvedNode {
+	result := make([]*resolvedNode, 0, len(nodes))
+	lookup := map[int]int{}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if idx, ok := lookup[node.driverIndex]; ok {
+			result[idx].platforms = append(result[idx].platforms, node.platforms...)
+		} else {
+			lookup[node.driverIndex] = len(result)
+			result = append(result, node)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}

build/driver_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sort"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestFindDriverSanity(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.DefaultSpec()},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.DefaultSpec()}, nil, platforms.OnlyStrict, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestFindDriverEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(nil)
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.DefaultSpec()}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Nil(t, res)
+}
+
+func TestFindDriverWeirdName(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/foobar")},
+	})
+
+	// find first platform
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/foobar")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestFindDriverUnknown(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeSinglePlatform(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	// find first platform
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// find second platform
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// find an unknown platform, should match the first driver
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/s390x")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeMultiPlatform(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"), platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 0, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, res[0].driverIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeNonStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")},
+	})
+
+	// arm64 should match itself
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// arm64 may support arm/v8
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// arm64 may support arm/v7
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeNonStrictARM(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")},
+		"ccc": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "ccc", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "ccc", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeNonStrictLower(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")},
+	})
+
+	// v8 can't be built on v7 (so we should select the default)...
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.False(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	// ...but v6 can be built on v8
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v6")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodePreferStart(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+		"ccc": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodePreferExact(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeCurrentPlatform(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/foobar")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.DefaultSpec()},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNodeAdditionalPlatforms(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v8")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}, nil, platforms.Only, func(idx int, n builder.Node) []specs.Platform {
+		if n.Builder == "aaa" {
+			return []specs.Platform{platforms.MustParse("linux/arm/v7")}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSplitNodeMultiPlatform(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"), platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"),
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/arm64"),
+	}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+
+	res, perfect, err = r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"),
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64"),
+	}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[1].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func TestSplitNodeMultiPlatformNoUnify(t *testing.T) {
+	r := makeTestResolver(map[string][]specs.Platform{
+		"aaa": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64")},
+		"bbb": {platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"), platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64")},
+	})
+
+	// the "best" choice would be the node with both platforms, but we're using
+	// a naive algorithm that doesn't try to unify the platforms
+	res, perfect, err := r.resolve(context.TODO(), []specs.Platform{
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/amd64"),
+		platforms.MustParse("linux/riscv64"),
+	}, nil, platforms.Only, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, perfect)
+	require.Len(t, res, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, "aaa", res[0].Node().Builder)
+	require.Equal(t, "bbb", res[1].Node().Builder)
+}
+
+func makeTestResolver(nodes map[string][]specs.Platform) *nodeResolver {
+	var ns []builder.Node
+	for name, platforms := range nodes {
+		ns = append(ns, builder.Node{
+			Builder:   name,
+			Platforms: platforms,
+		})
+	}
+	sort.Slice(ns, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return ns[i].Builder < ns[j].Builder
+	})
+	return newDriverResolver(ns)
+}

build/git.go

@@ -51,21 +51,21 @@ func getGitAttributes(ctx context.Context, contextPath string, dockerfilePath st
 
 	gitc, err := gitutil.New(gitutil.WithContext(ctx), gitutil.WithWorkingDir(wd))
 	if err != nil {
-		if st, err := os.Stat(path.Join(wd, ".git")); err == nil && st.IsDir() {
-			return res, errors.New("buildx: git was not found in the system. Current commit information was not captured by the build")
+		if st, err1 := os.Stat(path.Join(wd, ".git")); err1 == nil && st.IsDir() {
+			return res, errors.Wrap(err, "git was not found in the system")
 		}
 		return
 	}
 
 	if !gitc.IsInsideWorkTree() {
 		if st, err := os.Stat(path.Join(wd, ".git")); err == nil && st.IsDir() {
-			return res, errors.New("buildx: failed to read current commit information with git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree")
+			return res, errors.New("failed to read current commit information with git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree")
 		}
 		return res, nil
 	}
 
 	if sha, err := gitc.FullCommit(); err != nil && !gitutil.IsUnknownRevision(err) {
-		return res, errors.Wrapf(err, "buildx: failed to get git commit")
+		return res, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get git commit")
 	} else if sha != "" {
 		checkDirty := false
 		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_GIT_CHECK_DIRTY"); ok {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func getGitAttributes(ctx context.Context, contextPath string, dockerfilePath st
 
 	if setGitLabels {
 		if root, err := gitc.RootDir(); err != nil {
-			return res, errors.Wrapf(err, "buildx: failed to get git root dir")
+			return res, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get git root dir")
 		} else if root != "" {
 			if dockerfilePath == "" {
 				dockerfilePath = filepath.Join(wd, "Dockerfile")

build/localstate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+)
+
+func saveLocalState(so *client.SolveOpt, target string, opts Options, node builder.Node, configDir string) error {
+	var err error
+	if so.Ref == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	lp := opts.Inputs.ContextPath
+	dp := opts.Inputs.DockerfilePath
+	if lp != "" || dp != "" {
+		if lp != "" {
+			lp, err = filepath.Abs(lp)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if dp != "" {
+			dp, err = filepath.Abs(dp)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		l, err := localstate.New(configDir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return l.SaveRef(node.Builder, node.Name, so.Ref, localstate.State{
+			Target:         target,
+			LocalPath:      lp,
+			DockerfilePath: dp,
+			GroupRef:       opts.GroupRef,
+		})
+	}
+	return nil
+}

build/result.go

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func NewResultHandle(ctx context.Context, cc *client.Client, opt client.SolveOpt
 						gwClient: c,
 						gwCtx:    ctx,
 					}
-					respErr = se
+					respErr = err // return original error to preserve stacktrace
 					close(done)
 
 					// Block until the caller closes the ResultHandle.
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ func NewResultHandle(ctx context.Context, cc *client.Client, opt client.SolveOpt
 		opt.Ref = ""
 		opt.Exports = nil
 		opt.CacheExports = nil
+		opt.Internal = true
 		_, respErr = cc.Build(ctx, opt, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gateway.Client) (*gateway.Result, error) {
 			res, err := evalDefinition(ctx, c, def)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ func populateProcessConfigFromResult(req *gateway.StartRequest, res *gateway.Res
 	} else if img != nil {
 		args = append(args, img.Config.Entrypoint...)
 	}
-	if cfg.Cmd != nil {
+	if !cfg.NoCmd {
 		args = append(args, cfg.Cmd...)
 	} else if img != nil {
 		args = append(args, img.Config.Cmd...)

build/url.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func createTempDockerfileFromURL(ctx context.Context, d *driver.DriverHandle, ur
 	var out string
 	ch, done := progress.NewChannel(pw)
 	defer func() { <-done }()
-	_, err = c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gwclient.Client) (*gwclient.Result, error) {
+	_, err = c.Build(ctx, client.SolveOpt{Internal: true}, "buildx", func(ctx context.Context, c gwclient.Client) (*gwclient.Result, error) {
 		def, err := llb.HTTP(url, llb.Filename("Dockerfile"), llb.WithCustomNamef("[internal] load %s", url)).Marshal(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err

build/utils.go

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ package build
 import (
 	"archive/tar"
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/builder/remotecontext/urlutil"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/gitutil"
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ func isArchive(header []byte) bool {
 }
 
 // toBuildkitExtraHosts converts hosts from docker key:value format to buildkit's csv format
-func toBuildkitExtraHosts(inp []string, mobyDriver bool) (string, error) {
+func toBuildkitExtraHosts(ctx context.Context, inp []string, nodeDriver *driver.DriverHandle) (string, error) {
 	if len(inp) == 0 {
 		return "", nil
 	}
@@ -67,11 +69,16 @@ func toBuildkitExtraHosts(inp []string, mobyDriver bool) (string, error) {
 		if !ok || host == "" || ip == "" {
 			return "", errors.Errorf("invalid host %s", h)
 		}
-		// Skip IP address validation for "host-gateway" string with moby driver
-		if !mobyDriver || ip != mobyHostGatewayName {
-			if net.ParseIP(ip) == nil {
-				return "", errors.Errorf("invalid host %s", h)
+		// If the IP Address is a "host-gateway", replace this value with the
+		// IP address provided by the worker's label.
+		if ip == mobyHostGatewayName {
+			hgip, err := nodeDriver.HostGatewayIP(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return "", errors.Wrap(err, "unable to derive the IP value for host-gateway")
 			}
+			ip = hgip.String()
+		} else if net.ParseIP(ip) == nil {
+			return "", errors.Errorf("invalid host %s", h)
 		}
 		hosts = append(hosts, host+"="+ip)
 	}

builder/builder.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
@@ -157,13 +158,14 @@ func (b *Builder) Boot(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
 		return false, nil
 	}
 
-	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, os.Stderr, progress.PrinterModeAuto)
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, progressui.AutoMode)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
 
 	baseCtx := ctx
 	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	errCh := make(chan error, len(toBoot))
 	for _, idx := range toBoot {
 		func(idx int) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
@@ -171,6 +173,7 @@ func (b *Builder) Boot(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
 				_, err := driver.Boot(ctx, baseCtx, b.nodes[idx].Driver, pw)
 				if err != nil {
 					b.nodes[idx].Err = err
+					errCh <- err
 				}
 				return nil
 			})
@@ -178,11 +181,15 @@ func (b *Builder) Boot(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
 	}
 
 	err = eg.Wait()
+	close(errCh)
 	err1 := printer.Wait()
 	if err == nil {
 		err = err1
 	}
 
+	if err == nil && len(errCh) == len(toBoot) {
+		return false, <-errCh
+	}
 	return true, err
 }
 
@@ -207,7 +214,7 @@ type driverFactory struct {
 }
 
 // Factory returns the driver factory.
-func (b *Builder) Factory(ctx context.Context) (_ driver.Factory, err error) {
+func (b *Builder) Factory(ctx context.Context, dialMeta map[string][]string) (_ driver.Factory, err error) {
 	b.driverFactory.once.Do(func() {
 		if b.Driver != "" {
 			b.driverFactory.Factory, err = driver.GetFactory(b.Driver, true)
@@ -230,7 +237,7 @@ func (b *Builder) Factory(ctx context.Context) (_ driver.Factory, err error) {
 			if _, err = dockerapi.Ping(ctx); err != nil {
 				return
 			}
-			b.driverFactory.Factory, err = driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, ep, dockerapi, false)
+			b.driverFactory.Factory, err = driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, ep, dockerapi, false, dialMeta)
 			if err != nil {
 				return
 			}

builder/node.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package builder
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"sort"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	ctxkube "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes/context"
@@ -24,13 +25,16 @@ type Node struct {
 	Builder     string
 	Driver      *driver.DriverHandle
 	DriverInfo  *driver.Info
-	Platforms   []ocispecs.Platform
-	GCPolicy    []client.PruneInfo
-	Labels      map[string]string
 	ImageOpt    imagetools.Opt
 	ProxyConfig map[string]string
 	Version     string
 	Err         error
+
+	// worker settings
+	IDs       []string
+	Platforms []ocispecs.Platform
+	GCPolicy  []client.PruneInfo
+	Labels    map[string]string
 }
 
 // Nodes returns nodes for this builder.
@@ -38,9 +42,35 @@ func (b *Builder) Nodes() []Node {
 	return b.nodes
 }
 
+type LoadNodesOption func(*loadNodesOptions)
+
+type loadNodesOptions struct {
+	data     bool
+	dialMeta map[string][]string
+}
+
+func WithData() LoadNodesOption {
+	return func(o *loadNodesOptions) {
+		o.data = true
+	}
+}
+
+func WithDialMeta(dialMeta map[string][]string) LoadNodesOption {
+	return func(o *loadNodesOptions) {
+		o.dialMeta = dialMeta
+	}
+}
+
 // LoadNodes loads and returns nodes for this builder.
 // TODO: this should be a method on a Node object and lazy load data for each driver.
-func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err error) {
+func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, opts ...LoadNodesOption) (_ []Node, err error) {
+	lno := loadNodesOptions{
+		data: false,
+	}
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(&lno)
+	}
+
 	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 	b.nodes = make([]Node, len(b.NodeGroup.Nodes))
 
@@ -50,7 +80,7 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 		}
 	}()
 
-	factory, err := b.Factory(ctx)
+	factory, err := b.Factory(ctx, lno.dialMeta)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -82,12 +112,12 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 				contextStore := b.opts.dockerCli.ContextStore()
 
 				var kcc driver.KubeClientConfig
-				kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromContext(n.Endpoint, contextStore)
+				kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromEndpoint(n.Endpoint, contextStore)
 				if err != nil {
 					// err is returned if n.Endpoint is non-context name like "unix:///var/run/docker.sock".
 					// try again with name="default".
 					// FIXME(@AkihiroSuda): n should retain real context name.
-					kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromContext("default", contextStore)
+					kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromEndpoint("default", contextStore)
 					if err != nil {
 						logrus.Error(err)
 					}
@@ -109,7 +139,7 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 					}
 				}
 
-				d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_"+n.Name, factory, n.Endpoint, dockerapi, imageopt.Auth, kcc, n.Flags, n.Files, n.DriverOpts, n.Platforms, b.opts.contextPathHash)
+				d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_"+n.Name, factory, n.Endpoint, dockerapi, imageopt.Auth, kcc, n.Flags, n.Files, n.DriverOpts, n.Platforms, b.opts.contextPathHash, lno.dialMeta)
 				if err != nil {
 					node.Err = err
 					return nil
@@ -117,7 +147,7 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 				node.Driver = d
 				node.ImageOpt = imageopt
 
-				if withData {
+				if lno.data {
 					if err := node.loadData(ctx); err != nil {
 						node.Err = err
 					}
@@ -132,7 +162,7 @@ func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err e
 	}
 
 	// TODO: This should be done in the routine loading driver data
-	if withData {
+	if lno.data {
 		kubernetesDriverCount := 0
 		for _, d := range b.nodes {
 			if d.DriverInfo != nil && len(d.DriverInfo.DynamicNodes) > 0 {
@@ -188,12 +218,14 @@ func (n *Node) loadData(ctx context.Context) error {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
 		}
 		for idx, w := range workers {
+			n.IDs = append(n.IDs, w.ID)
 			n.Platforms = append(n.Platforms, w.Platforms...)
 			if idx == 0 {
 				n.GCPolicy = w.GCPolicy
 				n.Labels = w.Labels
 			}
 		}
+		sort.Strings(n.IDs)
 		n.Platforms = platformutil.Dedupe(n.Platforms)
 		inf, err := driverClient.Info(ctx)
 		if err != nil {

commands/bake.go

@@ -4,13 +4,16 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/containerd/console"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/bake"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
@@ -19,7 +22,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/tracing"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/identity"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -95,8 +100,6 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 	defer cancel()
 
 	var nodes []builder.Node
-	var files []bake.File
-	var inp *bake.Input
 	var progressConsoleDesc, progressTextDesc string
 
 	// instance only needed for reading remote bake files or building
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 		if err = updateLastActivity(dockerCli, b.NodeGroup); err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to update builder last activity time")
 		}
-		nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+		nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -124,7 +127,8 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 		term = true
 	}
 
-	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, cFlags.progress,
+	progressMode := progressui.DisplayMode(cFlags.progress)
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, progressMode,
 		progress.WithDesc(progressTextDesc, progressConsoleDesc),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -137,21 +141,21 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 			if err == nil {
 				err = err1
 			}
-			if err == nil && cFlags.progress != progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+			if err == nil && progressMode != progressui.QuietMode {
 				desktop.PrintBuildDetails(os.Stderr, printer.BuildRefs(), term)
 			}
 		}
 	}()
 
-	if url != "" {
-		files, inp, err = bake.ReadRemoteFiles(ctx, nodes, url, in.files, printer)
-	} else {
-		files, err = bake.ReadLocalFiles(in.files, dockerCli.In())
-	}
+	files, inp, err := readBakeFiles(ctx, nodes, url, in.files, dockerCli.In(), printer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if len(files) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("couldn't find a bake definition")
+	}
+
 	tgts, grps, err := bake.ReadTargets(ctx, files, targets, overrides, map[string]string{
 		// don't forget to update documentation if you add a new
 		// built-in variable: docs/bake-reference.md#built-in-variables
@@ -181,14 +185,16 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 		return err
 	}
 
+	def := struct {
+		Group  map[string]*bake.Group  `json:"group,omitempty"`
+		Target map[string]*bake.Target `json:"target"`
+	}{
+		Group:  grps,
+		Target: tgts,
+	}
+
 	if in.printOnly {
-		dt, err := json.MarshalIndent(struct {
-			Group  map[string]*bake.Group  `json:"group,omitempty"`
-			Target map[string]*bake.Target `json:"target"`
-		}{
-			grps,
-			tgts,
-		}, "", "  ")
+		dt, err := json.MarshalIndent(def, "", "  ")
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -201,6 +207,28 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags com
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	// local state group
+	groupRef := identity.NewID()
+	var refs []string
+	for k, b := range bo {
+		b.Ref = identity.NewID()
+		b.GroupRef = groupRef
+		refs = append(refs, b.Ref)
+		bo[k] = b
+	}
+	dt, err := json.Marshal(def)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := saveLocalStateGroup(dockerCli, groupRef, localstate.StateGroup{
+		Definition: dt,
+		Targets:    targets,
+		Inputs:     overrides,
+		Refs:       refs,
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	resp, err := build.Build(ctx, nodes, bo, dockerutil.NewClient(dockerCli), confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli), printer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return wrapBuildError(err, true)
@@ -257,3 +285,50 @@ func bakeCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 	return cmd
 }
+
+func saveLocalStateGroup(dockerCli command.Cli, ref string, lsg localstate.StateGroup) error {
+	l, err := localstate.New(confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return l.SaveGroup(ref, lsg)
+}
+
+func readBakeFiles(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, url string, names []string, stdin io.Reader, pw progress.Writer) (files []bake.File, inp *bake.Input, err error) {
+	var lnames []string
+	var rnames []string
+	for _, v := range names {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "cwd://") {
+			lnames = append(lnames, strings.TrimPrefix(v, "cwd://"))
+		} else {
+			rnames = append(rnames, v)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if url != "" {
+		var rfiles []bake.File
+		rfiles, inp, err = bake.ReadRemoteFiles(ctx, nodes, url, rnames, pw)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		files = append(files, rfiles...)
+	}
+
+	if len(lnames) > 0 || url == "" {
+		var lfiles []bake.File
+		progress.Wrap("[internal] load local bake definitions", pw.Write, func(sub progress.SubLogger) error {
+			if url != "" {
+				lfiles, err = bake.ReadLocalFiles(lnames, stdin, sub)
+			} else {
+				lfiles, err = bake.ReadLocalFiles(append(lnames, rnames...), stdin, sub)
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		files = append(files, lfiles...)
+	}
+
+	return
+}

commands/build.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/containerd/console"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/commands/debug"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller"
 	cbuild "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/control"
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/grpcerrors"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
 	"github.com/morikuni/aec"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -54,6 +56,7 @@ import (
 
 type buildOptions struct {
 	allow          []string
+	annotations    []string
 	buildArgs      []string
 	cacheFrom      []string
 	cacheTo        []string
@@ -76,9 +79,6 @@ type buildOptions struct {
 	target         string
 	ulimits        *dockeropts.UlimitOpt
 
-	invoke  *invokeConfig
-	noBuild bool
-
 	attests    []string
 	sbom       string
 	provenance string
@@ -94,18 +94,32 @@ type buildOptions struct {
 	exportLoad   bool
 
 	control.ControlOptions
+
+	invokeConfig *invokeConfig
 }
 
 func (o *buildOptions) toControllerOptions() (*controllerapi.BuildOptions, error) {
 	var err error
+
+	buildArgs, err := listToMap(o.buildArgs, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	labels, err := listToMap(o.labels, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	opts := controllerapi.BuildOptions{
 		Allow:          o.allow,
-		BuildArgs:      listToMap(o.buildArgs, true),
+		Annotations:    o.annotations,
+		BuildArgs:      buildArgs,
 		CgroupParent:   o.cgroupParent,
 		ContextPath:    o.contextPath,
 		DockerfileName: o.dockerfileName,
 		ExtraHosts:     o.extraHosts,
-		Labels:         listToMap(o.labels, false),
+		Labels:         labels,
 		NetworkMode:    o.networkMode,
 		NoCacheFilter:  o.noCacheFilter,
 		Platforms:      o.platforms,
@@ -185,20 +199,15 @@ func (o *buildOptions) toControllerOptions() (*controllerapi.BuildOptions, error
 	return &opts, nil
 }
 
-func (o *buildOptions) toProgress() (string, error) {
-	switch o.progress {
-	case progress.PrinterModeAuto, progress.PrinterModeTty, progress.PrinterModePlain, progress.PrinterModeQuiet:
-	default:
-		return "", errors.Errorf("progress=%s is not a valid progress option", o.progress)
-	}
-
+func (o *buildOptions) toDisplayMode() (progressui.DisplayMode, error) {
+	progress := progressui.DisplayMode(o.progress)
 	if o.quiet {
-		if o.progress != progress.PrinterModeAuto && o.progress != progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+		if progress != progressui.AutoMode && progress != progressui.QuietMode {
 			return "", errors.Errorf("progress=%s and quiet cannot be used together", o.progress)
 		}
-		return progress.PrinterModeQuiet, nil
+		return progressui.QuietMode, nil
 	}
-	return o.progress, nil
+	return progress, nil
 }
 
 func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
@@ -234,7 +243,7 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	_, err = b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -246,12 +255,12 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
 
 	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
 	defer cancel()
-	progressMode, err := options.toProgress()
+	progressMode, err := options.toDisplayMode()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	var printer *progress.Printer
-	printer, err = progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, progressMode,
+	printer, err = progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, progressMode,
 		progress.WithDesc(
 			fmt.Sprintf("building with %q instance using %s driver", b.Name, b.Driver),
 			fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", b.Driver, b.Name),
@@ -279,7 +288,7 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, options buildOptions) (err error) {
 		return retErr
 	}
 
-	if progressMode != progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+	if progressMode != progressui.QuietMode {
 		desktop.PrintBuildDetails(os.Stderr, printer.BuildRefs(), term)
 	} else {
 		fmt.Println(getImageID(resp.ExporterResponse))
@@ -320,11 +329,10 @@ func runBasicBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *controllera
 }
 
 func runControllerBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *controllerapi.BuildOptions, options buildOptions, printer *progress.Printer) (*client.SolveResponse, error) {
-	if options.invoke != nil && (options.dockerfileName == "-" || options.contextPath == "-") {
+	if options.invokeConfig != nil && (options.dockerfileName == "-" || options.contextPath == "-") {
 		// stdin must be usable for monitor
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("Dockerfile or context from stdin is not supported with invoke")
 	}
-
 	c, err := controller.NewController(ctx, options.ControlOptions, dockerCli, printer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -347,56 +355,54 @@ func runControllerBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *contro
 	var resp *client.SolveResponse
 	f := ioset.NewSingleForwarder()
 	f.SetReader(dockerCli.In())
-	if !options.noBuild {
-		pr, pw := io.Pipe()
-		f.SetWriter(pw, func() io.WriteCloser {
-			pw.Close() // propagate EOF
-			logrus.Debug("propagating stdin close")
-			return nil
-		})
+	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
+	f.SetWriter(pw, func() io.WriteCloser {
+		pw.Close() // propagate EOF
+		logrus.Debug("propagating stdin close")
+		return nil
+	})
 
-		ref, resp, err = c.Build(ctx, *opts, pr, printer)
-		if err != nil {
-			var be *controllererrors.BuildError
-			if errors.As(err, &be) {
-				ref = be.Ref
-				retErr = err
-				// We can proceed to monitor
-			} else {
-				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to build")
-			}
-		}
-
-		if err := pw.Close(); err != nil {
-			logrus.Debug("failed to close stdin pipe writer")
-		}
-		if err := pr.Close(); err != nil {
-			logrus.Debug("failed to close stdin pipe reader")
+	ref, resp, err = c.Build(ctx, *opts, pr, printer)
+	if err != nil {
+		var be *controllererrors.BuildError
+		if errors.As(err, &be) {
+			ref = be.Ref
+			retErr = err
+			// We can proceed to monitor
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to build")
 		}
 	}
 
-	// post-build operations
-	if options.invoke != nil && options.invoke.needsMonitor(retErr) {
+	if err := pw.Close(); err != nil {
+		logrus.Debug("failed to close stdin pipe writer")
+	}
+	if err := pr.Close(); err != nil {
+		logrus.Debug("failed to close stdin pipe reader")
+	}
+
+	if options.invokeConfig != nil && options.invokeConfig.needsDebug(retErr) {
+		// Print errors before launching monitor
+		if err := printError(retErr, printer); err != nil {
+			logrus.Warnf("failed to print error information: %v", err)
+		}
+
 		pr2, pw2 := io.Pipe()
 		f.SetWriter(pw2, func() io.WriteCloser {
 			pw2.Close() // propagate EOF
 			return nil
 		})
-		con := console.Current()
-		if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
-			if err := c.Disconnect(ctx, ref); err != nil {
-				logrus.Warnf("disconnect error: %v", err)
-			}
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
-		}
-		err = monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, ref, opts, options.invoke.InvokeConfig, c, pr2, os.Stdout, os.Stderr, printer)
-		con.Reset()
+		monitorBuildResult, err := options.invokeConfig.runDebug(ctx, ref, opts, c, pr2, os.Stdout, os.Stderr, printer)
 		if err := pw2.Close(); err != nil {
 			logrus.Debug("failed to close monitor stdin pipe reader")
 		}
 		if err != nil {
 			logrus.Warnf("failed to run monitor: %v", err)
 		}
+		if monitorBuildResult != nil {
+			// Update return values with the last build result from monitor
+			resp, retErr = monitorBuildResult.Resp, monitorBuildResult.Err
+		}
 	} else {
 		if err := c.Disconnect(ctx, ref); err != nil {
 			logrus.Warnf("disconnect error: %v", err)
@@ -406,10 +412,37 @@ func runControllerBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *contro
 	return resp, retErr
 }
 
-func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
-	options := buildOptions{}
+func printError(err error, printer *progress.Printer) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := printer.Pause(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer printer.Unpause()
+	for _, s := range errdefs.Sources(err) {
+		s.Print(os.Stderr)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "ERROR: %v\n", err)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func newDebuggableBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) debug.DebuggableCmd {
+	return &debuggableBuild{dockerCli: dockerCli, rootOpts: rootOpts}
+}
+
+type debuggableBuild struct {
+	dockerCli command.Cli
+	rootOpts  *rootOptions
+}
+
+func (b *debuggableBuild) NewDebugger(cfg *debug.DebugConfig) *cobra.Command {
+	return buildCmd(b.dockerCli, b.rootOpts, cfg)
+}
+
+func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions, debugConfig *debug.DebugConfig) *cobra.Command {
 	cFlags := &commonFlags{}
-	var invokeFlag string
+	options := &buildOptions{}
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "build [OPTIONS] PATH | URL | -",
@@ -431,15 +464,15 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 			options.progress = cFlags.progress
 			cmd.Flags().VisitAll(checkWarnedFlags)
 
-			if invokeFlag != "" {
-				invoke, err := parseInvokeConfig(invokeFlag)
-				if err != nil {
+			if debugConfig != nil && (debugConfig.InvokeFlag != "" || debugConfig.OnFlag != "") {
+				iConfig := new(invokeConfig)
+				if err := iConfig.parseInvokeConfig(debugConfig.InvokeFlag, debugConfig.OnFlag); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				options.invoke = &invoke
-				options.noBuild = invokeFlag == "debug-shell"
+				options.invokeConfig = iConfig
 			}
-			return runBuild(dockerCli, options)
+
+			return runBuild(dockerCli, *options)
 		},
 		ValidArgsFunction: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 			return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
@@ -458,13 +491,15 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.allow, "allow", []string{}, `Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., "network.host", "security.insecure")`)
 
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.annotations, "annotation", "", []string{}, "Add annotation to the image")
+
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.buildArgs, "build-arg", []string{}, "Set build-time variables")
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheFrom, "cache-from", []string{}, `External cache sources (e.g., "user/app:cache", "type=local,src=path/to/dir")`)
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheTo, "cache-to", []string{}, `Cache export destinations (e.g., "user/app:cache", "type=local,dest=path/to/dir")`)
 
-	flags.StringVar(&options.cgroupParent, "cgroup-parent", "", "Optional parent cgroup for the container")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.cgroupParent, "cgroup-parent", "", `Set the parent cgroup for the "RUN" instructions during build`)
 	flags.SetAnnotation("cgroup-parent", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#cgroup-parent"})
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.contexts, "build-context", []string{}, "Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)")
@@ -487,7 +522,8 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.platforms, "platform", platformsDefault, "Set target platform for build")
 
 	if isExperimental() {
-		flags.StringVar(&options.printFunc, "print", "", "Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) [experimental]")
+		flags.StringVar(&options.printFunc, "print", "", "Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets)")
+		flags.SetAnnotation("print", "experimentalCLI", nil)
 	}
 
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, `Shorthand for "--output=type=registry"`)
@@ -514,10 +550,13 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.StringVar(&options.provenance, "provenance", "", `Shorthand for "--attest=type=provenance"`)
 
 	if isExperimental() {
-		flags.StringVar(&invokeFlag, "invoke", "", "Invoke a command after the build [experimental]")
-		flags.StringVar(&options.Root, "root", "", "Specify root directory of server to connect [experimental]")
-		flags.BoolVar(&options.Detach, "detach", false, "Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) [experimental]")
-		flags.StringVar(&options.ServerConfig, "server-config", "", "Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) [experimental]")
+		// TODO: move this to debug command if needed
+		flags.StringVar(&options.Root, "root", "", "Specify root directory of server to connect")
+		flags.SetAnnotation("root", "experimentalCLI", nil)
+		flags.BoolVar(&options.Detach, "detach", false, "Detach buildx server (supported only on linux)")
+		flags.SetAnnotation("detach", "experimentalCLI", nil)
+		flags.StringVar(&options.ServerConfig, "server-config", "", "Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server)")
+		flags.SetAnnotation("server-config", "experimentalCLI", nil)
 	}
 
 	// hidden flags
@@ -540,6 +579,7 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.BoolVar(&ignoreBool, "squash", false, "Squash newly built layers into a single new layer")
 	flags.MarkHidden("squash")
 	flags.SetAnnotation("squash", "flag-warn", []string{"experimental flag squash is removed with BuildKit. You should squash inside build using a multi-stage Dockerfile for efficiency."})
+	flags.SetAnnotation("squash", "experimentalCLI", nil)
 
 	flags.StringVarP(&ignore, "memory", "m", "", "Memory limit")
 	flags.MarkHidden("memory")
@@ -673,109 +713,24 @@ func updateLastActivity(dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup) error {
 	return txn.UpdateLastActivity(ng)
 }
 
-type invokeConfig struct {
-	controllerapi.InvokeConfig
-	invokeFlag string
-}
-
-func (cfg *invokeConfig) needsMonitor(retErr error) bool {
-	switch cfg.invokeFlag {
-	case "debug-shell":
-		return true
-	case "on-error":
-		return retErr != nil
-	default:
-		return cfg.invokeFlag != ""
-	}
-}
-
-func parseInvokeConfig(invoke string) (cfg invokeConfig, err error) {
-	cfg.invokeFlag = invoke
-	cfg.Tty = true
-	switch invoke {
-	case "default", "debug-shell":
-		return cfg, nil
-	case "on-error":
-		// NOTE: we overwrite the command to run because the original one should fail on the failed step.
-		// TODO: make this configurable via flags or restorable from LLB.
-		// Discussion: https://github.com/docker/buildx/pull/1640#discussion_r1113295900
-		cfg.Cmd = []string{"/bin/sh"}
-		return cfg, nil
-	}
-
-	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(invoke))
-	csvReader.LazyQuotes = true
-	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
-	if err != nil {
-		return cfg, err
-	}
-	if len(fields) == 1 && !strings.Contains(fields[0], "=") {
-		cfg.Cmd = []string{fields[0]}
-		return cfg, nil
-	}
-	cfg.NoUser = true
-	cfg.NoCwd = true
-	for _, field := range fields {
-		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
-		if len(parts) != 2 {
-			return cfg, errors.Errorf("invalid value %s", field)
-		}
-		key := strings.ToLower(parts[0])
-		value := parts[1]
-		switch key {
-		case "args":
-			cfg.Cmd = append(cfg.Cmd, maybeJSONArray(value)...)
-		case "entrypoint":
-			cfg.Entrypoint = append(cfg.Entrypoint, maybeJSONArray(value)...)
-			if cfg.Cmd == nil {
-				cfg.Cmd = []string{}
-			}
-		case "env":
-			cfg.Env = append(cfg.Env, maybeJSONArray(value)...)
-		case "user":
-			cfg.User = value
-			cfg.NoUser = false
-		case "cwd":
-			cfg.Cwd = value
-			cfg.NoCwd = false
-		case "tty":
-			cfg.Tty, err = strconv.ParseBool(value)
-			if err != nil {
-				return cfg, errors.Errorf("failed to parse tty: %v", err)
-			}
-		default:
-			return cfg, errors.Errorf("unknown key %q", key)
-		}
-	}
-	return cfg, nil
-}
-
-func maybeJSONArray(v string) []string {
-	var list []string
-	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &list); err == nil {
-		return list
-	}
-	return []string{v}
-}
-
-func listToMap(values []string, defaultEnv bool) map[string]string {
+func listToMap(values []string, defaultEnv bool) (map[string]string, error) {
 	result := make(map[string]string, len(values))
 	for _, value := range values {
-		kv := strings.SplitN(value, "=", 2)
-		if len(kv) == 1 {
-			if defaultEnv {
-				v, ok := os.LookupEnv(kv[0])
-				if ok {
-					result[kv[0]] = v
-				}
-			} else {
-				result[kv[0]] = ""
+		k, v, hasValue := strings.Cut(value, "=")
+		if k == "" {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid key-value pair %q: empty key", value)
+		}
+		if hasValue {
+			result[k] = v
+		} else if defaultEnv {
+			if envVal, ok := os.LookupEnv(k); ok {
+				result[k] = envVal
 			}
 		} else {
-			result[kv[0]] = kv[1]
+			result[k] = ""
 		}
 	}
-	return result
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 func dockerUlimitToControllerUlimit(u *dockeropts.UlimitOpt) *controllerapi.UlimitOpt {
@@ -793,8 +748,8 @@ func dockerUlimitToControllerUlimit(u *dockeropts.UlimitOpt) *controllerapi.Ulim
 	return &controllerapi.UlimitOpt{Values: values}
 }
 
-func printWarnings(w io.Writer, warnings []client.VertexWarning, mode string) {
-	if len(warnings) == 0 || mode == progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+func printWarnings(w io.Writer, warnings []client.VertexWarning, mode progressui.DisplayMode) {
+	if len(warnings) == 0 || mode == progressui.QuietMode {
 		return
 	}
 	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n ")
@@ -866,3 +821,108 @@ func printValue(printer printFunc, version string, format string, res map[string
 	}
 	return printer([]byte(res["result.json"]), os.Stdout)
 }
+
+type invokeConfig struct {
+	controllerapi.InvokeConfig
+	onFlag     string
+	invokeFlag string
+}
+
+func (cfg *invokeConfig) needsDebug(retErr error) bool {
+	switch cfg.onFlag {
+	case "always":
+		return true
+	case "error":
+		return retErr != nil
+	default:
+		return cfg.invokeFlag != ""
+	}
+}
+
+func (cfg *invokeConfig) runDebug(ctx context.Context, ref string, options *controllerapi.BuildOptions, c control.BuildxController, stdin io.ReadCloser, stdout io.WriteCloser, stderr console.File, progress *progress.Printer) (*monitor.MonitorBuildResult, error) {
+	con := console.Current()
+	if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
+		// TODO: run disconnect in build command (on error case)
+		if err := c.Disconnect(ctx, ref); err != nil {
+			logrus.Warnf("disconnect error: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer con.Reset()
+	return monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, ref, options, cfg.InvokeConfig, c, stdin, stdout, stderr, progress)
+}
+
+func (cfg *invokeConfig) parseInvokeConfig(invoke, on string) error {
+	cfg.onFlag = on
+	cfg.invokeFlag = invoke
+	cfg.Tty = true
+	cfg.NoCmd = true
+	switch invoke {
+	case "default", "":
+		return nil
+	case "on-error":
+		// NOTE: we overwrite the command to run because the original one should fail on the failed step.
+		// TODO: make this configurable via flags or restorable from LLB.
+		// Discussion: https://github.com/docker/buildx/pull/1640#discussion_r1113295900
+		cfg.Cmd = []string{"/bin/sh"}
+		cfg.NoCmd = false
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(invoke))
+	csvReader.LazyQuotes = true
+	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(fields) == 1 && !strings.Contains(fields[0], "=") {
+		cfg.Cmd = []string{fields[0]}
+		cfg.NoCmd = false
+		return nil
+	}
+	cfg.NoUser = true
+	cfg.NoCwd = true
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
+		if len(parts) != 2 {
+			return errors.Errorf("invalid value %s", field)
+		}
+		key := strings.ToLower(parts[0])
+		value := parts[1]
+		switch key {
+		case "args":
+			cfg.Cmd = append(cfg.Cmd, maybeJSONArray(value)...)
+			cfg.NoCmd = false
+		case "entrypoint":
+			cfg.Entrypoint = append(cfg.Entrypoint, maybeJSONArray(value)...)
+			if cfg.Cmd == nil {
+				cfg.Cmd = []string{}
+				cfg.NoCmd = false
+			}
+		case "env":
+			cfg.Env = append(cfg.Env, maybeJSONArray(value)...)
+		case "user":
+			cfg.User = value
+			cfg.NoUser = false
+		case "cwd":
+			cfg.Cwd = value
+			cfg.NoCwd = false
+		case "tty":
+			cfg.Tty, err = strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("failed to parse tty: %v", err)
+			}
+		default:
+			return errors.Errorf("unknown key %q", key)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func maybeJSONArray(v string) []string {
+	var list []string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v), &list); err == nil {
+		return list
+	}
+	return []string{v}
+}

commands/create.go

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Ensure the file lock gets released no matter what happens.
 	defer release()
 
 	name := in.name
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 			if len(args) > 0 {
 				arg = args[0]
 			}
-			f, err := driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, arg, dockerCli.Client(), true)
+			f, err := driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, arg, dockerCli.Client(), true, nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, builder.WithData())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -300,6 +301,10 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// The store is no longer used from this point.
+	// Release it so we aren't holding the file lock during the boot.
+	release()
+
 	if in.bootstrap {
 		if _, err = b.Boot(ctx); err != nil {
 			return err

commands/debug-shell.go

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"os"
-	"runtime"
-
-	"github.com/containerd/console"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/control"
-	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/monitor"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-)
-
-func debugShellCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
-	var options control.ControlOptions
-	var progressMode string
-
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "debug-shell",
-		Short: "Start a monitor",
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, os.Stderr, progressMode)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			ctx := context.TODO()
-			c, err := controller.NewController(ctx, options, dockerCli, printer)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			defer func() {
-				if err := c.Close(); err != nil {
-					logrus.Warnf("failed to close server connection %v", err)
-				}
-			}()
-			con := console.Current()
-			if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
-				return errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
-			}
-
-			err = monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, "", nil, controllerapi.InvokeConfig{
-				Tty: true,
-			}, c, dockerCli.In(), os.Stdout, os.Stderr, printer)
-			con.Reset()
-			return err
-		},
-	}
-
-	flags := cmd.Flags()
-
-	flags.StringVar(&options.Root, "root", "", "Specify root directory of server to connect [experimental]")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.Detach, "detach", runtime.GOOS == "linux", "Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) [experimental]")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.ServerConfig, "server-config", "", "Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) [experimental]")
-	flags.StringVar(&progressMode, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty"). Use plain to show container output`)
-
-	return cmd
-}
-
-func addDebugShellCommand(cmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli command.Cli) {
-	cmd.AddCommand(
-		debugShellCmd(dockerCli),
-	)
-}

commands/debug/root.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/console"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/control"
+	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/monitor"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// DebugConfig is a user-specified configuration for the debugger.
+type DebugConfig struct {
+	// InvokeFlag is a flag to configure the launched debugger and the commaned executed on the debugger.
+	InvokeFlag string
+
+	// OnFlag is a flag to configure the timing of launching the debugger.
+	OnFlag string
+}
+
+// DebuggableCmd is a command that supports debugger with recognizing the user-specified DebugConfig.
+type DebuggableCmd interface {
+	// NewDebugger returns the new *cobra.Command with support for the debugger with recognizing DebugConfig.
+	NewDebugger(*DebugConfig) *cobra.Command
+}
+
+func RootCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, children ...DebuggableCmd) *cobra.Command {
+	var controlOptions control.ControlOptions
+	var progressMode string
+	var options DebugConfig
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "debug",
+		Short: "Start debugger",
+		Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+		Annotations: map[string]string{
+			"experimentalCLI": "",
+		},
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, progressui.DisplayMode(progressMode))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			ctx := context.TODO()
+			c, err := controller.NewController(ctx, controlOptions, dockerCli, printer)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			defer func() {
+				if err := c.Close(); err != nil {
+					logrus.Warnf("failed to close server connection %v", err)
+				}
+			}()
+			con := console.Current()
+			if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			_, err = monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, "", nil, controllerapi.InvokeConfig{
+				Tty: true,
+			}, c, dockerCli.In(), os.Stdout, os.Stderr, printer)
+			con.Reset()
+			return err
+		},
+	}
+
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&options.InvokeFlag, "invoke", "", "Launch a monitor with executing specified command")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("invoke", "experimentalCLI", nil)
+	flags.StringVar(&options.OnFlag, "on", "error", "When to launch the monitor ([always, error])")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("on", "experimentalCLI", nil)
+
+	flags.StringVar(&controlOptions.Root, "root", "", "Specify root directory of server to connect for the monitor")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("root", "experimentalCLI", nil)
+	flags.BoolVar(&controlOptions.Detach, "detach", runtime.GOOS == "linux", "Detach buildx server for the monitor (supported only on linux)")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("detach", "experimentalCLI", nil)
+	flags.StringVar(&controlOptions.ServerConfig, "server-config", "", "Specify buildx server config file for the monitor (used only when launching new server)")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("server-config", "experimentalCLI", nil)
+	flags.StringVar(&progressMode, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty") for the monitor. Use plain to show container output`)
+
+	for _, c := range children {
+		cmd.AddCommand(c.NewDebugger(&options))
+	}
+
+	return cmd
+}

commands/diskusage.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func runDiskUsage(dockerCli command.Cli, opts duOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

commands/imagetools/create.go

@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
 	ocispec "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ type createOptions struct {
 	builder      string
 	files        []string
 	tags         []string
+	annotations  []string
 	dryrun       bool
 	actionAppend bool
 	progress     string
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	dt, desc, err := r.Combine(ctx, srcs)
+	dt, desc, err := r.Combine(ctx, srcs, in.annotations)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 
 	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
 	defer cancel()
-	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, in.progress)
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, progressui.DisplayMode(in.progress))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -283,6 +285,7 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.dryrun, "dry-run", false, "Show final image instead of pushing")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.actionAppend, "append", false, "Append to existing manifest")
 	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty"). Use plain to show container output`)
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.annotations, "annotation", "", []string{}, "Add annotation to the image")
 
 	return cmd
 }

commands/inspect.go

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, builder.WithData())
 	if in.bootstrap {
 		var ok bool
 		ok, err = b.Boot(ctx)
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 			return err
 		}
 		if ok {
-			nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+			nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, builder.WithData())
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -93,7 +93,10 @@ func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 				if nodes[i].Version != "" {
 					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Buildkit:\t%s\n", nodes[i].Version)
 				}
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Platforms:\t%s\n", strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Node.Platforms, n.Platforms), ", "))
+				platforms := platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Node.Platforms, n.Platforms)
+				if len(platforms) > 0 {
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Platforms:\t%s\n", strings.Join(platforms, ", "))
+				}
 				if debug.IsEnabled() {
 					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Features:\n")
 					features := nodes[i].Driver.Features(ctx)

commands/ls.go

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func runLs(dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
 	for _, b := range builders {
 		func(b *builder.Builder) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
-				_, _ = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+				_, _ = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, builder.WithData())
 				return nil
 			})
 		}(b)

commands/prune.go

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func runPrune(dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

commands/rm.go

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func runRm(dockerCli command.Cli, in rmOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func rmAllInactive(ctx context.Context, txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli, i
 	for _, b := range builders {
 		func(b *builder.Builder) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
-				nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+				nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, builder.WithData())
 				if err != nil {
 					return errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot load %s", b.Name)
 				}

commands/root.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"os"
 
+	debugcmd "github.com/docker/buildx/commands/debug"
 	imagetoolscmd "github.com/docker/buildx/commands/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/remote"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli-plugins/plugin"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/debug"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
@@ -40,6 +42,11 @@ func NewRootCmd(name string, isPlugin bool, dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Comman
 		cmd.TraverseChildren = true
 		cmd.DisableFlagsInUseLine = true
 		cli.DisableFlagsInUseLine(cmd)
+
+		// DEBUG=1 should perform the same as --debug at the docker root level
+		if debug.IsEnabled() {
+			debug.Enable()
+		}
 	}
 
 	logrus.SetFormatter(&logutil.Formatter{})
@@ -52,17 +59,6 @@ func NewRootCmd(name string, isPlugin bool, dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Comman
 		"using default config store",
 	))
 
-	// filter out useless commandConn.CloseWrite warning message that can occur
-	// when listing builder instances with "buildx ls" for those that are
-	// unreachable: "commandConn.CloseWrite: commandconn: failed to wait: signal: killed"
-	// https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/3fb4fb83dfb5db0c0753a8316f21aea54dab32c5/cli/connhelper/commandconn/commandconn.go#L203-L214
-	logrus.AddHook(logutil.NewFilter([]logrus.Level{
-		logrus.WarnLevel,
-	},
-		"commandConn.CloseWrite:",
-		"commandConn.CloseRead:",
-	))
-
 	addCommands(cmd, dockerCli)
 	return cmd
 }
@@ -76,7 +72,7 @@ func addCommands(cmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli command.Cli) {
 	rootFlags(opts, cmd.PersistentFlags())
 
 	cmd.AddCommand(
-		buildCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+		buildCmd(dockerCli, opts, nil),
 		bakeCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		createCmd(dockerCli),
 		rmCmd(dockerCli, opts),
@@ -92,8 +88,10 @@ func addCommands(cmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli command.Cli) {
 		imagetoolscmd.RootCmd(dockerCli, imagetoolscmd.RootOptions{Builder: &opts.builder}),
 	)
 	if isExperimental() {
+		cmd.AddCommand(debugcmd.RootCmd(dockerCli,
+			newDebuggableBuild(dockerCli, opts),
+		))
 		remote.AddControllerCommands(cmd, dockerCli)
-		addDebugShellCommand(cmd, dockerCli)
 	}
 
 	cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc( //nolint:errcheck

commands/stop.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ func runStop(dockerCli command.Cli, in stopOptions) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

commands/use.go

@@ -35,10 +35,7 @@ func runUse(dockerCli command.Cli, in useOptions) error {
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				if err := txn.SetCurrent(ep, "", false, false); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-				return nil
+				return txn.SetCurrent(ep, "", false, false)
 			}
 			list, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
 			if err != nil {
@@ -58,11 +55,7 @@ func runUse(dockerCli command.Cli, in useOptions) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := txn.SetCurrent(ep, in.builder, in.isGlobal, in.isDefault); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
+	return txn.SetCurrent(ep, in.builder, in.isGlobal, in.isDefault)
 }
 
 func useCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {

controller/build/build.go

@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in controllerapi.Build
 			InStream:       inStream,
 			NamedContexts:  contexts,
 		},
+		Ref:           in.Ref,
 		BuildArgs:     in.BuildArgs,
+		CgroupParent:  in.CgroupParent,
 		ExtraHosts:    in.ExtraHosts,
 		Labels:        in.Labels,
 		NetworkMode:   in.NetworkMode,
@@ -64,6 +66,7 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in controllerapi.Build
 		Tags:          in.Tags,
 		Target:        in.Target,
 		Ulimits:       controllerUlimitOpt2DockerUlimit(in.Ulimits),
+		GroupRef:      in.GroupRef,
 	}
 
 	platforms, err := platformutil.Parse(in.Platforms)
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in controllerapi.Build
 	opts.Platforms = platforms
 
 	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
-	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig))
+	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig, nil))
 
 	secrets, err := controllerapi.CreateSecrets(in.Secrets)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -129,6 +132,17 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in controllerapi.Build
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	annotations, err := buildflags.ParseAnnotations(in.Annotations)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	for _, o := range outputs {
+		for k, v := range annotations {
+			o.Attrs[k.String()] = v
+		}
+	}
+
 	opts.Exports = outputs
 
 	opts.CacheFrom = controllerapi.CreateCaches(in.CacheFrom)
@@ -168,7 +182,7 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in controllerapi.Build
 	if err = updateLastActivity(dockerCli, b.NodeGroup); err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to update builder last activity time")
 	}
-	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}

controller/pb/controller.pb.go

@@ -299,6 +299,9 @@ type BuildOptions struct {
 	ExportPush           bool                 `protobuf:"varint,26,opt,name=ExportPush,proto3" json:"ExportPush,omitempty"`
 	ExportLoad           bool                 `protobuf:"varint,27,opt,name=ExportLoad,proto3" json:"ExportLoad,omitempty"`
 	SourcePolicy         *pb.Policy           `protobuf:"bytes,28,opt,name=SourcePolicy,proto3" json:"SourcePolicy,omitempty"`
+	Ref                  string               `protobuf:"bytes,29,opt,name=Ref,proto3" json:"Ref,omitempty"`
+	GroupRef             string               `protobuf:"bytes,30,opt,name=GroupRef,proto3" json:"GroupRef,omitempty"`
+	Annotations          []string             `protobuf:"bytes,31,rep,name=Annotations,proto3" json:"Annotations,omitempty"`
 	XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{}             `json:"-"`
 	XXX_unrecognized     []byte               `json:"-"`
 	XXX_sizecache        int32                `json:"-"`
@@ -524,6 +527,27 @@ func (m *BuildOptions) GetSourcePolicy() *pb.Policy {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (m *BuildOptions) GetRef() string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Ref
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (m *BuildOptions) GetGroupRef() string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.GroupRef
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (m *BuildOptions) GetAnnotations() []string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Annotations
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type ExportEntry struct {
 	Type                 string            `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=Type,proto3" json:"Type,omitempty"`
 	Attrs                map[string]string `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=Attrs,proto3" json:"Attrs,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
@@ -1527,6 +1551,7 @@ func (m *InitMessage) GetInvokeConfig() *InvokeConfig {
 type InvokeConfig struct {
 	Entrypoint           []string `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=Entrypoint,proto3" json:"Entrypoint,omitempty"`
 	Cmd                  []string `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=Cmd,proto3" json:"Cmd,omitempty"`
+	NoCmd                bool     `protobuf:"varint,11,opt,name=NoCmd,proto3" json:"NoCmd,omitempty"`
 	Env                  []string `protobuf:"bytes,3,rep,name=Env,proto3" json:"Env,omitempty"`
 	User                 string   `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=User,proto3" json:"User,omitempty"`
 	NoUser               bool     `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=NoUser,proto3" json:"NoUser,omitempty"`
@@ -1578,6 +1603,13 @@ func (m *InvokeConfig) GetCmd() []string {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (m *InvokeConfig) GetNoCmd() bool {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.NoCmd
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 func (m *InvokeConfig) GetEnv() []string {
 	if m != nil {
 		return m.Env
@@ -2046,125 +2078,128 @@ func init() {
 func init() { proto.RegisterFile("controller.proto", fileDescriptor_ed7f10298fa1d90f) }
 
 var fileDescriptor_ed7f10298fa1d90f = []byte{
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+	0xed, 0x73, 0x5c, 0xfb, 0x12, 0xaa, 0x29, 0x2d, 0x78, 0x6f, 0x8f, 0x5a, 0x08, 0x28, 0xbb, 0x6a,
+	0xa9, 0x7c, 0x4d, 0x36, 0xb2, 0xac, 0x6d, 0x38, 0x9f, 0x40, 0x0d, 0x55, 0x27, 0x11, 0xfc, 0x53,
+	0x0e, 0x4a, 0xb1, 0x8a, 0xad, 0x29, 0xbf, 0x9f, 0x65, 0xf9, 0x3d, 0xeb, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x28, 0xa8,
+	0xfa, 0x61, 0x5c, 0xce, 0x18, 0x37, 0x5a, 0xdd, 0x94, 0x98, 0x82, 0x93, 0x6f, 0xa1, 0xe8, 0x32,
+	0xa1, 0x46, 0x23, 0xfd, 0x88, 0x78, 0x3e, 0x5f, 0x50, 0x63, 0x26, 0xc2, 0x46, 0x48, 0x89, 0xb7,
+	0xfd, 0x5e, 0xe8, 0x05, 0xb4, 0xb0, 0x48, 0x5c, 0x63, 0x52, 0xe2, 0x9a, 0x31, 0x09, 0xf7, 0x5f,
+	0x2c, 0xa8, 0x2e, 0x0c, 0xf5, 0xe2, 0x67, 0xde, 0xcc, 0xd3, 0x33, 0xff, 0x3f, 0x3e, 0x3d, 0xff,
+	0x9c, 0x9b, 0x56, 0x84, 0x53, 0x92, 0xba, 0x4f, 0x43, 0xee, 0x87, 0xd2, 0xa4, 0x6c, 0x8a, 0xa3,
+	0x36, 0xda, 0x1c, 0x74, 0x4d, 0xd1, 0x57, 0x4b, 0x75, 0xcd, 0x0e, 0xb9, 0xe2, 0x55, 0x31, 0x0d,
+	0x34, 0x31, 0x29, 0xe9, 0x79, 0x53, 0xd2, 0x55, 0x6a, 0x7c, 0x10, 0x2c, 0xc2, 0xc0, 0x55, 0x5c,
+	0x5c, 0xab, 0x2a, 0x7e, 0xc8, 0x91, 0xbb, 0x84, 0xc2, 0x86, 0x42, 0x2b, 0x97, 0x5d, 0x5a, 0xd4,
+	0xe1, 0x68, 0x5e, 0xc6, 0x56, 0x2e, 0xbb, 0xb4, 0x94, 0x58, 0xb9, 0x44, 0x2b, 0x27, 0x72, 0x4c,
+	0xcb, 0x3a, 0x01, 0x4f, 0xe4, 0x58, 0xb5, 0x19, 0x97, 0x07, 0xc1, 0xa9, 0xd7, 0xe9, 0xd3, 0x8a,
+	0xee, 0x6f, 0x31, 0xad, 0xe6, 0x49, 0x15, 0x73, 0xdf, 0x0b, 0xf0, 0xe5, 0x51, 0x76, 0x63, 0xd2,
+	0xd9, 0x86, 0x4a, 0x92, 0x2a, 0xaa, 0x73, 0xb5, 0xba, 0x78, 0x14, 0x35, 0x37, 0xd7, 0xea, 0xc6,
+	0x59, 0x9e, 0x9b, 0xcd, 0xf2, 0x7c, 0x2a, 0xcb, 0xb7, 0xa0, 0x36, 0x95, 0x34, 0x0a, 0xe4, 0xf2,
+	0x4b, 0x61, 0x14, 0xe1, 0x5a, 0xf1, 0x9a, 0x3c, 0xd0, 0x6f, 0xeb, 0x9a, 0x8b, 0x6b, 0xe7, 0x39,
+	0xd4, 0xa6, 0xd2, 0x65, 0x5e, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x9e, 0x41, 0xad, 0x2d, 0x3d, 0x39, 0x5a, 0xf0, 0x67,
+	0xc8, 0x7f, 0x2c, 0x58, 0x89, 0x31, 0xa6, 0xf2, 0xfc, 0x02, 0xca, 0x17, 0x2c, 0x92, 0xec, 0x2a,
+	0xe9, 0x45, 0x74, 0x76, 0x9c, 0xfd, 0x88, 0x08, 0x37, 0x41, 0x92, 0xaf, 0xa1, 0x2c, 0x50, 0x0f,
+	0x8b, 0xe7, 0x98, 0x27, 0x59, 0x52, 0xc6, 0x5e, 0x82, 0x27, 0x1b, 0x50, 0x08, 0x78, 0x4f, 0xe0,
+	0xb9, 0x57, 0x37, 0x1f, 0x65, 0xc9, 0xbd, 0xe3, 0x3d, 0x17, 0x81, 0xe4, 0x2d, 0x94, 0x2f, 0xbd,
+	0x28, 0xf4, 0xc3, 0x5e, 0xfc, 0x26, 0x7f, 0x9a, 0x25, 0xf4, 0xbd, 0xc6, 0xb9, 0x89, 0x80, 0x53,
+	0x53, 0x97, 0xe8, 0x8c, 0x9b, 0x98, 0x38, 0xbf, 0x51, 0xb9, 0xac, 0x48, 0xe3, 0xfe, 0x01, 0xd4,
+	0xf4, 0x7d, 0xf8, 0xc8, 0x22, 0xa1, 0xa6, 0x42, 0x6b, 0xd1, 0x9d, 0xdd, 0x49, 0x43, 0xdd, 0x69,
+	0x49, 0xe7, 0x07, 0xd3, 0xee, 0x62, 0x86, 0xca, 0xa5, 0xa1, 0xd7, 0xe9, 0x7b, 0xbd, 0xf8, 0x9c,
+	0x62, 0x52, 0x7d, 0xb9, 0x30, 0xf6, 0xf4, 0xb5, 0x8d, 0x49, 0x95, 0x9b, 0x11, 0xbb, 0xf0, 0xc5,
+	0x64, 0x40, 0x4d, 0xe8, 0xcd, 0xbf, 0x96, 0x00, 0x9a, 0xc9, 0x7e, 0xc8, 0x31, 0x2c, 0xa1, 0x3d,
+	0xe2, 0x2c, 0x6c, 0x9e, 0xe8, 0xb7, 0xfd, 0xfc, 0x16, 0x0d, 0x96, 0x7c, 0x54, 0xc9, 0x8f, 0x43,
+	0x0f, 0x79, 0x91, 0x55, 0x26, 0xd2, 0x73, 0x93, 0xfd, 0xf2, 0x06, 0x94, 0xd1, 0xfb, 0x01, 0x8a,
+	0x3a, 0x0b, 0x48, 0x56, 0x2d, 0x4c, 0xe7, 0xad, 0xfd, 0x62, 0x31, 0x48, 0x2b, 0xfd, 0xdc, 0x22,
+	0xae, 0xa9, 0x94, 0xc4, 0x59, 0xd0, 0x0a, 0xcd, 0x8d, 0xc9, 0x0a, 0xc0, 0x54, 0xd7, 0xa9, 0x5b,
+	0xe4, 0x3b, 0x28, 0xea, 0x5a, 0x47, 0x3e, 0x9d, 0x2f, 0x10, 0xeb, 0x5b, 0xfc, 0xb9, 0x6e, 0x7d,
+	0x6e, 0x91, 0xf7, 0x50, 0x50, 0x4d, 0x9e, 0x64, 0x74, 0xac, 0xd4, 0x84, 0x60, 0x3b, 0x8b, 0x20,
+	0x26, 0x8a, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x4c, 0x46, 0x0d, 0x92, 0xf1, 0xcf, 0xca, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x62, 0xd7, 0x6f,
+	0x06, 0x1a, 0x03, 0xef, 0x55, 0x9f, 0x3d, 0xe3, 0x24, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0x26, 0xd7, 0xc8, 0x76, 0x16,
+	0x41, 0x8c, 0xba, 0x73, 0xa8, 0x4d, 0xfd, 0xf3, 0x4a, 0x7e, 0x96, 0xed, 0xe4, 0xf5, 0x3f, 0x72,
+	0xed, 0x57, 0xb7, 0xc2, 0x1a, 0x4b, 0x32, 0x3d, 0xab, 0x99, 0xcf, 0xa4, 0x71, 0x93, 0xdf, 0xd3,
+	0xff, 0xa2, 0xda, 0x1b, 0xb7, 0xc6, 0x6b, 0xab, 0x3b, 0x85, 0xdf, 0xe6, 0x86, 0xa7, 0xa7, 0x45,
+	0xfc, 0x43, 0xfa, 0xcb, 0xff, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe3, 0x77, 0x0e, 0x2f, 0x2e, 0x17,
+	0x00, 0x00,
 }
 
 // Reference imports to suppress errors if they are not otherwise used.

controller/pb/controller.proto

@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ message BuildOptions {
   bool ExportPush = 26;
   bool ExportLoad = 27;
   moby.buildkit.v1.sourcepolicy.Policy SourcePolicy = 28;
+  string Ref = 29;
+  string GroupRef = 30;
+  repeated string Annotations = 31;
 }
 
 message ExportEntry {
@@ -192,6 +195,7 @@ message InitMessage {
 message InvokeConfig {
   repeated string Entrypoint = 1;
   repeated string Cmd = 2;
+  bool NoCmd = 11; // Do not set cmd but use the image's default
   repeated string Env = 3;
   string User = 4;
   bool NoUser = 5; // Do not set user but use the image's default

controller/pb/path_test.go

@@ -236,6 +236,7 @@ func TestResolvePaths(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			got, err := ResolveOptionPaths(&tt.options)
 			require.NoError(t, err)

controller/processes/processes.go

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func (m *Manager) StartProcess(pid string, resultCtx *build.ResultHandle, cfg *p
 	go func() {
 		var err error
 		if err = ctr.Exec(ctx, cfg, in.Stdin, in.Stdout, in.Stderr); err != nil {
-			logrus.Errorf("failed to exec process: %v", err)
+			logrus.Debugf("process error: %v", err)
 		}
 		logrus.Debugf("finished process %s %v", pid, cfg.Entrypoint)
 		m.processes.Delete(pid)

controller/remote/controller.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/log"
+	"github.com/containerd/log"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	cbuild "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/control"

controller/remote/server.go

@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ func (m *Server) ListProcesses(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListProcessesRequest
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("unknown ref %q", req.Ref)
 	}
 	res = new(pb.ListProcessesResponse)
-	for _, p := range s.processes.ListProcesses() {
-		res.Infos = append(res.Infos, p)
-	}
+	res.Infos = append(res.Infos, s.processes.ListProcesses()...)
 	return res, nil
 }
 

docker-bake.hcl

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 variable "GO_VERSION" {
-  default = "1.20"
+  default = null
 }
 variable "DOCS_FORMATS" {
   default = "md"

docs/bake-reference.md

@@ -12,18 +12,118 @@ You can define your Bake file in the following file formats:
 
 By default, Bake uses the following lookup order to find the configuration file:
 
-1. `docker-bake.override.hcl`
-2. `docker-bake.hcl`
-3. `docker-bake.override.json`
-4. `docker-bake.json`
-5. `docker-compose.yaml`
-6. `docker-compose.yml`
+1. `compose.yaml`
+2. `compose.yml`
+3. `docker-compose.yml`
+4. `docker-compose.yaml`
+5. `docker-bake.json`
+6. `docker-bake.override.json`
+7. `docker-bake.hcl`
+8. `docker-bake.override.hcl`
 
-Bake searches for the file in the current working directory.
 You can specify the file location explicitly using the `--file` flag:
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx bake --file=../docker/bake.hcl --print
+$ docker buildx bake --file ../docker/bake.hcl --print
+```
+
+If you don't specify a file explicitly, Bake searches for the file in the
+current working directory. If more than one Bake file is found, all files are
+merged into a single definition. Files are merged according to the lookup
+order. That means that if your project contains both a `compose.yaml` file and
+a `docker-bake.hcl` file, Bake loads the `compose.yaml` file first, and then
+the `docker-bake.hcl` file.
+
+If merged files contain duplicate attribute definitions, those definitions are
+either merged or overridden by the last occurrence, depending on the attribute.
+The following attributes are overridden by the last occurrence:
+
+- `target.cache-to`
+- `target.dockerfile-inline`
+- `target.dockerfile`
+- `target.outputs`
+- `target.platforms`
+- `target.pull`
+- `target.tags`
+- `target.target`
+
+For example, if `compose.yaml` and `docker-bake.hcl` both define the `tags`
+attribute, the `docker-bake.hcl` is used.
+
+```console
+$ cat compose.yaml
+services:
+  webapp:
+    build:
+      context: .
+      tags:
+        - bar
+$ cat docker-bake.hcl
+target "webapp" {
+  tags = ["foo"]
+}
+$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "tags": [
+        "foo"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+All other attributes are merged. For example, if `compose.yaml` and
+`docker-bake.hcl` both define unique entries for the `labels` attribute, all
+entries are included. Duplicate entries for the same label are overridden.
+
+```console
+$ cat compose.yaml
+services:
+  webapp:
+    build:
+      context: .
+      labels: 
+        com.example.foo: "foo"
+        com.example.name: "Alice"
+$ cat docker-bake.hcl
+target "webapp" {
+  labels = {
+    "com.example.bar" = "bar"
+    "com.example.name" = "Bob"
+  }
+}
+$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "webapp"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "labels": {
+        "com.example.foo": "foo",
+        "com.example.bar": "bar",
+        "com.example.name": "Bob"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
 ```
 
 ## Syntax
@@ -115,6 +215,7 @@ The following table shows the complete list of attributes that you can assign to
 | Name                                            | Type    | Description                                                          |
 | ----------------------------------------------- | ------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
 | [`args`](#targetargs)                           | Map     | Build arguments                                                      |
+| [`annotations`](#targetannotations)             | List    | Exporter annotations                                                 |
 | [`attest`](#targetattest)                       | List    | Build attestations                                                   |
 | [`cache-from`](#targetcache-from)               | List    | External cache sources                                               |
 | [`cache-to`](#targetcache-to)                   | List    | External cache destinations                                          |
@@ -171,6 +272,26 @@ target "db" {
 }
 ```
 
+### `target.annotations`
+
+The `annotations` attribute is a shortcut to allow you to easily set a list of
+annotations on the target.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  output = ["type=image,name=foo"]
+  annotations = ["key=value"]
+}
+```
+
+is the same as
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  output = ["type=image,name=foo,annotation.key=value"]
+}
+```
+
 ### `target.attest`
 
 The `attest` attribute lets you apply [build attestations][attestations] to the target.

docs/guides/debugging.md

@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@ your environment.
 $ export BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL=1
 ```
 
-To start a debug session for a build, you can use the `--invoke` flag with the
-build command to specify a command to launch in the resulting image.
+To start a debug session for a build, you can use the `buildx debug` command with `--invoke` flag to specify a command to launch in the resulting image.
+`buildx debug` command provides `buildx debug build` subcommand that provides the same features as the normal `buildx build` command but allows launching the debugger session after the build.
+
+Arguments available after `buildx debug build` are the same as the normal `buildx build`.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --invoke /bin/sh .
+$ docker buildx debug --invoke /bin/sh build .
 [+] Building 4.2s (19/19) FINISHED
  => [internal] connecting to local controller                                                                                   0.0s
  => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                            0.0s
@@ -56,16 +58,16 @@ Supported keys are `args` (can be JSON array format), `entrypoint` (can be JSON
 Example:
 
 ```
-$ docker buildx build --invoke 'entrypoint=["sh"],"args=[""-c"", ""env | grep -e FOO -e AAA""]","env=[""FOO=bar"", ""AAA=bbb""]"' .
+$ docker buildx debug --invoke 'entrypoint=["sh"],"args=[""-c"", ""env | grep -e FOO -e AAA""]","env=[""FOO=bar"", ""AAA=bbb""]"' build .
 ```
 
-#### `on-error`
+#### `on` flag
 
 If you want to start a debug session when a build fails, you can use
-`--invoke=on-error` to start a debug session when the build fails.
+`--on=error` to start a debug session when the build fails.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --invoke on-error .
+$ docker buildx debug --on=error build .
 [+] Building 4.2s (19/19) FINISHED
  => [internal] connecting to local controller                                                                                   0.0s
  => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                            0.0s
@@ -85,13 +87,13 @@ Interactive container was restarted with process "edmzor60nrag7rh1mbi4o9lm8". Pr
 
 This allows you to explore the state of the image when the build failed.
 
-#### `debug-shell`
+#### Launch the debug session directly with `buildx debug` subcommand
 
 If you want to drop into a debug session without first starting the build, you
-can use `--invoke=debug-shell` to start a debug session.
+can use `buildx debug` command to start a debug session.
 
 ```
-$ docker buildx build --invoke debug-shell .
+$ docker buildx debug
 [+] Building 4.2s (19/19) FINISHED
  => [internal] connecting to local controller                                                                                   0.0s
 (buildx)
@@ -116,12 +118,12 @@ Available commands are:
   disconnect	disconnect a client from a buildx server. Specific session ID can be specified an arg
   exec		execute a process in the interactive container
   exit		exits monitor
-  help		shows this message
+  help		shows this message. Optionally pass a command name as an argument to print the detailed usage.
   kill		kill buildx server
   list		list buildx sessions
   ps		list processes invoked by "exec". Use "attach" to attach IO to that process
   reload	reloads the context and build it
-  rollback	re-runs the interactive container with initial rootfs contents
+  rollback	re-runs the interactive container with the step's rootfs contents
 ```
 
 ## Build controllers
@@ -135,15 +137,15 @@ To detach the build process from the CLI, you can use the `--detach=true` flag w
 the build command.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --detach=true --invoke /bin/sh .
+$ docker buildx debug --invoke /bin/sh build --detach=true .
 ```
 
 If you start a debugging session using the `--invoke` flag with a detached
-build, then you can attach to it using the `buildx debug-shell` subcommand to
+build, then you can attach to it using the `buildx debug` command to
 immediately enter the monitor mode.
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx debug-shell
+$ docker buildx debug
 [+] Building 0.0s (1/1) FINISHED                                                                                                                                                                                
  => [internal] connecting to remote controller
 (buildx) list

docs/reference/buildx.md

@@ -9,24 +9,21 @@ Extended build capabilities with BuildKit
 
 ### Subcommands
 
-| Name                                           | Description                                |
-|:-----------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------|
-| [`_INTERNAL_SERVE`](buildx__INTERNAL_SERVE.md) |                                            |
-| [`bake`](buildx_bake.md)                       | Build from a file                          |
-| [`build`](buildx_build.md)                     | Start a build                              |
-| [`create`](buildx_create.md)                   | Create a new builder instance              |
-| [`debug-shell`](buildx_debug-shell.md)         | Start a monitor                            |
-| [`du`](buildx_du.md)                           | Disk usage                                 |
-| [`imagetools`](buildx_imagetools.md)           | Commands to work on images in registry     |
-| [`inspect`](buildx_inspect.md)                 | Inspect current builder instance           |
-| [`install`](buildx_install.md)                 | Install buildx as a 'docker builder' alias |
-| [`ls`](buildx_ls.md)                           | List builder instances                     |
-| [`prune`](buildx_prune.md)                     | Remove build cache                         |
-| [`rm`](buildx_rm.md)                           | Remove a builder instance                  |
-| [`stop`](buildx_stop.md)                       | Stop builder instance                      |
-| [`uninstall`](buildx_uninstall.md)             | Uninstall the 'docker builder' alias       |
-| [`use`](buildx_use.md)                         | Set the current builder instance           |
-| [`version`](buildx_version.md)                 | Show buildx version information            |
+| Name                                 | Description                            |
+|:-------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------|
+| [`bake`](buildx_bake.md)             | Build from a file                      |
+| [`build`](buildx_build.md)           | Start a build                          |
+| [`create`](buildx_create.md)         | Create a new builder instance          |
+| [`debug`](buildx_debug.md)           | Start debugger                         |
+| [`du`](buildx_du.md)                 | Disk usage                             |
+| [`imagetools`](buildx_imagetools.md) | Commands to work on images in registry |
+| [`inspect`](buildx_inspect.md)       | Inspect current builder instance       |
+| [`ls`](buildx_ls.md)                 | List builder instances                 |
+| [`prune`](buildx_prune.md)           | Remove build cache                     |
+| [`rm`](buildx_rm.md)                 | Remove a builder instance              |
+| [`stop`](buildx_stop.md)             | Stop builder instance                  |
+| [`use`](buildx_use.md)               | Set the current builder instance       |
+| [`version`](buildx_version.md)       | Show buildx version information        |
 
 
 ### Options

docs/reference/buildx_build.md

@@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ Start a build
 |:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------|:----------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 | [`--add-host`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-host)                                                                   | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                 |
 | [`--allow`](#allow)                                                                                                                                    | `stringSlice` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                      |
+| `--annotation`                                                                                                                                         | `stringArray` |           | Add annotation to the image                                                                         |
 | [`--attest`](#attest)                                                                                                                                  | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                        |
 | [`--build-arg`](#build-arg)                                                                                                                            | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                            |
 | [`--build-context`](#build-context)                                                                                                                    | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                         |
 | [`--builder`](#builder)                                                                                                                                | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                            |
 | [`--cache-from`](#cache-from)                                                                                                                          | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                       |
 | [`--cache-to`](#cache-to)                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                   |
-| [`--cgroup-parent`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#cgroup-parent)                                                         | `string`      |           | Optional parent cgroup for the container                                                            |
-| `--detach`                                                                                                                                             |               |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) [experimental]                                       |
+| [`--cgroup-parent`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#cgroup-parent)                                                         | `string`      |           | Set the parent cgroup for the `RUN` instructions during build                                       |
+| `--detach`                                                                                                                                             |               |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux)                                                      |
 | [`-f`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file), [`--file`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file) | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                 |
 | `--iidfile`                                                                                                                                            | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to the file                                                                      |
-| `--invoke`                                                                                                                                             | `string`      |           | Invoke a command after the build [experimental]                                                     |
 | `--label`                                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                           |
 | [`--load`](#load)                                                                                                                                      |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                |
 | [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file)                                                                                                                    | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to the file                                                             |
@@ -36,16 +36,16 @@ Start a build
 | `--no-cache-filter`                                                                                                                                    | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                       |
 | [`-o`](#output), [`--output`](#output)                                                                                                                 | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                 |
 | [`--platform`](#platform)                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                       |
-| `--print`                                                                                                                                              | `string`      |           | Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) [experimental]                         |
+| `--print`                                                                                                                                              | `string`      |           | Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets)                                        |
 | [`--progress`](#progress)                                                                                                                              | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output            |
 | [`--provenance`](#provenance)                                                                                                                          | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                            |
 | `--pull`                                                                                                                                               |               |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                        |
 | [`--push`](#push)                                                                                                                                      |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                              |
 | `-q`, `--quiet`                                                                                                                                        |               |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                             |
-| `--root`                                                                                                                                               | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect [experimental]                                          |
+| `--root`                                                                                                                                               | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect                                                         |
 | [`--sbom`](#sbom)                                                                                                                                      | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                  |
 | [`--secret`](#secret)                                                                                                                                  | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                           |
-| `--server-config`                                                                                                                                      | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) [experimental]              |
+| `--server-config`                                                                                                                                      | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server)                             |
 | [`--shm-size`](#shm-size)                                                                                                                              | `bytes`       | `0`       | Size of `/dev/shm`                                                                                  |
 | [`--ssh`](#ssh)                                                                                                                                        | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
 | [`-t`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag), [`--tag`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag)    | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                      |
@@ -125,7 +125,6 @@ Same as [`docker build` command](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/comman
 There are also useful built-in build args like:
 
 * `BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR=<bool>` trigger git context to keep the `.git` directory
-* `BUILDKIT_INLINE_BUILDINFO_ATTRS=<bool>` inline build info attributes in image config or not
 * `BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=<bool>` inline cache metadata to image config or not
 * `BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM=<bool>` opt into deterministic output regardless of multi-platform output or not
 
@@ -286,26 +285,6 @@ $ cat metadata.json
 ```
 ```json
 {
-  "containerimage.buildinfo": {
-    "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
-    "attrs": {
-      "context": "https://github.com/crazy-max/buildkit-buildsources-test.git#master",
-      "filename": "Dockerfile",
-      "source": "docker/dockerfile:master"
-    },
-    "sources": [
-      {
-        "type": "docker-image",
-        "ref": "docker.io/docker/buildx-bin:0.6.1@sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0",
-        "pin": "sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0"
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "docker-image",
-        "ref": "docker.io/library/alpine:3.13",
-        "pin": "sha256:026f721af4cf2843e07bba648e158fb35ecc876d822130633cc49f707f0fc88c"
-      }
-    ]
-  },
   "containerimage.config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
   "containerimage.descriptor": {
     "annotations": {

docs/reference/buildx_create.md

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ to achieve that.
 
 Passes additional driver-specific options.
 
-Note: When using quoted values for example for the `nodeselector` or
+Note: When using quoted values for the `nodeselector`, `annotations`, `labels` or
 `tolerations` options, ensure that quotes are escaped correctly for your shell.
 
 #### `docker` driver
@@ -150,9 +150,18 @@ No driver options.
 
 #### `docker-container` driver
 
-- `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
-- `network=NETMODE` - Sets the network mode for running the buildkit container.
-- `cgroup-parent=CGROUP` - Sets the cgroup parent of the buildkit container if docker is using the "cgroupfs" driver. Defaults to `/docker/buildx`.
+- `image=IMAGE` - Sets the BuildKit image to use for the container.
+- `memory=MEMORY` - Sets the amount of memory the container can use.
+- `memory-swap=MEMORY_SWAP` - Sets the memory swap limit for the container.
+- `cpu-quota=CPU_QUOTA` - Imposes a CPU CFS quota on the container.
+- `cpu-period=CPU_PERIOD` - Sets the CPU CFS scheduler period for the container.
+- `cpu-shares=CPU_SHARES` - Configures CPU shares (relative weight) of the container.
+- `cpuset-cpus=CPUSET_CPUS` - Limits the set of CPU cores the container can use.
+- `cpuset-mems=CPUSET_MEMS` - Limits the set of CPU memory nodes the container can use.
+- `network=NETMODE` - Sets the network mode for the container.
+- `cgroup-parent=CGROUP` - Sets the cgroup parent of the container if docker is using the "cgroupfs" driver. Defaults to `/docker/buildx`.
+
+Before you configure the resource limits for the container, read about [configuring runtime resource constraints for containers](https://docs.docker.com/config/containers/resource_constraints/).
 
 #### `kubernetes` driver
 
@@ -165,6 +174,8 @@ No driver options.
 - `limits.memory` - Sets the limit memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `limits.memory=500Mi`, `limits.memory=4G`
 - `serviceaccount` - Sets the created pod's service account. Example `serviceaccount=example-sa`
 - `"nodeselector=label1=value1,label2=value2"` - Sets the kv of `Pod` nodeSelector. No Defaults. Example `nodeselector=kubernetes.io/arch=arm64`
+- `"annotations=domain/thing1=value1,domain/thing2=value2"` - Sets additional annotations on the deployments and pods. No Defaults. Example `annotations=example.com/owner=sarah`
+- `"labels=domain/thing1=value1,domain/thing2=value2"` - Sets additional labels on the deployments and pods. No Defaults. Example `labels=example.com/team=rd`
 - `"tolerations=key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,operator=exists;key=foo3,effect=NoSchedule"` - Sets the `Pod` tolerations. Accepts the same values as the kube manifest tolera>tions. Key-value pairs are separated by `,`, tolerations are separated by `;`. No Defaults. Example `tolerations=operator=exists`
 - `rootless=(true|false)` - Run the container as a non-root user without `securityContext.privileged`. Needs Kubernetes 1.19 or later. [Using Ubuntu host kernel is recommended](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/rootless.md). Defaults to false.
 - `loadbalance=(sticky|random)` - Load-balancing strategy. If set to "sticky", the pod is chosen using the hash of the context path. Defaults to "sticky"
@@ -221,7 +232,7 @@ building for the same platform.
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx create --platform linux/amd64
-$ docker buildx create --platform linux/arm64,linux/arm/v8
+$ docker buildx create --platform linux/arm64,linux/arm/v7
 ```
 
 ### <a name="use"></a> Automatically switch to the newly created builder (--use)

docs/reference/buildx_debug-shell.md

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# docker buildx debug-shell
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Start a monitor
-
-### Options
-
-| Name              | Type     | Default | Description                                                                              |
-|:------------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `--builder`       | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                 |
-| `--detach`        |          |         | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) [experimental]                            |
-| `--progress`      | `string` | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
-| `--root`          | `string` |         | Specify root directory of server to connect [experimental]                               |
-| `--server-config` | `string` |         | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) [experimental]   |
-
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
-

docs/reference/buildx_debug.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# docker buildx debug
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Start debugger
+
+### Subcommands
+
+| Name                             | Description   |
+|:---------------------------------|:--------------|
+| [`build`](buildx_debug_build.md) | Start a build |
+
+
+### Options
+
+| Name              | Type     | Default | Description                                                                                              |
+|:------------------|:---------|:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `--builder`       | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                                 |
+| `--detach`        |          |         | Detach buildx server for the monitor (supported only on linux)                                           |
+| `--invoke`        | `string` |         | Launch a monitor with executing specified command                                                        |
+| `--on`            | `string` | `error` | When to launch the monitor ([always, error])                                                             |
+| `--progress`      | `string` | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`) for the monitor. Use plain to show container output |
+| `--root`          | `string` |         | Specify root directory of server to connect for the monitor                                              |
+| `--server-config` | `string` |         | Specify buildx server config file for the monitor (used only when launching new server)                  |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+

docs/reference/buildx_debug_build.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# docker buildx debug build
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Start a build
+
+### Aliases
+
+`docker buildx debug build`, `docker buildx debug b`
+
+### Options
+
+| Name                                                                                                                                                   | Type          | Default   | Description                                                                                         |
+|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------|:----------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--add-host`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-host)                                                                   | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                 |
+| `--allow`                                                                                                                                              | `stringSlice` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                      |
+| `--annotation`                                                                                                                                         | `stringArray` |           | Add annotation to the image                                                                         |
+| `--attest`                                                                                                                                             | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                        |
+| `--build-arg`                                                                                                                                          | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                            |
+| `--build-context`                                                                                                                                      | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                         |
+| `--builder`                                                                                                                                            | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                            |
+| `--cache-from`                                                                                                                                         | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                       |
+| `--cache-to`                                                                                                                                           | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                   |
+| [`--cgroup-parent`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#cgroup-parent)                                                         | `string`      |           | Set the parent cgroup for the `RUN` instructions during build                                       |
+| `--detach`                                                                                                                                             |               |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux)                                                      |
+| [`-f`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file), [`--file`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file) | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                 |
+| `--iidfile`                                                                                                                                            | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to the file                                                                      |
+| `--label`                                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                           |
+| `--load`                                                                                                                                               |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                |
+| `--metadata-file`                                                                                                                                      | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to the file                                                             |
+| `--network`                                                                                                                                            | `string`      | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build                                     |
+| `--no-cache`                                                                                                                                           |               |           | Do not use cache when building the image                                                            |
+| `--no-cache-filter`                                                                                                                                    | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                       |
+| `-o`, `--output`                                                                                                                                       | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                 |
+| `--platform`                                                                                                                                           | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                       |
+| `--print`                                                                                                                                              | `string`      |           | Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets)                                        |
+| `--progress`                                                                                                                                           | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output            |
+| `--provenance`                                                                                                                                         | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                            |
+| `--pull`                                                                                                                                               |               |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                        |
+| `--push`                                                                                                                                               |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                              |
+| `-q`, `--quiet`                                                                                                                                        |               |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                             |
+| `--root`                                                                                                                                               | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect                                                         |
+| `--sbom`                                                                                                                                               | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                  |
+| `--secret`                                                                                                                                             | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                           |
+| `--server-config`                                                                                                                                      | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server)                             |
+| `--shm-size`                                                                                                                                           | `bytes`       | `0`       | Size of `/dev/shm`                                                                                  |
+| `--ssh`                                                                                                                                                | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
+| [`-t`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag), [`--tag`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag)    | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                      |
+| [`--target`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#target)                                                                       | `string`      |           | Set the target build stage to build                                                                 |
+| `--ulimit`                                                                                                                                             | `ulimit`      |           | Ulimit options                                                                                      |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_create.md

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ Create a new image based on source images
 
 | Name                             | Type          | Default | Description                                                                              |
 |:---------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `--annotation`                   | `stringArray` |         | Add annotation to the image                                                              |
 | [`--append`](#append)            |               |         | Append to existing manifest                                                              |
 | [`--builder`](#builder)          | `string`      |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                 |
 | [`--dry-run`](#dry-run)          |               |         | Show final image instead of pushing                                                      |

docs/reference/buildx_install.md

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# buildx install
-
-```
-docker buildx install
-```
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Install buildx as a 'docker builder' alias
-
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->

docs/reference/buildx_uninstall.md

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# buildx uninstall
-
-```
-docker buildx uninstall
-```
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Uninstall the 'docker builder' alias
-
-
-<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->

driver/docker-container/driver.go

@@ -17,11 +17,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	dockertypes "github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/mount"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
 	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/errdefs"
 	dockerarchive "github.com/docker/docker/pkg/archive"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/idtools"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/stdcopy"
@@ -31,7 +33,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	volumeStateSuffix = "_state"
+	volumeStateSuffix   = "_state"
+	buildkitdConfigFile = "buildkitd.toml"
 )
 
 type Driver struct {
@@ -39,6 +42,13 @@ type Driver struct {
 	factory      driver.Factory
 	netMode      string
 	image        string
+	memory       opts.MemBytes
+	memorySwap   opts.MemSwapBytes
+	cpuQuota     int64
+	cpuPeriod    int64
+	cpuShares    int64
+	cpusetCpus   string
+	cpusetMems   string
 	cgroupParent string
 	env          []string
 }
@@ -64,10 +74,7 @@ func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
 			if err := d.start(ctx, sub); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			if err := d.wait(ctx, sub); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			return nil
+			return d.wait(ctx, sub)
 		})
 	})
 }
@@ -105,12 +112,10 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 		Image: imageName,
 		Env:   d.env,
 	}
-	if d.InitConfig.BuildkitFlags != nil {
-		cfg.Cmd = d.InitConfig.BuildkitFlags
-	}
+	cfg.Cmd = getBuildkitFlags(d.InitConfig)
 
 	useInit := true // let it cleanup exited processes created by BuildKit's container API
-	if err := l.Wrap("creating container "+d.Name, func() error {
+	return l.Wrap("creating container "+d.Name, func() error {
 		hc := &container.HostConfig{
 			Privileged: true,
 			Mounts: []mount.Mount{
@@ -125,6 +130,27 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 		if d.netMode != "" {
 			hc.NetworkMode = container.NetworkMode(d.netMode)
 		}
+		if d.memory != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.Memory = int64(d.memory)
+		}
+		if d.memorySwap != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.MemorySwap = int64(d.memorySwap)
+		}
+		if d.cpuQuota != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.CPUQuota = d.cpuQuota
+		}
+		if d.cpuPeriod != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.CPUPeriod = d.cpuPeriod
+		}
+		if d.cpuShares != 0 {
+			hc.Resources.CPUShares = d.cpuShares
+		}
+		if d.cpusetCpus != "" {
+			hc.Resources.CpusetCpus = d.cpusetCpus
+		}
+		if d.cpusetMems != "" {
+			hc.Resources.CpusetMems = d.cpusetMems
+		}
 		if info, err := d.DockerAPI.Info(ctx); err == nil {
 			if info.CgroupDriver == "cgroupfs" {
 				// Place all buildkit containers inside this cgroup by default so limits can be attached
@@ -148,23 +174,19 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 
 		}
 		_, err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerCreate(ctx, cfg, hc, &network.NetworkingConfig{}, nil, d.Name)
-		if err != nil {
+		if err != nil && !errdefs.IsConflict(err) {
 			return err
 		}
-		if err := d.copyToContainer(ctx, d.InitConfig.Files); err != nil {
-			return err
+		if err == nil {
+			if err := d.copyToContainer(ctx, d.InitConfig.Files); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := d.start(ctx, l); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
-		if err := d.start(ctx, l); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := d.wait(ctx, l); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return nil
-	}); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
+		return d.wait(ctx, l)
+	})
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) wait(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
@@ -227,7 +249,9 @@ func (d *Driver) copyToContainer(ctx context.Context, files map[string][]byte) e
 		return err
 	}
 	defer srcArchive.Close()
-	return d.DockerAPI.CopyToContainer(ctx, d.Name, "/", srcArchive, dockertypes.CopyToContainerOptions{})
+
+	baseDir := path.Dir(confutil.DefaultBuildKitConfigDir)
+	return d.DockerAPI.CopyToContainer(ctx, d.Name, baseDir, srcArchive, dockertypes.CopyToContainerOptions{})
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) exec(ctx context.Context, cmd []string) (string, net.Conn, error) {
@@ -396,6 +420,10 @@ func (d *Driver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
 	}
 }
 
+func (d *Driver) HostGatewayIP(ctx context.Context) (net.IP, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("host-gateway is not supported by the docker-container driver")
+}
+
 func demuxConn(c net.Conn) net.Conn {
 	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
 	// TODO: rewrite parser with Reader() to avoid goroutine switch
@@ -439,15 +467,34 @@ func writeConfigFiles(m map[string][]byte) (_ string, err error) {
 			os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
 		}
 	}()
+	configDir := filepath.Base(confutil.DefaultBuildKitConfigDir)
 	for f, dt := range m {
-		f = path.Join(confutil.DefaultBuildKitConfigDir, f)
-		p := filepath.Join(tmpDir, f)
-		if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(p), 0700); err != nil {
+		p := filepath.Join(tmpDir, configDir, f)
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(p), 0755); err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
-		if err := os.WriteFile(p, dt, 0600); err != nil {
+		if err := os.WriteFile(p, dt, 0644); err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
 	}
 	return tmpDir, nil
 }
+
+func getBuildkitFlags(initConfig driver.InitConfig) []string {
+	flags := initConfig.BuildkitFlags
+	if _, ok := initConfig.Files[buildkitdConfigFile]; ok {
+		// There's no way for us to determine the appropriate default configuration
+		// path and the default path can vary depending on if the image is normal
+		// or rootless.
+		//
+		// In order to ensure that --config works, copy to a specific path and
+		// specify the location.
+		//
+		// This should be appended before the user-specified arguments
+		// so that this option could be overwritten by the user.
+		newFlags := make([]string, 0, len(flags)+2)
+		newFlags = append(newFlags, "--config", path.Join("/etc/buildkit", buildkitdConfigFile))
+		flags = append(newFlags, flags...)
+	}
+	return flags
+}

driver/docker-container/factory.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package docker
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return "docker-container"
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient, dialMeta map[string][]string) int {
 	if api == nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}
@@ -49,6 +50,36 @@ func (f *factory) New(ctx context.Context, cfg driver.InitConfig) (driver.Driver
 			}
 		case k == "image":
 			d.image = v
+		case k == "memory":
+			if err := d.memory.Set(v); err == nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		case k == "memory-swap":
+			if err := d.memorySwap.Set(v); err == nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		case k == "cpu-period":
+			vv, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			d.cpuPeriod = vv
+		case k == "cpu-quota":
+			vv, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			d.cpuQuota = vv
+		case k == "cpu-shares":
+			vv, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 0)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			d.cpuShares = vv
+		case k == "cpuset-cpus":
+			d.cpusetCpus = v
+		case k == "cpuset-mems":
+			d.cpusetMems = v
 		case k == "cgroup-parent":
 			d.cgroupParent = v
 		case strings.HasPrefix(k, "env."):

driver/docker/driver.go

@@ -4,16 +4,21 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"net"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
 type Driver struct {
 	factory driver.Factory
 	driver.InitConfig
+
+	features    features
+	hostGateway hostGateway
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
@@ -51,31 +56,85 @@ func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
-	return client.New(ctx, "", client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
-		return d.DockerAPI.DialHijack(ctx, "/grpc", "h2c", nil)
-	}), client.WithSessionDialer(func(ctx context.Context, proto string, meta map[string][]string) (net.Conn, error) {
-		return d.DockerAPI.DialHijack(ctx, "/session", proto, meta)
-	}))
+	opts := []client.ClientOpt{
+		client.WithContextDialer(func(context.Context, string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			return d.DockerAPI.DialHijack(ctx, "/grpc", "h2c", d.DialMeta)
+		}), client.WithSessionDialer(func(ctx context.Context, proto string, meta map[string][]string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			return d.DockerAPI.DialHijack(ctx, "/session", proto, meta)
+		}),
+	}
+
+	exp, err := detect.Exporter()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if td, ok := exp.(client.TracerDelegate); ok {
+		opts = append(opts, client.WithTracerDelegate(td))
+	}
+	return client.New(ctx, "", opts...)
+}
+
+type features struct {
+	once sync.Once
+	list map[driver.Feature]bool
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
-	var useContainerdSnapshotter bool
-	c, err := d.Client(ctx)
-	if err == nil {
-		workers, _ := c.ListWorkers(ctx)
+	d.features.once.Do(func() {
+		var useContainerdSnapshotter bool
+		if c, err := d.Client(ctx); err == nil {
+			workers, _ := c.ListWorkers(ctx)
+			for _, w := range workers {
+				if _, ok := w.Labels["org.mobyproject.buildkit.worker.snapshotter"]; ok {
+					useContainerdSnapshotter = true
+				}
+			}
+			c.Close()
+		}
+		d.features.list = map[driver.Feature]bool{
+			driver.OCIExporter:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
+			driver.DockerExporter: useContainerdSnapshotter,
+			driver.CacheExport:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
+			driver.MultiPlatform:  useContainerdSnapshotter,
+		}
+	})
+	return d.features.list
+}
+
+type hostGateway struct {
+	once sync.Once
+	ip   net.IP
+	err  error
+}
+
+func (d *Driver) HostGatewayIP(ctx context.Context) (net.IP, error) {
+	d.hostGateway.once.Do(func() {
+		c, err := d.Client(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			d.hostGateway.err = err
+			return
+		}
+		defer c.Close()
+		workers, err := c.ListWorkers(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			d.hostGateway.err = errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
+			return
+		}
 		for _, w := range workers {
-			if _, ok := w.Labels["org.mobyproject.buildkit.worker.snapshotter"]; ok {
-				useContainerdSnapshotter = true
+			// should match github.com/docker/docker/builder/builder-next/worker/label.HostGatewayIP const
+			if v, ok := w.Labels["org.mobyproject.buildkit.worker.moby.host-gateway-ip"]; ok && v != "" {
+				ip := net.ParseIP(v)
+				if ip == nil {
+					d.hostGateway.err = errors.Errorf("failed to parse host-gateway IP: %s", v)
+					return
+				}
+				d.hostGateway.ip = ip
+				return
 			}
 		}
-		c.Close()
-	}
-	return map[driver.Feature]bool{
-		driver.OCIExporter:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
-		driver.DockerExporter: useContainerdSnapshotter,
-		driver.CacheExport:    useContainerdSnapshotter,
-		driver.MultiPlatform:  useContainerdSnapshotter,
-	}
+		d.hostGateway.err = errors.New("host-gateway IP not found")
+	})
+	return d.hostGateway.ip, d.hostGateway.err
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {

driver/docker/factory.go

@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return "docker"
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient, dialMeta map[string][]string) int {
 	if api == nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}
 
-	c, err := api.DialHijack(ctx, "/grpc", "h2c", nil)
+	c, err := api.DialHijack(ctx, "/grpc", "h2c", dialMeta)
 	if err != nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}

driver/driver.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package driver
 import (
 	"context"
 	"io"
+	"net"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ type Driver interface {
 	Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error
 	Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error)
 	Features(ctx context.Context) map[Feature]bool
+	HostGatewayIP(ctx context.Context) (net.IP, error)
 	IsMobyDriver() bool
 	Config() InitConfig
 }

driver/features.go

@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ const OCIExporter Feature = "OCI exporter"
 const DockerExporter Feature = "Docker exporter"
 
 const CacheExport Feature = "Cache export"
-const MultiPlatform Feature = "Multiple platforms"
+const MultiPlatform Feature = "Multi-platform build"

driver/kubernetes/context/load.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ type EndpointMeta struct {
 	AuthProvider     *clientcmdapi.AuthProviderConfig `json:",omitempty"`
 	Exec             *clientcmdapi.ExecConfig         `json:",omitempty"`
 	UsernamePassword *UsernamePassword                `json:"usernamePassword,omitempty"`
+	Token            string                           `json:"token,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // UsernamePassword contains username/password auth info
@@ -77,6 +78,9 @@ func (c *Endpoint) KubernetesConfig() clientcmd.ClientConfig {
 		authInfo.Username = c.UsernamePassword.Username
 		authInfo.Password = c.UsernamePassword.Password
 	}
+	if c.Token != "" {
+		authInfo.Token = c.Token
+	}
 	authInfo.AuthProvider = c.AuthProvider
 	authInfo.Exec = c.Exec
 	cfg.Clusters["cluster"] = cluster

driver/kubernetes/context/save.go

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ func FromKubeConfig(kubeconfig, kubeContext, namespaceOverride string) (Endpoint
 			AuthProvider:     clientcfg.AuthProvider,
 			Exec:             clientcfg.ExecProvider,
 			UsernamePassword: usernamePassword,
+			Token:            clientcfg.BearerToken,
 		},
 		TLSData: tlsData,
 	}, nil

driver/kubernetes/driver.go

@@ -87,10 +87,7 @@ func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
 		return sub.Wrap(
 			fmt.Sprintf("waiting for %d pods to be ready", d.minReplicas),
 			func() error {
-				if err := d.wait(ctx); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-				return nil
+				return d.wait(ctx)
 			})
 	})
 }
@@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {
 	return d.factory
 }
 
-func (d *Driver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
+func (d *Driver) Features(_ context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
 	return map[driver.Feature]bool{
 		driver.OCIExporter:    true,
 		driver.DockerExporter: d.DockerAPI != nil,
@@ -236,3 +233,7 @@ func (d *Driver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
 		driver.MultiPlatform:  true, // Untested (needs multiple Driver instances)
 	}
 }
+
+func (d *Driver) HostGatewayIP(_ context.Context) (net.IP, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("host-gateway is not supported by the kubernetes driver")
+}

driver/kubernetes/factory.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return DriverName
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient, dialMeta map[string][]string) int {
 	if api == nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}
@@ -148,15 +148,20 @@ func (f *factory) processDriverOpts(deploymentName string, namespace string, cfg
 		case "serviceaccount":
 			deploymentOpt.ServiceAccountName = v
 		case "nodeselector":
-			kvs := strings.Split(strings.Trim(v, `"`), ",")
-			s := map[string]string{}
-			for i := range kvs {
-				kv := strings.Split(kvs[i], "=")
-				if len(kv) == 2 {
-					s[kv[0]] = kv[1]
-				}
+			deploymentOpt.NodeSelector, err = splitMultiValues(v, ",", "=")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", errors.Wrap(err, "cannot parse node selector")
+			}
+		case "annotations":
+			deploymentOpt.CustomAnnotations, err = splitMultiValues(v, ",", "=")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", errors.Wrap(err, "cannot parse annotations")
+			}
+		case "labels":
+			deploymentOpt.CustomLabels, err = splitMultiValues(v, ",", "=")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", "", errors.Wrap(err, "cannot parse labels")
 			}
-			deploymentOpt.NodeSelector = s
 		case "tolerations":
 			ts := strings.Split(v, ";")
 			deploymentOpt.Tolerations = []corev1.Toleration{}
@@ -217,6 +222,19 @@ func (f *factory) processDriverOpts(deploymentName string, namespace string, cfg
 	return deploymentOpt, loadbalance, namespace, nil
 }
 
+func splitMultiValues(in string, itemsep string, kvsep string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	kvs := strings.Split(strings.Trim(in, `"`), itemsep)
+	s := map[string]string{}
+	for i := range kvs {
+		kv := strings.Split(kvs[i], kvsep)
+		if len(kv) != 2 {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid key-value pair: %s", kvs[i])
+		}
+		s[kv[0]] = kv[1]
+	}
+	return s, nil
+}
+
 func (f *factory) AllowsInstances() bool {
 	return true
 }

driver/kubernetes/factory_test.go

@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 				"rootless":        "true",
 				"nodeselector":    "selector1=value1,selector2=value2",
 				"tolerations":     "key=tolerationKey1,value=tolerationValue1,operator=Equal,effect=NoSchedule,tolerationSeconds=60;key=tolerationKey2,operator=Exists",
+				"annotations":     "example.com/expires-after=annotation1,example.com/other=annotation2",
+				"labels":          "example.com/owner=label1,example.com/other=label2",
 				"loadbalance":     "random",
 				"qemu.install":    "true",
 				"qemu.image":      "qemu:latest",
 			}
-			ns := "test"
-
-			r, loadbalance, ns, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, ns, cfg)
+			r, loadbalance, ns, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 
 			nodeSelectors := map[string]string{
 				"selector1": "value1",
@@ -75,6 +75,16 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			}
 
+			customAnnotations := map[string]string{
+				"example.com/expires-after": "annotation1",
+				"example.com/other":         "annotation2",
+			}
+
+			customLabels := map[string]string{
+				"example.com/owner": "label1",
+				"example.com/other": "label2",
+			}
+
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			require.Equal(t, "test-ns", ns)
@@ -86,6 +96,8 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, "64Mi", r.LimitsMemory)
 			require.True(t, r.Rootless)
 			require.Equal(t, nodeSelectors, r.NodeSelector)
+			require.Equal(t, customAnnotations, r.CustomAnnotations)
+			require.Equal(t, customLabels, r.CustomLabels)
 			require.Equal(t, tolerations, r.Tolerations)
 			require.Equal(t, LoadbalanceRandom, loadbalance)
 			require.True(t, r.Qemu.Install)
@@ -110,6 +122,8 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, "", r.LimitsMemory)
 			require.False(t, r.Rootless)
 			require.Empty(t, r.NodeSelector)
+			require.Empty(t, r.CustomAnnotations)
+			require.Empty(t, r.CustomLabels)
 			require.Empty(t, r.Tolerations)
 			require.Equal(t, LoadbalanceSticky, loadbalance)
 			require.False(t, r.Qemu.Install)
@@ -137,6 +151,8 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			require.Equal(t, "", r.LimitsMemory)
 			require.True(t, r.Rootless)
 			require.Empty(t, r.NodeSelector)
+			require.Empty(t, r.CustomAnnotations)
+			require.Empty(t, r.CustomLabels)
 			require.Empty(t, r.Tolerations)
 			require.Equal(t, LoadbalanceSticky, loadbalance)
 			require.False(t, r.Qemu.Install)
@@ -149,9 +165,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"replicas": "invalid",
 			}
-
 			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -161,9 +175,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"rootless": "invalid",
 			}
-
 			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -173,9 +185,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"tolerations": "key=foo,value=bar,invalid=foo2",
 			}
-
 			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -185,9 +195,27 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"tolerations": "key=foo,value=bar,tolerationSeconds=invalid",
 			}
-
 			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
 
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidCustomAnnotation", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"annotations": "key,value",
+			}
+			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		},
+	)
+
+	t.Run(
+		"InvalidCustomLabel", func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
+				"labels": "key=value=foo",
+			}
+			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -197,9 +225,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"loadbalance": "invalid",
 			}
-
 			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -209,9 +235,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"qemu.install": "invalid",
 			}
-
 			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)
@@ -221,9 +245,7 @@ func TestFactory_processDriverOpts(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg.DriverOpts = map[string]string{
 				"invalid": "foo",
 			}
-
 			_, _, _, err := f.processDriverOpts(cfg.Name, "test", cfg)
-
 			require.Error(t, err)
 		},
 	)

driver/kubernetes/manifest/manifest.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
 	v1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
 	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
 	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource"
@@ -31,24 +32,32 @@ type DeploymentOpt struct {
 	// files mounted at /etc/buildkitd
 	ConfigFiles map[string][]byte
 
-	Rootless       bool
-	NodeSelector   map[string]string
-	Tolerations    []corev1.Toleration
-	RequestsCPU    string
-	RequestsMemory string
-	LimitsCPU      string
-	LimitsMemory   string
-	Platforms      []v1.Platform
+	Rootless          bool
+	NodeSelector      map[string]string
+	CustomAnnotations map[string]string
+	CustomLabels      map[string]string
+	Tolerations       []corev1.Toleration
+	RequestsCPU       string
+	RequestsMemory    string
+	LimitsCPU         string
+	LimitsMemory      string
+	Platforms         []v1.Platform
 }
 
 const (
 	containerName      = "buildkitd"
 	AnnotationPlatform = "buildx.docker.com/platform"
+	LabelApp           = "app"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrReservedAnnotationPlatform = errors.Errorf("the annotation \"%s\" is reserved and cannot be customized", AnnotationPlatform)
+	ErrReservedLabelApp           = errors.Errorf("the label \"%s\" is reserved and cannot be customized", LabelApp)
 )
 
 func NewDeployment(opt *DeploymentOpt) (d *appsv1.Deployment, c []*corev1.ConfigMap, err error) {
 	labels := map[string]string{
-		"app": opt.Name,
+		LabelApp: opt.Name,
 	}
 	annotations := map[string]string{}
 	replicas := int32(opt.Replicas)
@@ -59,6 +68,20 @@ func NewDeployment(opt *DeploymentOpt) (d *appsv1.Deployment, c []*corev1.Config
 		annotations[AnnotationPlatform] = strings.Join(platformutil.Format(opt.Platforms), ",")
 	}
 
+	for k, v := range opt.CustomAnnotations {
+		if k == AnnotationPlatform {
+			return nil, nil, ErrReservedAnnotationPlatform
+		}
+		annotations[k] = v
+	}
+
+	for k, v := range opt.CustomLabels {
+		if k == LabelApp {
+			return nil, nil, ErrReservedLabelApp
+		}
+		labels[k] = v
+	}
+
 	d = &appsv1.Deployment{
 		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
 			APIVersion: appsv1.SchemeGroupVersion.String(),

driver/manager.go

@@ -7,18 +7,17 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
-	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
-
 	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
 )
 
 type Factory interface {
 	Name() string
 	Usage() string
-	Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int
+	Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient, dialMeta map[string][]string) int
 	New(ctx context.Context, cfg InitConfig) (Driver, error)
 	AllowsInstances() bool
 }
@@ -58,8 +57,8 @@ type InitConfig struct {
 	DriverOpts       map[string]string
 	Auth             Auth
 	Platforms        []specs.Platform
-	// ContextPathHash can be used for determining pods in the driver instance
-	ContextPathHash string
+	ContextPathHash  string // can be used for determining pods in the driver instance
+	DialMeta         map[string][]string
 }
 
 var drivers map[string]Factory
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ func Register(f Factory) {
 	drivers[f.Name()] = f
 }
 
-func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, ep string, c dockerclient.APIClient, instanceRequired bool) (Factory, error) {
+func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, ep string, c dockerclient.APIClient, instanceRequired bool, dialMeta map[string][]string) (Factory, error) {
 	if len(drivers) == 0 {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("no drivers available")
 	}
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ func GetDefaultFactory(ctx context.Context, ep string, c dockerclient.APIClient,
 		if instanceRequired && !f.AllowsInstances() {
 			continue
 		}
-		dd = append(dd, p{f: f, priority: f.Priority(ctx, ep, c)})
+		dd = append(dd, p{f: f, priority: f.Priority(ctx, ep, c, dialMeta)})
 	}
 	sort.Slice(dd, func(i, j int) bool {
 		return dd[i].priority < dd[j].priority
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ func GetFactory(name string, instanceRequired bool) (Factory, error) {
 	return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to find driver %q", name)
 }
 
-func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, endpointAddr string, api dockerclient.APIClient, auth Auth, kcc KubeClientConfig, flags []string, files map[string][]byte, do map[string]string, platforms []specs.Platform, contextPathHash string) (*DriverHandle, error) {
+func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, endpointAddr string, api dockerclient.APIClient, auth Auth, kcc KubeClientConfig, flags []string, files map[string][]byte, do map[string]string, platforms []specs.Platform, contextPathHash string, dialMeta map[string][]string) (*DriverHandle, error) {
 	ic := InitConfig{
 		EndpointAddr:     endpointAddr,
 		DockerAPI:        api,
@@ -115,11 +114,12 @@ func GetDriver(ctx context.Context, name string, f Factory, endpointAddr string,
 		Auth:             auth,
 		Platforms:        platforms,
 		ContextPathHash:  contextPathHash,
+		DialMeta:         dialMeta,
 		Files:            files,
 	}
 	if f == nil {
 		var err error
-		f, err = GetDefaultFactory(ctx, endpointAddr, api, false)
+		f, err = GetDefaultFactory(ctx, endpointAddr, api, false, dialMeta)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -150,8 +150,6 @@ type DriverHandle struct {
 	client                  *client.Client
 	err                     error
 	once                    sync.Once
-	featuresOnce            sync.Once
-	features                map[Feature]bool
 	historyAPISupportedOnce sync.Once
 	historyAPISupported     bool
 }
@@ -163,13 +161,6 @@ func (d *DriverHandle) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
 	return d.client, d.err
 }
 
-func (d *DriverHandle) Features(ctx context.Context) map[Feature]bool {
-	d.featuresOnce.Do(func() {
-		d.features = d.Driver.Features(ctx)
-	})
-	return d.features
-}
-
 func (d *DriverHandle) HistoryAPISupported(ctx context.Context) bool {
 	d.historyAPISupportedOnce.Do(func() {
 		if c, err := d.Client(ctx); err == nil {

driver/remote/driver.go

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ package remote
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"time"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect"
 )
 
 type Driver struct {
@@ -23,25 +25,11 @@ type tlsOpts struct {
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
-	for i := 0; ; i++ {
-		info, err := d.Info(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if info.Status != driver.Inactive {
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return ctx.Err()
-		default:
-			if i > 10 {
-				i = 10
-			}
-			time.Sleep(time.Duration(i) * time.Second)
-		}
+	c, err := d.Client(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
+	return c.Wait(ctx)
 }
 
 func (d *Driver) Info(ctx context.Context) (*driver.Info, error) {
@@ -77,6 +65,15 @@ func (d *Driver) Rm(ctx context.Context, force, rmVolume, rmDaemon bool) error {
 
 func (d *Driver) Client(ctx context.Context) (*client.Client, error) {
 	opts := []client.ClientOpt{}
+
+	exp, err := detect.Exporter()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if td, ok := exp.(client.TracerDelegate); ok {
+		opts = append(opts, client.WithTracerDelegate(td))
+	}
+
 	if d.tlsOpts != nil {
 		opts = append(opts, []client.ClientOpt{
 			client.WithServerConfig(d.tlsOpts.serverName, d.tlsOpts.caCert),
@@ -96,6 +93,10 @@ func (d *Driver) Features(ctx context.Context) map[driver.Feature]bool {
 	}
 }
 
+func (d *Driver) HostGatewayIP(ctx context.Context) (net.IP, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("host-gateway is not supported by the remote driver")
+}
+
 func (d *Driver) Factory() driver.Factory {
 	return d.factory
 }

driver/remote/factory.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func (*factory) Usage() string {
 	return "remote"
 }
 
-func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient) int {
+func (*factory) Priority(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, api dockerclient.APIClient, dialMeta map[string][]string) int {
 	if util.IsValidEndpoint(endpoint) != nil {
 		return priorityUnsupported
 	}

go.mod

@@ -5,58 +5,61 @@ go 1.20
 require (
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.18.16
-	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go v1.14.0
+	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go v1.20.0
 	github.com/containerd/console v1.0.3
-	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.2
-	github.com/containerd/continuity v0.4.1
+	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.7
+	github.com/containerd/continuity v0.4.2
+	github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0
 	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.1.1
-	github.com/docker/cli v24.0.2+incompatible
-	github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool v0.5.1
-	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.2+incompatible
-	github.com/docker/docker v24.0.2+incompatible
+	github.com/creack/pty v1.1.18
+	github.com/distribution/reference v0.5.0
+	github.com/docker/cli v24.0.5+incompatible
+	github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool v0.6.0
+	github.com/docker/docker v24.0.5+incompatible
 	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.8.1
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3
 	github.com/google/shlex v0.0.0-20191202100458-e7afc7fbc510
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
-	github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs v0.0.0-20200930094925-2721b1e36840
-	github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2 v2.8.2
-	github.com/moby/buildkit v0.11.0-rc3.0.20230609092854-67a08623b95a
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs v0.0.0-20230405223818-a090f58aa992
+	github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2 v2.19.1
+	github.com/moby/buildkit v0.13.0-beta1.0.20231023114302-d5c1d785b042
 	github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo v0.6.2
 	github.com/moby/sys/signal v0.7.0
 	github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0
-	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0-rc3
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0-rc5
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.9.5
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1
 	github.com/serialx/hashring v0.0.0-20190422032157-8b2912629002
-	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.7.0
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4
-	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.10.0
+	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.14.1
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.14.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.14.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.2.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.6.0
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.11.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.13.0
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.53.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
-	k8s.io/api v0.26.2
-	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.26.2
-	k8s.io/apiserver v0.26.2
-	k8s.io/client-go v0.26.2
+	k8s.io/api v0.26.7
+	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.26.7
+	k8s.io/apiserver v0.26.7
+	k8s.io/client-go v0.26.7
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230106234847-43070de90fa1 // indirect
+	github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.1 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.11.1 // indirect
+	github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20171204204709-577dee27f20d // indirect
 	github.com/agext/levenshtein v1.2.3 // indirect
-	github.com/agl/ed25519 v0.0.0-20170116200512-5312a6153412 // indirect
 	github.com/apparentlymart/go-cidr v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v12 v12.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v13 v13.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.17.6 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.13.16 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.12.24 // indirect
@@ -69,22 +72,15 @@ require (
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.18.6 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.13.5 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/bugsnag/bugsnag-go v1.4.1 // indirect
-	github.com/bugsnag/panicwrap v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/cenkalti/backoff v2.1.1+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v0.0.0-20181213083726-b94e044bb51e // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.2.2 // indirect
-	github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/distribution/distribution/v3 v3.0.0-20230214150026-36d8c594d7aa // indirect
+	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.2+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go v1.5.1-1.0.20160303222718-d30aec9fd63c // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-metrics v0.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/libtrust v0.0.0-20150526203908-9cbd2a1374f4 // indirect
-	github.com/elazarl/goproxy v0.0.0-20191011121108-aa519ddbe484 // indirect
 	github.com/emicklei/go-restful/v3 v3.10.1 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.3 // indirect
 	github.com/fvbommel/sortorder v1.0.1 // indirect
@@ -93,26 +89,20 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.19.5 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/jsonreference v0.20.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.19.14 // indirect
-	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/googleapis v1.4.1 // indirect
-	github.com/google/certificate-transparency-go v1.1.4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/gnostic v0.5.7-v3refs // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.0 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware v1.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.11.3 // indirect
-	github.com/hailocab/go-hostpool v0.0.0-20160125115350-e80d13ce29ed // indirect
-	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.15 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.16 // indirect
 	github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/jinzhu/gorm v1.9.2 // indirect
-	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v0.0.0-20180308033659-04140366298a // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
-	github.com/kardianos/osext v0.0.0-20190222173326-2bc1f35cddc0 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.16.3 // indirect
-	github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.7.6 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-shellwords v1.0.12 // indirect
 	github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.4 // indirect
@@ -120,28 +110,26 @@ require (
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-wordwrap v0.0.0-20150314170334-ad45545899c7 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/locker v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/patternmatcher v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/patternmatcher v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/spdystream v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/sequential v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/term v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
-	github.com/opencontainers/runc v1.1.7 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/runc v1.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.14.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.42.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/secure-systems-lab/go-securesystemslib v0.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/shibumi/go-pathspec v1.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/spf13/viper v1.14.0 // indirect
-	github.com/theupdateframework/notary v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil v0.0.0-20230407161946-9e7a6df48576 // indirect
+	github.com/theupdateframework/notary v0.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil v0.0.0-20230629203738-36ef4d8c0dbb // indirect
 	github.com/tonistiigi/units v0.0.0-20180711220420-6950e57a87ea // indirect
-	github.com/tonistiigi/vt100 v0.0.0-20210615222946-8066bb97264f // indirect
-	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20180127040702-4e3ac2762d5f // indirect
+	github.com/tonistiigi/vt100 v0.0.0-20230623042737-f9a4f7ef6531 // indirect
+	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20190905194746-02993c407bfb // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference v0.0.0-20180127040603-bd5ef7bd5415 // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.40.0 // indirect
@@ -154,20 +142,17 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v0.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.14.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v0.19.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.2.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.8.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.14.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230713183714-613f0c0eb8a1 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.17.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.5.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.7.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.8.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.13.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.13.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.7.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230306155012-7f2fa6fef1f4 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/dancannon/gorethink.v3 v3.0.5 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/fatih/pool.v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/gorethink/gorethink.v3 v3.0.5 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 	k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.90.1 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -34,37 +34,35 @@ cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.6.0/go.mod h1:N7U0C8pVQ/+NIKOBQyamJIeKQKkZ+mxpohl
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.8.0/go.mod h1:Wv1Oy7z6Yz3DshWRJFhqM/UCfaWIRTdp0RXyy7KQOVs=
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.10.0/go.mod h1:FLPqc6j+Ki4BU591ie1oL6qBQGu2Bl/tZ9ullr3+Kg0=
 dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7gZCb22OMCxBHrMx7a5I7Hp++hsVxbQ4BYO7hU=
-github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230106234847-43070de90fa1 h1:EKPd1INOIyr5hWOWhvpmQpY6tKjeG0hT1s3AMC/9fic=
-github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230106234847-43070de90fa1/go.mod h1:VzwV+t+dZ9j/H867F1M2ziD+yLHtB46oM35FxxMJ4d0=
-github.com/AdamKorcz/go-118-fuzz-build v0.0.0-20221215162035-5330a85ea652 h1:+vTEFqeoeur6XSq06bs+roX3YiT49gUniJK7Zky7Xjg=
+github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24 h1:bvDV9vkmnHYOMsOr4WLk+Vo07yKIzd94sVoIqshQ4bU=
+github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24/go.mod h1:8o94RPi1/7XTJvwPpRSzSUedZrtlirdB3r9Z20bi2f8=
+github.com/AdamKorcz/go-118-fuzz-build v0.0.0-20230306123547-8075edf89bb0 h1:59MxjQVfjXsBpLy+dbd2/ELV5ofnUkUZBvWSC85sheA=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 h1:UQHMgLO+TxOElx5B5HZ4hJQsoJ/PvUvKRhJHDQXO8P8=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1 h1:WXkYYl6Yr3qBf1K79EBnL4mak0OimBfB0XUf9Vl28OQ=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802/go.mod h1:IVnqGOEym/WlBOVXweHU+Q+/VP0lqqI8lqeDx9IjBqo=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1 h1:RN9w6+7QoMeJVGyfmbcgs28Br8cvmnucEXnY0rYXWg0=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1/go.mod h1:qvl/7zhW3nngYb5+80sSMF+FG2BjYrf8m9wsX0PNOMQ=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.1 h1:9/kr64B9VUZrLm5YYwbGtUJnMgqWVOdUAXu6Migciow=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.1/go.mod h1:LRdKpFKfdobln8UmuiYcKPot9D2v6svN5+sAH+4kjUM=
-github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.10.0-rc.8 h1:YSZVvlIIDD1UxQpJp0h+dnpLUw+TrY0cx8obKsp3bek=
+github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.11.1 h1:hJ3s7GbWlGK4YVV92sO88BQSyF4ZLVy7/awqOlPxFbA=
+github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.11.1/go.mod h1:nFJmaO4Zr5Y7eADdFOpYswDDlNVbvcIJJNJLECr5JQg=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2/go.mod h1:HSdplMjZKSmBqAxg5vPj2TmRDmfkzw+cTzAElWljhcU=
+github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20170309145241-6dbc35f2c30d/go.mod h1:HI8ITrYtUY+O+ZhtlqUnD8+KwNPOyugEhfP9fdUIaEQ=
 github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20171204204709-577dee27f20d h1:UrqY+r/OJnIp5u0s1SbQ8dVfLCZJsnvazdBP5hS4iRs=
-github.com/agext/levenshtein v1.2.1/go.mod h1:JEDfjyjHDjOF/1e4FlBE/PkbqA9OfWu2ki2W0IB5558=
+github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20171204204709-577dee27f20d/go.mod h1:HI8ITrYtUY+O+ZhtlqUnD8+KwNPOyugEhfP9fdUIaEQ=
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@@ -90,17 +88,21 @@ github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.18.6 h1:rIFn5J3yDoeuKCE9sESXqM5POTAh
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@@ -112,8 +114,8 @@ github.com/chzyer/logex v1.1.10/go.mod h1:+Ywpsq7O8HXn0nuIou7OrIPyXbp3wmkHB+jjWR
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@@ -122,16 +124,18 @@ github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20210805033703-aa0b78936158/go.mod h1:eXthEFrGJvWH
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@@ -142,21 +146,22 @@ github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:IDp2JFvbwZ31H8dQbEIY7sDl2L3o3H
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@@ -164,16 +169,16 @@ github.com/docker/go v1.5.1-1.0.20160303222718-d30aec9fd63c/go.mod h1:CADgU4DSXK
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@@ -183,9 +188,10 @@ github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.9-0.20201210154907-fd9021fe5dad/go.m
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@@ -210,19 +216,19 @@ github.com/go-openapi/jsonreference v0.20.0/go.mod h1:Ag74Ico3lPc+zR+qjn4XBUmXym
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@@ -258,8 +264,8 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3 h1:KhyjKVUg7Usr/dYsdSqoFveMYd5ko72D+zANwlG1mmg
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@@ -296,6 +302,7 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 h1:t6JiXgmwXMjEs8VusXIJk2BXHsn+wx8BZdTaoZ5fu7I=
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@@ -307,24 +314,28 @@ github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.11.3 h1:lLT7ZLSzGLI08vc9cpd+tYmNWjd
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@@ -335,48 +346,51 @@ github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 h1:PV8peI4a0ysnczrg+LtxykD8LfKY9ML6u2jnxaEnr
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@@ -481,21 +508,19 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/
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 github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20180127040702-4e3ac2762d5f/go.mod h1:N2zxlSyiKSe5eX1tZViRH5QA0qijqEDrYZiPEAiq3wU=
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 github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0 h1:LhYJRs+L4fBtjZUfuSZIKGeVu0QRy8e5Xi7D17UxZ74=
@@ -504,10 +529,9 @@ github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.25/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9de
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
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-github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.10.0/go.mod h1:vVKLxnk3puL4qRAv72AO+W99LUD4da90g3uUAzyuvAk=
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 go.opencensus.io v0.21.0/go.mod h1:mSImk1erAIZhrmZN+AvHh14ztQfjbGwt4TtuofqLduU=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.0/go.mod h1:+kGneAE2xo2IficOXnaByMWTGM9T73dGwxeWcUqIpI8=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.2/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
@@ -545,14 +569,16 @@ go.uber.org/multierr v1.1.0/go.mod h1:wR5kodmAFQ0UK8QlbwjlSNy0Z68gJhDJUG5sjR94q/
 go.uber.org/zap v1.10.0/go.mod h1:vwi/ZaCAaUcBkycHslxD9B2zi4UTXhF60s6SWpuDF0Q=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20180904163835-0709b304e793/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
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@@ -563,6 +589,8 @@ golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20191227195350-da58074b4299/go.mod h1:2RIsYlXP63K8oxa1u0
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@@ -583,11 +611,11 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzB
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-golang.org/x/mod v0.9.0 h1:KENHtAZL2y3NLMYZeHY9DW8HW8V+kQyJsY/V9JlKvCs=
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+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
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@@ -616,8 +644,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200707034311-ab3426394381/go.mod h1:/O7V0waA8r7cgGh81R
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200822124328-c89045814202/go.mod h1:/O7V0waA8r7cgGh81Ro3o1hOxt32SMVPicZroKQ2sZA=
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-golang.org/x/net v0.8.0 h1:Zrh2ngAOFYneWTAIAPethzeaQLuHwhuBkuV6ZiRnUaQ=
-golang.org/x/net v0.8.0/go.mod h1:QVkue5JL9kW//ek3r6jTKnTFis1tRmNAW2P1shuFdJc=
+golang.org/x/net v0.17.0 h1:pVaXccu2ozPjCXewfr1S7xza/zcXTity9cCdXQYSjIM=
+golang.org/x/net v0.17.0/go.mod h1:NxSsAGuq816PNPmqtQdLE42eU2Fs7NoRIZrHJAlaCOE=
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@@ -636,17 +664,17 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20200317015054-43a5402ce75a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20200625203802-6e8e738ad208/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
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-golang.org/x/sync v0.2.0 h1:PUR+T4wwASmuSTYdKjYHI5TD22Wy5ogLU5qZCOLxBrI=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.2.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0 h1:ftCYgMx6zT/asHUrPw8BLLscYtGznsLAnjq5RH9P66E=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0/go.mod h1:FU7BRWz2tNW+3quACPkgCx/L+uEAv1htQ0V83Z9Rj+Y=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180830151530-49385e6e1522/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180909124046-d0be0721c37e/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181116152217-5ac8a444bdc5/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190312061237-fead79001313/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190422165155-953cdadca894/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190502145724-3ef323f4f1fd/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190502175342-a43fa875dd82/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190507160741-ecd444e8653b/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190606165138-5da285871e9c/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190624142023-c5567b49c5d0/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@@ -654,6 +682,7 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190726091711-fc99dfbffb4e/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190801041406-cbf593c0f2f3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191001151750-bb3f8db39f24/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191026070338-33540a1f6037/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191120155948-bd437916bb0e/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191204072324-ce4227a45e2e/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191228213918-04cbcbbfeed8/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200113162924-86b910548bc1/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@@ -679,19 +708,20 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211025201205-69cdffdb9359/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220520151302-bc2c85ada10a/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.1.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.7.0 h1:3jlCCIQZPdOYu1h8BkNvLz8Kgwtae2cagcG/VamtZRU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.7.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.13.0 h1:Af8nKPmuFypiUBjVoU9V20FiaFXOcuZI21p0ycVYYGE=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.13.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
-golang.org/x/term v0.6.0 h1:clScbb1cHjoCkyRbWwBEUZ5H/tIFu5TAXIqaZD0Gcjw=
-golang.org/x/term v0.6.0/go.mod h1:m6U89DPEgQRMq3DNkDClhWw02AUbt2daBVO4cn4Hv9U=
+golang.org/x/term v0.13.0 h1:bb+I9cTfFazGW51MZqBVmZy7+JEJMouUHTUSKVQLBek=
+golang.org/x/term v0.13.0/go.mod h1:LTmsnFJwVN6bCy1rVCoS+qHT1HhALEFxKncY3WNNh4U=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.5/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.8.0 h1:57P1ETyNKtuIjB4SRd15iJxuhj8Gc416Y78H3qgMh68=
-golang.org/x/text v0.8.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0 h1:ablQoSUd0tRdKxZewP80B+BaqeKJuVhuRxj/dkrun3k=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20191024005414-555d28b269f0/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
@@ -804,6 +834,7 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20201019141844-1ed22bb0c154/go.mod h1:FWY/as6D
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20211118181313-81c1377c94b1/go.mod h1:5CzLGKJ67TSI2B9POpiiyGha0AjJvZIUgRMt1dSmuhc=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230306155012-7f2fa6fef1f4 h1:DdoeryqhaXp1LtT/emMP1BRJPHHKFi5akj/nbx/zNTA=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20230306155012-7f2fa6fef1f4/go.mod h1:NWraEVixdDnqcqQ30jipen1STv2r/n24Wb7twVTGR4s=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.0.5/go.mod h1:yo6s7OP7yaDglbqo1J04qKzAhqBH6lvTonzMVmEdcZw=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.20.1/go.mod h1:10oTOabMzJvdu6/UiuZezV6QK5dSlG84ov/aaiqXj38=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.21.1/go.mod h1:oYelfM1adQP15Ek0mdvEgi9Df8B9CZIaU1084ijfRaM=
@@ -837,22 +868,23 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQ
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.27.1/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0 h1:kPPoIgf3TsEvrm0PFe15JQ+570QVxYzEvvHqChK+cng=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0/go.mod h1:HV8QOd/L58Z+nl8r43ehVNZIU/HEI6OcFqwMG9pJV4I=
+gopkg.in/airbrake/gobrake.v2 v2.0.9/go.mod h1:/h5ZAUhDkGaJfjzjKLSjv6zCL6O0LLBxU4K+aSYdM/U=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
+gopkg.in/cenkalti/backoff.v2 v2.2.1 h1:eJ9UAg01/HIHG987TwxvnzK2MgxXq97YY6rYDpY9aII=
+gopkg.in/cenkalti/backoff.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:S0QdOvT2AlerfSBkp0O+dk+bbIMaNbEmVk876gPCthU=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20200227125254-8fa46927fb4f/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
-gopkg.in/dancannon/gorethink.v3 v3.0.5 h1:/g7PWP7zUS6vSNmHSDbjCHQh1Rqn8Jy6zSMQxAsBSMQ=
-gopkg.in/dancannon/gorethink.v3 v3.0.5/go.mod h1:GXsi1e3N2OcKhcP6nsYABTiUejbWMFO4GY5a4pEaeEc=
 gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:hNsd1EY+bozCKY1Ytp96fpM3vjJbqLJn88ws8XvfDNI=
-gopkg.in/fatih/pool.v2 v2.0.0 h1:xIFeWtxifuQJGk/IEPKsTduEKcKvPmhoiVDGpC40nKg=
-gopkg.in/fatih/pool.v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:8xVGeu1/2jr2wm5V9SPuMht2H5AEmf5aFMGSQixtjTY=
-gopkg.in/gorethink/gorethink.v3 v3.0.5 h1:e2Uc/Xe+hpcVQFsj6MuHlYog3r0JYpnTzwDj/y2O4MU=
-gopkg.in/gorethink/gorethink.v3 v3.0.5/go.mod h1:+3yIIHJUGMBK+wyPH+iN5TP+88ikFDfZdqTlK3Y9q8I=
+gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7/go.mod h1:Tz8NjZHkW78fSQdbUxIjBTcgA1z1m8ZHf0WmKUhAMys=
+gopkg.in/gemnasium/logrus-airbrake-hook.v2 v2.1.2/go.mod h1:Xk6kEKp8OKb+X14hQBKWaSkCsqBpgog8nAV2xsGOxlo=
 gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 h1:73M5CoZyi3ZLMOyDlQh031Cx6N9NDJ2Vvfl76EDAgDc=
 gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1/go.mod h1:cWUDdTG/fYaXco+Dcufb5Vnc6Gp2YChqWtbxRZE0mXw=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 h1:Dgnx+6+nfE+IfzjUEISNeydPJh9AXNNsWbGP9KzCsOA=
+gopkg.in/rethinkdb/rethinkdb-go.v6 v6.2.1 h1:d4KQkxAaAiRY2h5Zqis161Pv91A37uZyJOx73duwUwM=
+gopkg.in/rethinkdb/rethinkdb-go.v6 v6.2.1/go.mod h1:WbjuEoo1oadwzQ4apSDU+JTvmllEHtsNHS6y7vFc7iw=
+gopkg.in/tomb.v1 v1.0.0-20141024135613-dd632973f1e7/go.mod h1:dt/ZhP58zS4L8KSrWDmTeBkI65Dw0HsyUHuEVlX15mw=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
@@ -872,14 +904,14 @@ honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWh
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2019.2.3/go.mod h1:a3bituU0lyd329TUQxRnasdCoJDkEUEAqEt0JzvZhAg=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2020.1.3/go.mod h1:X/FiERA/W4tHapMX5mGpAtMSVEeEUOyHaw9vFzvIQ3k=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2020.1.4/go.mod h1:X/FiERA/W4tHapMX5mGpAtMSVEeEUOyHaw9vFzvIQ3k=
-k8s.io/api v0.26.2 h1:dM3cinp3PGB6asOySalOZxEG4CZ0IAdJsrYZXE/ovGQ=
-k8s.io/api v0.26.2/go.mod h1:1kjMQsFE+QHPfskEcVNgL3+Hp88B80uj0QtSOlj8itU=
-k8s.io/apimachinery v0.26.2 h1:da1u3D5wfR5u2RpLhE/ZtZS2P7QvDgLZTi9wrNZl/tQ=
-k8s.io/apimachinery v0.26.2/go.mod h1:ats7nN1LExKHvJ9TmwootT00Yz05MuYqPXEXaVeOy5I=
-k8s.io/apiserver v0.26.2 h1:Pk8lmX4G14hYqJd1poHGC08G03nIHVqdJMR0SD3IH3o=
-k8s.io/apiserver v0.26.2/go.mod h1:GHcozwXgXsPuOJ28EnQ/jXEM9QeG6HT22YxSNmpYNh8=
-k8s.io/client-go v0.26.2 h1:s1WkVujHX3kTp4Zn4yGNFK+dlDXy1bAAkIl+cFAiuYI=
-k8s.io/client-go v0.26.2/go.mod h1:u5EjOuSyBa09yqqyY7m3abZeovO/7D/WehVVlZ2qcqU=
+k8s.io/api v0.26.7 h1:Lf4iEBEJb5OFNmawtBfSZV/UNi9riSJ0t1qdhyZqI40=
+k8s.io/api v0.26.7/go.mod h1:Vk9bMadzA49UHPmHB//lX7VRCQSXGoVwfLd3Sc1SSXI=
+k8s.io/apimachinery v0.26.7 h1:590jSBwaSHCAFCqltaEogY/zybFlhGsnLteLpuF2wig=
+k8s.io/apimachinery v0.26.7/go.mod h1:qYzLkrQ9lhrZRh0jNKo2cfvf/R1/kQONnSiyB7NUJU0=
+k8s.io/apiserver v0.26.7 h1:NX/zBZZn4R+Cq6shwyn8Pn8REd0yJJ16dbtv9WkEVEU=
+k8s.io/apiserver v0.26.7/go.mod h1:r0wDRWHI7VL/KlQLTkJJBVGZ3KeNfv+VetlyRtr86xs=
+k8s.io/client-go v0.26.7 h1:hyU9aKHlwVOykgyxzGYkrDSLCc4+mimZVyUJjPyUn1E=
+k8s.io/client-go v0.26.7/go.mod h1:okYjy0jtq6sdeztALDvCh24tg4opOQS1XNvsJlERDAo=
 k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.90.1 h1:m4bYOKall2MmOiRaR1J+We67Do7vm9KiQVlT96lnHUw=
 k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.90.1/go.mod h1:y1WjHnz7Dj687irZUWR/WLkLc5N1YHtjLdmgWjndZn0=
 k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20221012153701-172d655c2280 h1:+70TFaan3hfJzs+7VK2o+OGxg8HsuBr/5f6tVAjDu6E=

hack/build

@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ set -e
 
 : "${CGO_ENABLED=0}"
 : "${GO_PKG=github.com/docker/buildx}"
+: "${GO_EXTRA_FLAGS=}"
 : "${GO_LDFLAGS=-X ${GO_PKG}/version.Version=${VERSION} -X ${GO_PKG}/version.Revision=${REVISION} -X ${GO_PKG}/version.Package=${PACKAGE}}"
 : "${GO_EXTRA_LDFLAGS=}"
 
 set -x
-CGO_ENABLED=$CGO_ENABLED go build -mod vendor -trimpath -ldflags "${GO_LDFLAGS} ${GO_EXTRA_LDFLAGS}" -o "${DESTDIR}/docker-buildx" ./cmd/buildx
+CGO_ENABLED=$CGO_ENABLED go build -mod vendor -trimpath ${GO_EXTRA_FLAGS} -ldflags "${GO_LDFLAGS} ${GO_EXTRA_LDFLAGS}" -o "${DESTDIR}/docker-buildx" ./cmd/buildx

hack/dockerfiles/docs.Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
 
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.20
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.21.3
 ARG FORMATS=md,yaml
 
 FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS docsgen

hack/dockerfiles/generated-files.Dockerfile

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 # Copyright The Buildx Authors.
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 
-ARG GO_VERSION="1.20"
+ARG GO_VERSION="1.21.3"
 ARG PROTOC_VERSION="3.11.4"
 
 # protoc is dynamically linked to glibc so can't use alpine base
-FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-buster AS base
+FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-bookworm AS base
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get --no-install-recommends install -y git unzip
 ARG PROTOC_VERSION
 ARG TARGETOS

hack/dockerfiles/lint.Dockerfile

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
 
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.20
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.21.3
+ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=1.54.2
 
 FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine
 RUN apk add --no-cache git gcc musl-dev
-RUN wget -O- -nv https://raw.githubusercontent.com/golangci/golangci-lint/master/install.sh | sh -s v1.51.1
+ENV GOFLAGS="-buildvcs=false"
+ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION
+RUN wget -O- -nv https://raw.githubusercontent.com/golangci/golangci-lint/master/install.sh | sh -s v${GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION}
 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/docker/buildx
-RUN --mount=target=/go/src/github.com/docker/buildx --mount=target=/root/.cache,type=cache \
-  golangci-lint run
+RUN --mount=target=/go/src/github.com/docker/buildx \
+    --mount=target=/root/.cache,type=cache \
+    golangci-lint run

hack/dockerfiles/vendor.Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
 
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.20
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.21.3
 ARG MODOUTDATED_VERSION=v0.8.0
 
 FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS base

localstate/localstate.go

@@ -1,19 +1,43 @@
 package localstate
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/ioutils"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
-const refsDir = "refs"
+const (
+	refsDir  = "refs"
+	groupDir = "__group__"
+)
 
 type State struct {
-	LocalPath      string
+	// Target is the name of the invoked target (default if empty)
+	Target string
+	// LocalPath is the absolute path to the context
+	LocalPath string
+	// DockerfilePath is the absolute path to the Dockerfile
 	DockerfilePath string
+	// GroupRef is the ref of the state group that this ref belongs to
+	GroupRef string `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+type StateGroup struct {
+	// Definition is the raw representation of the group (bake definition)
+	Definition []byte
+	// Targets are the targets invoked
+	Targets []string `json:",omitempty"`
+	// Inputs are the user inputs (bake overrides)
+	Inputs []string `json:",omitempty"`
+	// Refs are used to track all the refs that belong to the same group
+	Refs []string
 }
 
 type LocalState struct {
@@ -62,13 +86,58 @@ func (ls *LocalState) SaveRef(builderName, nodeName, id string, st State) error
 	return ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(filepath.Join(refDir, id), dt, 0600)
 }
 
+func (ls *LocalState) ReadGroup(id string) (*StateGroup, error) {
+	dt, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(ls.root, refsDir, groupDir, id))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var stg StateGroup
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(dt, &stg); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &stg, nil
+}
+
+func (ls *LocalState) SaveGroup(id string, stg StateGroup) error {
+	refDir := filepath.Join(ls.root, refsDir, groupDir)
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(refDir, 0700); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	dt, err := json.Marshal(stg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(filepath.Join(refDir, id), dt, 0600)
+}
+
 func (ls *LocalState) RemoveBuilder(builderName string) error {
 	if builderName == "" {
 		return errors.Errorf("builder name empty")
 	}
-	return os.RemoveAll(filepath.Join(ls.root, refsDir, builderName))
+
+	dir := filepath.Join(ls.root, refsDir, builderName)
+	if _, err := os.Lstat(dir); err != nil {
+		if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	fis, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, fi := range fis {
+		if err := ls.RemoveBuilderNode(builderName, fi.Name()); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return os.RemoveAll(dir)
 }
 
+// RemoveBuilderNode removes all refs for a builder node.
+// This func is not safe for concurrent use from multiple goroutines.
 func (ls *LocalState) RemoveBuilderNode(builderName string, nodeName string) error {
 	if builderName == "" {
 		return errors.Errorf("builder name empty")
@@ -76,7 +145,76 @@ func (ls *LocalState) RemoveBuilderNode(builderName string, nodeName string) err
 	if nodeName == "" {
 		return errors.Errorf("node name empty")
 	}
-	return os.RemoveAll(filepath.Join(ls.root, refsDir, builderName, nodeName))
+
+	dir := filepath.Join(ls.root, refsDir, builderName, nodeName)
+	if _, err := os.Lstat(dir); err != nil {
+		if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	fis, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var murefs sync.Mutex
+	grefs := make(map[string][]string)
+	srefs := make(map[string][]string)
+	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(context.TODO())
+	for _, fi := range fis {
+		func(fi os.DirEntry) {
+			eg.Go(func() error {
+				st, err := ls.ReadRef(builderName, nodeName, fi.Name())
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				if st.GroupRef == "" {
+					return nil
+				}
+				murefs.Lock()
+				defer murefs.Unlock()
+				if _, ok := grefs[st.GroupRef]; !ok {
+					if grp, err := ls.ReadGroup(st.GroupRef); err == nil {
+						grefs[st.GroupRef] = grp.Refs
+					}
+				}
+				srefs[st.GroupRef] = append(srefs[st.GroupRef], fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", builderName, nodeName, fi.Name()))
+				return nil
+			})
+		}(fi)
+	}
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for gid, refs := range grefs {
+		if s, ok := srefs[gid]; ok {
+			if len(s) != len(refs) {
+				continue
+			}
+			if err := ls.removeGroup(gid); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return os.RemoveAll(dir)
+}
+
+func (ls *LocalState) removeGroup(id string) error {
+	if id == "" {
+		return errors.Errorf("group ref empty")
+	}
+	f := filepath.Join(ls.root, refsDir, groupDir, id)
+	if _, err := os.Lstat(f); err != nil {
+		if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	return os.Remove(f)
 }
 
 func (ls *LocalState) validate(builderName, nodeName, id string) error {

localstate/localstate_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+package localstate
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
+	_ = newls(t)
+}
+
+func TestReadRef(t *testing.T) {
+	l := newls(t)
+	r, err := l.ReadRef(testBuilderName, testNodeName, testStateRefID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, testStateRef, *r)
+}
+
+func TestReadGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	l := newls(t)
+	g, err := l.ReadGroup(testStateGroupID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, testStateGroup, *g)
+}
+
+func TestRemoveBuilder(t *testing.T) {
+	l := newls(t)
+	require.NoError(t, l.RemoveBuilder(testBuilderName))
+}
+
+func TestRemoveBuilderNode(t *testing.T) {
+	l := newls(t)
+	require.NoError(t, l.RemoveBuilderNode(testBuilderName, testNodeName))
+}
+
+func newls(t *testing.T) *LocalState {
+	t.Helper()
+	tmpdir := t.TempDir()
+
+	l, err := New(tmpdir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.DirExists(t, filepath.Join(tmpdir, refsDir))
+	require.Equal(t, tmpdir, l.root)
+
+	require.NoError(t, l.SaveRef(testBuilderName, testNodeName, testStateRefID, testStateRef))
+
+	require.NoError(t, l.SaveGroup(testStateGroupID, testStateGroup))
+	require.NoError(t, l.SaveRef(testBuilderName, testNodeName, testStateGroupRef1ID, testStateGroupRef1))
+	require.NoError(t, l.SaveRef(testBuilderName, testNodeName, testStateGroupRef2ID, testStateGroupRef2))
+	require.NoError(t, l.SaveRef(testBuilderName, testNodeName, testStateGroupRef3ID, testStateGroupRef3))
+
+	return l
+}
+
+var (
+	testBuilderName = "builder"
+	testNodeName    = "builder0"
+
+	testStateRefID = "32n3ffqrxjw41ok5zxd2qhume"
+	testStateRef   = State{
+		Target:         "default",
+		LocalPath:      "/home/foo/github.com/docker/docker-bake-action",
+		DockerfilePath: "/home/foo/github.com/docker/docker-bake-action/dev.Dockerfile",
+	}
+
+	testStateGroupID = "kvqs0sgly2rmitz84r25u9qd0"
+	testStateGroup   = StateGroup{
+		Definition: []byte(`{"group":{"default":{"targets":["pre-checkin"]},"pre-checkin":{"targets":["vendor-update","format","build"]}},"target":{"build":{"context":".","dockerfile":"dev.Dockerfile","target":"build-update","platforms":["linux/amd64"],"output":["."]},"format":{"context":".","dockerfile":"dev.Dockerfile","target":"format-update","platforms":["linux/amd64"],"output":["."]},"vendor-update":{"context":".","dockerfile":"dev.Dockerfile","target":"vendor-update","platforms":["linux/amd64"],"output":["."]}}}`),
+		Targets:    []string{"pre-checkin"},
+		Inputs:     []string{"*.platform=linux/amd64"},
+		Refs:       []string{"builder/builder0/hx2qf1w11qvz1x3k471c5i8xw", "builder/builder0/968zj0g03jmlx0s8qslnvh6rl", "builder/builder0/naf44f9i1710lf7y12lv5hb1z"},
+	}
+
+	testStateGroupRef1ID = "hx2qf1w11qvz1x3k471c5i8xw"
+	testStateGroupRef1   = State{
+		Target:         "format",
+		LocalPath:      "/home/foo/github.com/docker/docker-bake-action",
+		DockerfilePath: "/home/foo/github.com/docker/docker-bake-action/dev.Dockerfile",
+		GroupRef:       "kvqs0sgly2rmitz84r25u9qd0",
+	}
+
+	testStateGroupRef2ID = "968zj0g03jmlx0s8qslnvh6rl"
+	testStateGroupRef2   = State{
+		Target:         "build",
+		LocalPath:      "/home/foo/github.com/docker/docker-bake-action",
+		DockerfilePath: "/home/foo/github.com/docker/docker-bake-action/dev.Dockerfile",
+		GroupRef:       "kvqs0sgly2rmitz84r25u9qd0",
+	}
+
+	testStateGroupRef3ID = "naf44f9i1710lf7y12lv5hb1z"
+	testStateGroupRef3   = State{
+		Target:         "vendor-update",
+		LocalPath:      "/home/foo/github.com/docker/docker-bake-action",
+		DockerfilePath: "/home/foo/github.com/docker/docker-bake-action/dev.Dockerfile",
+		GroupRef:       "kvqs0sgly2rmitz84r25u9qd0",
+	}
+)

monitor/commands/attach.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Usage:
   attach ID
 
 ID is for a session (visible via list command) or a process (visible via ps command).
-If you attached to a process, use Ctrl-c-a for switching the monitor to that process's STDIO.
+If you attached to a process, use Ctrl-a-c for switching the monitor to that process's STDIO.
 `,
 	}
 }

monitor/commands/exec.go

@@ -35,12 +35,16 @@ COMMAND and ARG... will be executed in the container.
 }
 
 func (cm *ExecCmd) Exec(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
+	if ref := cm.m.AttachedSessionID(); ref == "" {
+		return errors.Errorf("no attaching session")
+	}
 	if len(args) < 2 {
 		return errors.Errorf("command must be passed")
 	}
 	cfg := controllerapi.InvokeConfig{
 		Entrypoint: []string{args[1]},
 		Cmd:        args[2:],
+		NoCmd:      false,
 		// TODO: support other options as well via flags
 		Env:  cm.invokeConfig.Env,
 		User: cm.invokeConfig.User,

monitor/commands/reload.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/monitor/types"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
@@ -70,6 +71,11 @@ func (cm *ReloadCmd) Exec(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 		} else {
 			fmt.Printf("failed to reload: %v\n", err)
 		}
+		// report error
+		for _, s := range errdefs.Sources(err) {
+			s.Print(cm.stdout)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(cm.stdout, "ERROR: %v\n", err)
 	} else {
 		resultUpdated = true
 	}

monitor/commands/rollback.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/monitor/types"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
 type RollbackCmd struct {
@@ -37,6 +38,9 @@ COMMAND and ARG... will be executed in the container.
 }
 
 func (cm *RollbackCmd) Exec(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
+	if ref := cm.m.AttachedSessionID(); ref == "" {
+		return errors.Errorf("no attaching session")
+	}
 	cfg := cm.invokeConfig
 	if len(args) >= 2 {
 		cmds := args[1:]
@@ -47,6 +51,7 @@ func (cm *RollbackCmd) Exec(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 		if len(cmds) > 0 {
 			cfg.Entrypoint = []string{cmds[0]}
 			cfg.Cmd = cmds[1:]
+			cfg.NoCmd = false
 		}
 	}
 	id := cm.m.Rollback(ctx, cfg)

monitor/monitor.go

@@ -17,14 +17,20 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/ioset"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/google/shlex"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/identity"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.org/x/term"
 )
 
+type MonitorBuildResult struct {
+	Resp *client.SolveResponse
+	Err  error
+}
+
 // RunMonitor provides an interactive session for running and managing containers via specified IO.
-func RunMonitor(ctx context.Context, curRef string, options *controllerapi.BuildOptions, invokeConfig controllerapi.InvokeConfig, c control.BuildxController, stdin io.ReadCloser, stdout io.WriteCloser, stderr console.File, progress *progress.Printer) error {
+func RunMonitor(ctx context.Context, curRef string, options *controllerapi.BuildOptions, invokeConfig controllerapi.InvokeConfig, c control.BuildxController, stdin io.ReadCloser, stdout io.WriteCloser, stderr console.File, progress *progress.Printer) (*MonitorBuildResult, error) {
 	defer func() {
 		if err := c.Disconnect(ctx, curRef); err != nil {
 			logrus.Warnf("disconnect error: %v", err)
@@ -32,7 +38,7 @@ func RunMonitor(ctx context.Context, curRef string, options *controllerapi.Build
 	}()
 
 	if err := progress.Pause(); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	defer progress.Unpause()
 
@@ -169,10 +175,10 @@ func RunMonitor(ctx context.Context, curRef string, options *controllerapi.Build
 		select {
 		case <-doneCh:
 			m.close()
-			return nil
+			return m.lastBuildResult, nil
 		case err := <-errCh:
 			m.close()
-			return err
+			return m.lastBuildResult, err
 		case <-monitorDisableCh:
 		}
 		monitorForwarder.SetOut(nil)
@@ -233,6 +239,14 @@ type monitor struct {
 	invokeIO     *ioset.Forwarder
 	invokeCancel func()
 	attachedPid  atomic.Value
+
+	lastBuildResult *MonitorBuildResult
+}
+
+func (m *monitor) Build(ctx context.Context, options controllerapi.BuildOptions, in io.ReadCloser, progress progress.Writer) (ref string, resp *client.SolveResponse, err error) {
+	ref, resp, err = m.BuildxController.Build(ctx, options, in, progress)
+	m.lastBuildResult = &MonitorBuildResult{Resp: resp, Err: err} // Record build result
+	return
 }
 
 func (m *monitor) DisconnectSession(ctx context.Context, targetID string) error {
@@ -283,11 +297,16 @@ func (m *monitor) startInvoke(ctx context.Context, pid string, cfg controllerapi
 	if len(cfg.Entrypoint) == 0 && len(cfg.Cmd) == 0 {
 		cfg.Entrypoint = []string{"sh"} // launch shell by default
 		cfg.Cmd = []string{}
+		cfg.NoCmd = false
 	}
 	go func() {
 		// Start a new invoke
 		if err := m.invoke(ctx, pid, cfg); err != nil {
-			logrus.Debugf("invoke error: %v", err)
+			if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+				logrus.Debugf("process canceled: %v", err)
+			} else {
+				logrus.Errorf("invoke: %v", err)
+			}
 		}
 		if pid == m.attachedPid.Load() {
 			m.attachedPid.Store("")

store/nodegroup.go

@@ -102,10 +102,7 @@ func (ng *NodeGroup) Update(name, endpoint string, platforms []string, endpoints
 		}
 
 		ng.Nodes[i] = n
-		if err := ng.validateDuplicates(endpoint, i); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return nil
+		return ng.validateDuplicates(endpoint, i)
 	}
 
 	if name == "" {
@@ -127,11 +124,7 @@ func (ng *NodeGroup) Update(name, endpoint string, platforms []string, endpoints
 	}
 
 	ng.Nodes = append(ng.Nodes, n)
-
-	if err := ng.validateDuplicates(endpoint, len(ng.Nodes)-1); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
+	return ng.validateDuplicates(endpoint, len(ng.Nodes)-1)
 }
 
 func (ng *NodeGroup) Copy() *NodeGroup {

store/store.go

@@ -185,10 +185,7 @@ func (t *Txn) reset(key string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(filepath.Join(t.s.root, "current"), dt, 0600); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
+	return ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(filepath.Join(t.s.root, "current"), dt, 0600)
 }
 
 func (t *Txn) Current(key string) (*NodeGroup, error) {

store/store_test.go

@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ func TestEmptyStartup(t *testing.T) {
 	s, err := New(tmpdir)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	txn, close, err := s.Txn()
+	txn, release, err := s.Txn()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer close()
+	defer release()
 
 	ng, err := txn.Current("foo")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -235,3 +235,26 @@ func TestNodeManagement(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NotNil(t, ng)
 	require.Equal(t, "mybuild", ng.Name)
 }
+
+func TestNodeInvalidName(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	tmpdir := t.TempDir()
+
+	s, err := New(tmpdir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	txn, release, err := s.Txn()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer release()
+
+	_, err = txn.NodeGroupByName("123builder")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.True(t, IsErrInvalidName(err))
+
+	err = txn.Save(&NodeGroup{
+		Name:   "123builder",
+		Driver: "mydriver",
+	})
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.True(t, IsErrInvalidName(err))
+}

store/storeutil/storeutil.go

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func GetCurrentInstance(txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli) (*store.NodeGroup
 func GetNodeGroup(txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli, name string) (*store.NodeGroup, error) {
 	ng, err := txn.NodeGroupByName(name)
 	if err != nil {
-		if !os.IsNotExist(errors.Cause(err)) {
+		if !os.IsNotExist(errors.Cause(err)) && !store.IsErrInvalidName(err) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}

store/util.go

@@ -11,9 +11,28 @@ import (
 
 var namePattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\.\-_]*$`)
 
+type errInvalidName struct {
+	error
+}
+
+func (e *errInvalidName) Error() string {
+	return e.error.Error()
+}
+
+func (e *errInvalidName) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.error
+}
+
+func IsErrInvalidName(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(*errInvalidName)
+	return ok
+}
+
 func ValidateName(s string) (string, error) {
 	if !namePattern.MatchString(s) {
-		return "", errors.Errorf("invalid name %s, name needs to start with a letter and may not contain symbols, except ._-", s)
+		return "", &errInvalidName{
+			errors.Errorf("invalid name %s, name needs to start with a letter and may not contain symbols, except ._-", s),
+		}
 	}
 	return strings.ToLower(s), nil
 }

tests/bake.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package tests
 
 import (
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -18,12 +19,86 @@ func bakeCmd(sb integration.Sandbox, opts ...cmdOpt) (string, error) {
 }
 
 var bakeTests = []func(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox){
+	testBakeLocal,
+	testBakeLocalMulti,
 	testBakeRemote,
 	testBakeRemoteCmdContext,
+	testBakeRemoteLocalOverride,
 	testBakeRemoteCmdContextOverride,
 	testBakeRemoteContextSubdir,
 	testBakeRemoteCmdContextEscapeRoot,
 	testBakeRemoteCmdContextEscapeRelative,
+	testBakeRemoteDockerfileCwd,
+	testBakeRemoteLocalContextRemoteDockerfile,
+	testBakeEmpty,
+}
+
+func testBakeLocal(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+	bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+}
+`)
+	dir := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+	)
+
+	dirDest := t.TempDir()
+
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain", "--set", "*.output=type=local,dest="+dirDest))
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, out)
+	require.Contains(t, string(out), `#1 [internal] load local bake definitions`)
+	require.Contains(t, string(out), `#1 reading docker-bake.hcl`)
+
+	require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dirDest, "foo"))
+}
+
+func testBakeLocalMulti(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+	bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+}
+`)
+	composefile := []byte(`
+services:
+  app:
+    build: {}
+`)
+
+	dir := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("compose.yaml", composefile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+	)
+
+	dirDest := t.TempDir()
+
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain", "--set", "*.output=type=local,dest="+dirDest))
+	dt, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+	require.Contains(t, string(dt), `#1 [internal] load local bake definitions`)
+	require.Contains(t, string(dt), `#1 reading compose.yaml`)
+	require.Contains(t, string(dt), `#1 reading docker-bake.hcl`)
+	require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dirDest, "foo"))
+
+	dirDest2 := t.TempDir()
+
+	out, err := bakeCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("--file", "cwd://docker-bake.hcl", "--set", "*.output=type=local,dest="+dirDest2))
+	require.NoError(t, err, out)
+
+	require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dirDest2, "foo"))
 }
 
 func testBakeRemote(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
@@ -56,6 +131,48 @@ EOT
 	require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dirDest, "foo"))
 }
 
+func testBakeRemoteLocalOverride(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	remoteBakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+	dockerfile-inline = <<EOT
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+EOT
+}
+`)
+	localBakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+	dockerfile-inline = <<EOT
+FROM scratch
+COPY bar /bar
+EOT
+}
+`)
+	dirSpec := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", remoteBakefile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("bar", []byte("bar"), 0600),
+	)
+	dirSrc := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("local-docker-bake.hcl", localBakefile, 0600),
+	)
+	dirDest := t.TempDir()
+
+	git, err := gitutil.New(gitutil.WithWorkingDir(dirSpec))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	gitutil.GitInit(git, t)
+	gitutil.GitAdd(git, t, "docker-bake.hcl", "bar")
+	gitutil.GitCommit(git, t, "initial commit")
+	addr := gitutil.GitServeHTTP(git, t)
+
+	out, err := bakeCmd(sb, withDir(dirSrc), withArgs(addr, "--file", "cwd://local-docker-bake.hcl", "--set", "*.output=type=local,dest="+dirDest))
+	require.NoError(t, err, out)
+
+	require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dirDest, "bar"))
+}
+
 func testBakeRemoteCmdContext(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 	bakefile := []byte(`
 target "default" {
@@ -263,3 +380,107 @@ EOT
 	require.NoError(t, err, out)
 	require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dirDest, "foo"))
 }
+
+func testBakeRemoteDockerfileCwd(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+	context = "."
+	dockerfile = "cwd://Dockerfile.app"
+}
+`)
+	dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY bar /bar
+	`)
+	dockerfileApp := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+
+	dirSpec := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("bar", []byte("bar"), 0600),
+	)
+	dirSrc := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile.app", dockerfileApp, 0600),
+	)
+	dirDest := t.TempDir()
+
+	git, err := gitutil.New(gitutil.WithWorkingDir(dirSpec))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	gitutil.GitInit(git, t)
+	gitutil.GitAdd(git, t, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	gitutil.GitAdd(git, t, "Dockerfile")
+	gitutil.GitAdd(git, t, "foo")
+	gitutil.GitAdd(git, t, "bar")
+	gitutil.GitCommit(git, t, "initial commit")
+	addr := gitutil.GitServeHTTP(git, t)
+
+	out, err := bakeCmd(
+		sb,
+		withDir(dirSrc),
+		withArgs(addr, "--set", "*.output=type=local,dest="+dirDest),
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err, out)
+	require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dirDest, "foo"))
+
+	err = os.Remove(filepath.Join(dirSrc, "Dockerfile.app"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	out, err = bakeCmd(
+		sb,
+		withDir(dirSrc),
+		withArgs(addr, "--set", "*.output=type=cacheonly"),
+	)
+	require.Error(t, err, out)
+}
+
+func testBakeRemoteLocalContextRemoteDockerfile(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+	context = BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT
+	dockerfile = "Dockerfile.app"
+}
+`)
+	dockerfileApp := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+
+	dirSpec := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+	)
+	dirSrc := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile.app", dockerfileApp, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+	)
+
+	git, err := gitutil.New(gitutil.WithWorkingDir(dirSpec))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	gitutil.GitInit(git, t)
+	gitutil.GitAdd(git, t, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	gitutil.GitCommit(git, t, "initial commit")
+	addr := gitutil.GitServeHTTP(git, t)
+
+	out, err := bakeCmd(
+		sb,
+		withDir(dirSrc),
+		withArgs(addr, "--set", "*.output=type=cacheonly"),
+	)
+	require.Error(t, err, out)
+	require.Contains(t, out, "reading a dockerfile for a remote build invocation is currently not supported")
+}
+
+func testBakeEmpty(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	out, err := bakeCmd(sb)
+	require.Error(t, err, out)
+	require.Contains(t, out, "couldn't find a bake definition")
+}

tests/build.go

@@ -3,19 +3,24 @@ package tests
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
+	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/containerd/continuity/fs/fstest"
+	"github.com/creack/pty"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/contentutil"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/testutil"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/testutil/integration"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -31,7 +36,18 @@ var buildTests = []func(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox){
 	testImageIDOutput,
 	testBuildLocalExport,
 	testBuildRegistryExport,
+	testBuildRegistryExportAttestations,
 	testBuildTarExport,
+	testBuildMobyFromLocalImage,
+	testBuildDetailsLink,
+	testBuildProgress,
+	testBuildAnnotations,
+	testBuildBuildArgNoKey,
+	testBuildLabelNoKey,
+	testBuildCacheExportNotSupported,
+	testBuildOCIExportNotSupported,
+	testBuildMultiPlatformNotSupported,
+	testDockerHostGateway,
 }
 
 func testBuild(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
@@ -89,6 +105,40 @@ func testBuildRegistryExport(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 	require.Equal(t, img.Layers[0]["bar"].Data, []byte("foo"))
 }
 
+func testBuildRegistryExportAttestations(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	dir := createTestProject(t)
+
+	registry, err := sb.NewRegistry()
+	if errors.Is(err, integration.ErrRequirements) {
+		t.Skip(err.Error())
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	target := registry + "/buildx/registry:latest"
+
+	out, err := buildCmd(sb, withArgs(fmt.Sprintf("--output=type=image,name=%s,push=true", target), "--provenance=true", dir))
+	if sb.Name() == "docker" {
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		require.Contains(t, out, "attestations are not supported")
+		return
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+
+	desc, provider, err := contentutil.ProviderFromRef(target)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	imgs, err := testutil.ReadImages(sb.Context(), provider, desc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	pk := platforms.Format(platforms.Normalize(platforms.DefaultSpec()))
+	img := imgs.Find(pk)
+	require.NotNil(t, img)
+	require.Len(t, img.Layers, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, img.Layers[0]["bar"].Data, []byte("foo"))
+
+	att := imgs.FindAttestation(pk)
+	require.NotNil(t, att)
+	require.Len(t, att.Layers, 1)
+}
+
 func testImageIDOutput(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 	dockerfile := []byte(`FROM busybox:latest`)
 
@@ -99,14 +149,14 @@ func testImageIDOutput(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 
 	outFlag := "--output=type=docker"
 
-	if sb.Name() == "remote" {
+	if sb.DockerAddress() == "" {
 		// there is no Docker atm to load the image
 		outFlag += ",dest=" + targetDir + "/image.tar"
 	}
 
 	cmd := buildxCmd(
 		sb,
-		withArgs("build", "-q", outFlag, "--iidfile", filepath.Join(targetDir, "iid.txt"), "--metadata-file", filepath.Join(targetDir, "md.json"), dir),
+		withArgs("build", "-q", "--provenance", "false", outFlag, "--iidfile", filepath.Join(targetDir, "iid.txt"), "--metadata-file", filepath.Join(targetDir, "md.json"), dir),
 	)
 	stdout := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
 	cmd.Stdout = stdout
@@ -139,6 +189,96 @@ func testImageIDOutput(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 	require.Equal(t, dgst, digest.Digest(md.ConfigDigest))
 }
 
+func testBuildMobyFromLocalImage(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	if !isDockerWorker(sb) {
+		t.Skip("skipping test for non-docker workers")
+	}
+
+	// pull image
+	cmd := dockerCmd(sb, withArgs("pull", "-q", "busybox:latest"))
+	stdout := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	cmd.Stdout = stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	require.NoError(t, cmd.Run())
+	require.Equal(t, "docker.io/library/busybox:latest", strings.TrimSpace(stdout.String()))
+
+	// create local tag
+	cmd = dockerCmd(sb, withArgs("tag", "busybox:latest", "buildx-test:busybox"))
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	require.NoError(t, cmd.Run())
+
+	// build image
+	dockerfile := []byte(`FROM buildx-test:busybox`)
+	dir := tmpdir(t, fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600))
+	cmd = buildxCmd(
+		sb,
+		withArgs("build", "-q", "--output=type=cacheonly", dir),
+	)
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	require.NoError(t, cmd.Run())
+
+	// create local tag matching a remote one
+	cmd = dockerCmd(sb, withArgs("tag", "busybox:latest", "busybox:1.35"))
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	require.NoError(t, cmd.Run())
+
+	// build image and check that it uses the local tag
+	// (note: the version check should match the version of busybox in pins.go)
+	dockerfile = []byte(`
+FROM busybox:1.35
+RUN busybox | head -1 | grep v1.36.1
+`)
+	dir = tmpdir(t, fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600))
+	cmd = buildxCmd(
+		sb,
+		withArgs("build", "-q", "--output=type=cacheonly", dir),
+	)
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	require.NoError(t, cmd.Run())
+}
+
+func testBuildDetailsLink(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	buildDetailsPattern := regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)^View build details: docker-desktop://dashboard/build/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+\n$`)
+
+	// build simple dockerfile
+	dockerfile := []byte(`FROM busybox:latest
+RUN echo foo > /bar`)
+	dir := tmpdir(t, fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600))
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--output=type=cacheonly", dir))
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+	require.False(t, buildDetailsPattern.MatchString(string(out)), fmt.Sprintf("build details link not expected in output, got %q", out))
+
+	// create desktop-build .lastaccess file
+	home, err := os.UserHomeDir() // TODO: sandbox should create a temp home dir and expose it through its interface
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	dbDir := path.Join(home, ".docker", "desktop-build")
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(dbDir, 0755))
+	dblaFile, err := os.Create(path.Join(dbDir, ".lastaccess"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer func() {
+		dblaFile.Close()
+		if err := os.Remove(dblaFile.Name()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// build again
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--output=type=cacheonly", dir))
+	out, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+	require.True(t, buildDetailsPattern.MatchString(string(out)), fmt.Sprintf("expected build details link in output, got %q", out))
+
+	// build erroneous dockerfile
+	dockerfile = []byte(`FROM busybox:latest
+RUN exit 1`)
+	dir = tmpdir(t, fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600))
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--output=type=cacheonly", dir))
+	out, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+	require.True(t, buildDetailsPattern.MatchString(string(out)), fmt.Sprintf("expected build details link in output, got %q", out))
+}
+
 func createTestProject(t *testing.T) string {
 	dockerfile := []byte(`
 FROM busybox:latest AS base
@@ -155,3 +295,140 @@ COPY --from=base /etc/bar /bar
 	)
 	return dir
 }
+
+func testBuildProgress(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	dir := createTestProject(t)
+	driver, _, _ := strings.Cut(sb.Name(), "+")
+	name := sb.Address()
+
+	// progress=tty
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--progress=tty", "--output=type=cacheonly", dir))
+	f, err := pty.Start(cmd)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	io.Copy(buf, f)
+	ttyOutput := buf.String()
+	require.Contains(t, ttyOutput, "[+] Building")
+	require.Contains(t, ttyOutput, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", driver, name))
+	require.Contains(t, ttyOutput, "=> [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile")
+	require.Contains(t, ttyOutput, "=> [base 1/3] FROM docker.io/library/busybox:latest")
+
+	// progress=plain
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--progress=plain", "--output=type=cacheonly", dir))
+	plainOutput, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, string(plainOutput), fmt.Sprintf(`#0 building with "%s" instance using %s driver`, name, driver))
+	require.Contains(t, string(plainOutput), "[internal] load build definition from Dockerfile")
+	require.Contains(t, string(plainOutput), "[base 1/3] FROM docker.io/library/busybox:latest")
+}
+
+func testBuildAnnotations(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	if sb.Name() == "docker" {
+		t.Skip("annotations not supported on docker worker")
+	}
+
+	dir := createTestProject(t)
+
+	registry, err := sb.NewRegistry()
+	if errors.Is(err, integration.ErrRequirements) {
+		t.Skip(err.Error())
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	target := registry + "/buildx/registry:latest"
+
+	annotations := []string{
+		"--annotation", "example1=www",
+		"--annotation", "index:example2=xxx",
+		"--annotation", "manifest:example3=yyy",
+		"--annotation", "manifest-descriptor[" + platforms.DefaultString() + "]:example4=zzz",
+	}
+	out, err := buildCmd(sb, withArgs(annotations...), withArgs(fmt.Sprintf("--output=type=image,name=%s,push=true", target), dir))
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+
+	desc, provider, err := contentutil.ProviderFromRef(target)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	imgs, err := testutil.ReadImages(sb.Context(), provider, desc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	pk := platforms.Format(platforms.Normalize(platforms.DefaultSpec()))
+	img := imgs.Find(pk)
+	require.NotNil(t, img)
+
+	require.NotNil(t, imgs.Index)
+	assert.Equal(t, "xxx", imgs.Index.Annotations["example2"])
+
+	require.NotNil(t, img.Manifest)
+	assert.Equal(t, "www", img.Manifest.Annotations["example1"])
+	assert.Equal(t, "yyy", img.Manifest.Annotations["example3"])
+
+	require.NotNil(t, img.Desc)
+	assert.Equal(t, "zzz", img.Desc.Annotations["example4"])
+}
+
+func testBuildBuildArgNoKey(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	dir := createTestProject(t)
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--build-arg", "=TEST_STRING", dir))
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+	require.Equal(t, strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), `ERROR: invalid key-value pair "=TEST_STRING": empty key`)
+}
+
+func testBuildLabelNoKey(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	dir := createTestProject(t)
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--label", "=TEST_STRING", dir))
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+	require.Equal(t, strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), `ERROR: invalid key-value pair "=TEST_STRING": empty key`)
+}
+
+func testBuildCacheExportNotSupported(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	if sb.Name() != "docker" {
+		t.Skip("skipping test for non-docker workers")
+	}
+
+	dir := createTestProject(t)
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--cache-to=type=registry", dir))
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+	require.Contains(t, string(out), "Cache export is not supported")
+}
+
+func testBuildOCIExportNotSupported(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	if sb.Name() != "docker" {
+		t.Skip("skipping test for non-docker workers")
+	}
+
+	dir := createTestProject(t)
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", fmt.Sprintf("--output=type=oci,dest=%s/result", dir), dir))
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+	require.Contains(t, string(out), "OCI exporter is not supported")
+}
+
+func testBuildMultiPlatformNotSupported(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	if sb.Name() != "docker" {
+		t.Skip("skipping test for non-docker workers")
+	}
+
+	dir := createTestProject(t)
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64", dir))
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+	require.Contains(t, string(out), "Multi-platform build is not supported")
+}
+
+func testDockerHostGateway(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM busybox
+RUN ping -c 1 buildx.host-gateway-ip.local
+`)
+	dir := tmpdir(t, fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600))
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("build", "--add-host=buildx.host-gateway-ip.local:host-gateway", "--output=type=cacheonly", dir))
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if !isDockerWorker(sb) {
+		require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+		require.Contains(t, string(out), "host-gateway is not supported")
+	} else {
+		require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+	}
+}

tests/imagetools.go

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os/exec"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/containerd/continuity/fs/fstest"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/testutil/integration"
+	ocispecs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+var imagetoolsTests = []func(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox){
+	testImagetoolsCopyManifest,
+	testImagetoolsCopyIndex,
+	testImagetoolsInspectAndFilter,
+	testImagetoolsAnnotation,
+}
+
+func testImagetoolsCopyManifest(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	if sb.Name() != "docker-container" {
+		t.Skip("imagetools tests are not driver specific and only run on docker-container")
+	}
+
+	dir := createDockerfile(t)
+	registry, err := sb.NewRegistry()
+	if errors.Is(err, integration.ErrRequirements) {
+		t.Skip(err.Error())
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	target := registry + "/buildx/imtools-manifest:latest"
+
+	out, err := buildCmd(sb, withArgs("-t", target, "--push", "--platform=linux/amd64", "--provenance=false", dir))
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "inspect", target, "--raw"))
+	dt, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	var mfst ocispecs.Manifest
+	err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &mfst)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2Manifest, mfst.MediaType)
+
+	registry2, err := sb.NewRegistry()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	target2 := registry2 + "/buildx/imtools2-manifest:latest"
+
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "create", "-t", target2, target))
+	dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "inspect", target2, "--raw"))
+	dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	var idx2 ocispecs.Index
+	err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &idx2)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2ManifestList, idx2.MediaType)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(idx2.Manifests))
+
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "inspect", target2+"@"+string(idx2.Manifests[0].Digest), "--raw"))
+	dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	var mfst2 ocispecs.Manifest
+	err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &mfst2)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2Manifest, mfst2.MediaType)
+
+	require.Equal(t, mfst.Config.Digest, mfst2.Config.Digest)
+	require.Equal(t, len(mfst.Layers), len(mfst2.Layers))
+	for i := range mfst.Layers {
+		require.Equal(t, mfst.Layers[i].Digest, mfst2.Layers[i].Digest)
+	}
+}
+
+func testImagetoolsCopyIndex(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	if sb.Name() != "docker-container" {
+		t.Skip("imagetools tests are not driver specific and only run on docker-container")
+	}
+
+	dir := createDockerfile(t)
+	registry, err := sb.NewRegistry()
+	if errors.Is(err, integration.ErrRequirements) {
+		t.Skip(err.Error())
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	target := registry + "/buildx/imtools:latest"
+
+	out, err := buildCmd(sb, withArgs("-t", target, "--push", "--platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64", "--provenance=false", dir))
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "inspect", target, "--raw"))
+	dt, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	var idx ocispecs.Index
+	err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &idx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2ManifestList, idx.MediaType)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(idx.Manifests))
+
+	registry2, err := sb.NewRegistry()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	target2 := registry2 + "/buildx/imtools2:latest"
+
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "create", "-t", target2, target))
+	dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "inspect", target2, "--raw"))
+	dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	var idx2 ocispecs.Index
+	err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &idx2)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2ManifestList, idx2.MediaType)
+
+	require.Equal(t, len(idx.Manifests), len(idx2.Manifests))
+	for i := range idx.Manifests {
+		require.Equal(t, idx.Manifests[i].Digest, idx2.Manifests[i].Digest)
+	}
+}
+
+func testImagetoolsInspectAndFilter(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	if sb.Name() != "docker-container" {
+		t.Skip("imagetools tests are not driver specific and only run on docker-container")
+	}
+
+	dir := createDockerfile(t)
+	registry, err := sb.NewRegistry()
+	if errors.Is(err, integration.ErrRequirements) {
+		t.Skip(err.Error())
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	target := registry + "/buildx/imtools:latest"
+
+	out, err := buildCmd(sb, withArgs("-t", target, "--push", "--platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64", "--provenance=false", dir))
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "inspect", target, "--raw"))
+	dt, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	var idx ocispecs.Index
+	err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &idx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(idx.Manifests))
+
+	mfst := idx.Manifests[0]
+	require.Equal(t, "linux/amd64", platforms.Format(*mfst.Platform))
+
+	mfst = idx.Manifests[1]
+	require.Equal(t, "linux/arm64", platforms.Format(*mfst.Platform))
+
+	// create amd64 only image
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "create", "-t", target+"-arm64", target+"@"+string(idx.Manifests[1].Digest)))
+	dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "inspect", target+"-arm64", "--raw"))
+	dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	var idx2 ocispecs.Index
+	err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &idx2)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(idx2.Manifests))
+
+	require.Equal(t, idx.Manifests[1].Digest, idx2.Manifests[0].Digest)
+	require.Equal(t, platforms.Format(*idx.Manifests[1].Platform), platforms.Format(*idx2.Manifests[0].Platform))
+}
+
+func testImagetoolsAnnotation(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	if sb.Name() != "docker-container" {
+		t.Skip("imagetools tests are not driver specific and only run on docker-container")
+	}
+
+	dir := createDockerfile(t)
+	registry, err := sb.NewRegistry()
+	if errors.Is(err, integration.ErrRequirements) {
+		t.Skip(err.Error())
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	target := registry + "/buildx/imtools:latest"
+
+	out, err := buildCmd(sb, withArgs("--output", "type=registry,oci-mediatypes=true,name="+target, "--platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64", "--provenance=false", dir))
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "inspect", target, "--raw"))
+	dt, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+	var idx ocispecs.Index
+	err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &idx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, idx.Annotations)
+
+	imagetoolsCmd := func(source []string) *exec.Cmd {
+		args := []string{"imagetools", "create", "-t", target, "--annotation", "index:foo=bar", "--annotation", "index:bar=baz",
+			"--annotation", "manifest-descriptor:foo=bar", "--annotation", "manifest-descriptor[linux/amd64]:bar=baz"}
+		args = append(args, source...)
+		return buildxCmd(sb, withArgs(args...))
+	}
+	sources := [][]string{
+		{
+			target,
+		},
+		{
+			target + "@" + string(idx.Manifests[0].Digest),
+			target + "@" + string(idx.Manifests[1].Digest),
+		},
+	}
+	for _, source := range sources {
+		cmd = imagetoolsCmd(source)
+		dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+		require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+		newTarget := registry + "/buildx/imtools:annotations"
+		cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "create", "-t", newTarget, target))
+		dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+		require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+		cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withArgs("imagetools", "inspect", newTarget, "--raw"))
+		dt, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+		require.NoError(t, err, string(dt))
+
+		err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &idx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Len(t, idx.Annotations, 2)
+		require.Equal(t, "bar", idx.Annotations["foo"])
+		require.Equal(t, "baz", idx.Annotations["bar"])
+		require.Len(t, idx.Manifests, 2)
+		for _, mfst := range idx.Manifests {
+			require.Equal(t, "bar", mfst.Annotations["foo"])
+			if platforms.Format(*mfst.Platform) == "linux/amd64" {
+				require.Equal(t, "baz", mfst.Annotations["bar"])
+			} else {
+				require.Empty(t, mfst.Annotations["bar"])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func createDockerfile(t *testing.T) string {
+	dockerfile := []byte(`
+	FROM scratch
+	ARG TARGETARCH
+	COPY foo-${TARGETARCH} /foo
+	`)
+	dir := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("foo-amd64", []byte("foo-amd64"), 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("foo-arm64", []byte("foo-arm64"), 0600),
+	)
+	return dir
+}

tests/inspect.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ func testInspect(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 
 	var name string
 	var driver string
+	var hostGatewayIP string
 	for _, line := range strings.Split(out, "\n") {
 		if v, ok := strings.CutPrefix(line, "Name:"); ok && name == "" {
 			name = strings.TrimSpace(v)
@@ -32,7 +33,17 @@ func testInspect(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 		if v, ok := strings.CutPrefix(line, "Driver:"); ok && driver == "" {
 			driver = strings.TrimSpace(v)
 		}
+		if v, ok := strings.CutPrefix(line, " org.mobyproject.buildkit.worker.moby.host-gateway-ip:"); ok {
+			hostGatewayIP = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+		}
 	}
+
 	require.Equal(t, sb.Address(), name)
-	require.Equal(t, sb.Name(), driver)
+	sbDriver, _, _ := strings.Cut(sb.Name(), "+")
+	require.Equal(t, sbDriver, driver)
+	if isDockerWorker(sb) {
+		require.NotEmpty(t, hostGatewayIP, "host-gateway-ip worker label should be set with docker driver")
+	} else {
+		require.Empty(t, hostGatewayIP, "host-gateway-ip worker label should not be set with non-docker driver")
+	}
 }

tests/integration.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package tests
 import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/containerd/continuity/fs/fstest"
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ func buildxCmd(sb integration.Sandbox, opts ...cmdOpt) *exec.Cmd {
 
 	if builder := sb.Address(); builder != "" {
 		cmd.Args = append(cmd.Args, "--builder="+builder)
+		cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, "BUILDX_CONFIG=/tmp/buildx-"+builder)
 	}
 	if context := sb.DockerAddress(); context != "" {
 		cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, "DOCKER_CONTEXT="+context)
@@ -54,3 +56,20 @@ func buildxCmd(sb integration.Sandbox, opts ...cmdOpt) *exec.Cmd {
 
 	return cmd
 }
+
+func dockerCmd(sb integration.Sandbox, opts ...cmdOpt) *exec.Cmd {
+	cmd := exec.Command("docker")
+	cmd.Env = append([]string{}, os.Environ()...)
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(cmd)
+	}
+	if context := sb.DockerAddress(); context != "" {
+		cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, "DOCKER_CONTEXT="+context)
+	}
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func isDockerWorker(sb integration.Sandbox) bool {
+	sbDriver, _, _ := strings.Cut(sb.Name(), "+")
+	return sbDriver == "docker"
+}

tests/integration_test.go

@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/tests/workers"
-	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/testutil/integration"
+	bkworkers "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/testutil/workers"
 )
 
 func init() {
-	if integration.IsTestDockerd() {
+	if bkworkers.IsTestDockerd() {
 		workers.InitDockerWorker()
 		workers.InitDockerContainerWorker()
 	} else {
@@ -24,13 +25,15 @@ func TestIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 	tests = append(tests, bakeTests...)
 	tests = append(tests, inspectTests...)
 	tests = append(tests, lsTests...)
+	tests = append(tests, imagetoolsTests...)
+	tests = append(tests, versionTests...)
 	testIntegration(t, tests...)
 }
 
 func testIntegration(t *testing.T, funcs ...func(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox)) {
 	mirroredImages := integration.OfficialImages("busybox:latest", "alpine:latest")
 	buildkitImage := "docker.io/moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1"
-	if integration.IsTestDockerd() {
+	if bkworkers.IsTestDockerd() {
 		if img, ok := os.LookupEnv("TEST_BUILDKIT_IMAGE"); ok {
 			ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(img)
 			if err == nil {