Merge pull request #3037 from crazy-max/0.21_picks_0.21.2

[v0.21] cherry-picks for v0.21.2
buildflags: skip empty cache entries when parsing
2025-08-14 15:55:54 +08:00 · 2025-03-03 17:10:32 +01:00 · 2025-03-03 16:30:03 +01:00 · 2025-03-03 16:29:20 +01:00 · 2025-03-03 16:29:20 +01:00 · 2025-02-21 13:22:55 +01:00
2415 changed files with 146582 additions and 58272 deletions
--- a/.github/labeler.yml
+++ b/.github/labeler.yml
@@ -96,6 +96,11 @@ area/hack:
  - changed-files:
    - any-glob-to-any-file: 'hack/**'

+# Add 'area/history' label to changes in history command
+area/history:
+  - changed-files:
+    - any-glob-to-any-file: 'commands/history/**'
+
 # Add 'area/tests' label to changes in test files
 area/tests:
  - changed-files:
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ on:
      - 'docs/**'

 env:
-  BUILDX_VERSION: "latest"
-  BUILDKIT_IMAGE: "moby/buildkit:latest"
+  SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION: "edge"
+  SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE: "moby/buildkit:latest"
  SCOUT_VERSION: "1.11.0"
  REPO_SLUG: "docker/buildx-bin"
  DESTDIR: "./bin"
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ jobs:
          - master
          - latest
          - buildx-stable-1
-          - v0.17.0
-          - v0.16.0
-          - v0.15.2
+          - v0.19.0
+          - v0.18.2
+          - v0.17.2
        worker:
          - docker-container
          - remote
@@ -121,13 +121,14 @@ jobs:
        name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
        with:
-          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          version: ${{ env.SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
          buildkitd-flags: --debug
      -
        name: Build test image
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v5
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
        with:
+          source: .
          targets: integration-test
          set: |
            *.output=type=docker,name=${{ env.TEST_IMAGE_ID }}
@@ -173,6 +174,11 @@ jobs:
    env:
      SKIP_INTEGRATION_TESTS: 1
    steps:
+      -
+        name: Setup Git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global core.autocrlf false
+          git config --global core.eol lf
      -
        name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -234,6 +240,65 @@ jobs:
          name: test-reports-${{ env.TESTREPORTS_NAME }}
          path: ${{ env.TESTREPORTS_BASEDIR }}

+  test-bsd-unit:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    continue-on-error: true
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os:
+          - freebsd
+          - openbsd
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Prepare
+        run: |
+          echo "VAGRANT_FILE=hack/Vagrantfile.${{ matrix.os }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      -
+        name: Cache Vagrant boxes
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ~/.vagrant.d/boxes
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vagrant-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles(env.VAGRANT_FILE) }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vagrant-${{ matrix.os }}-
+      -
+        name: Install vagrant
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          wget -O - https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg
+          echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hashicorp.list
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y libvirt-dev libvirt-daemon libvirt-daemon-system vagrant vagrant-libvirt ruby-libvirt
+          sudo systemctl enable --now libvirtd
+          sudo chmod a+rw /var/run/libvirt/libvirt-sock
+          vagrant plugin install vagrant-libvirt
+          vagrant --version
+      -
+        name: Set up vagrant
+        run: |
+          ln -sf ${{ env.VAGRANT_FILE }} Vagrantfile
+          vagrant up --no-tty
+      -
+        name: Test
+        run: |
+          vagrant ssh -- "cd /vagrant; SKIP_INTEGRATION_TESTS=1 go test -mod=vendor -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic ${{ env.TESTFLAGS }} ./..."
+          vagrant ssh -c "sudo cat /vagrant/coverage.txt" > coverage.txt
+      -
+        name: Upload coverage
+        if: always()
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          files: ./coverage.txt
+          env_vars: RUNNER_OS
+          flags: unit,${{ matrix.os }}
+          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+        env:
+          RUNNER_OS: ${{ matrix.os }}
+
  govulncheck:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    permissions:
@@ -242,19 +307,16 @@ jobs:
      # required to write sarif report
      security-events: write
    steps:
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      -
        name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
        with:
-          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          version: ${{ env.SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
          buildkitd-flags: --debug
      -
        name: Run
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v5
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
        with:
          targets: govulncheck
        env:
@@ -308,8 +370,8 @@ jobs:
        name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
        with:
-          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          version: ${{ env.SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
          buildkitd-flags: --debug
      -
        name: Build
@@ -334,9 +396,6 @@ jobs:
      - test-unit
    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' && github.repository == 'docker/buildx' }}
    steps:
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      -
        name: Set up QEMU
        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
@@ -344,8 +403,8 @@ jobs:
        name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
        with:
-          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          version: ${{ env.SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
          buildkitd-flags: --debug
      -
        name: Docker meta
@@ -368,11 +427,11 @@ jobs:
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERPUBLICBOT_WRITE_PAT }}
      -
        name: Build and push image
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v5
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
        with:
          files: |
            ./docker-bake.hcl
-            ${{ steps.meta.outputs.bake-file }}
+            cwd://${{ steps.meta.outputs.bake-file }}
          targets: image-cross
          push: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
          sbom: true
@@ -391,9 +450,6 @@ jobs:
    needs:
      - bin-image
    steps:
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      -
        name: Login to DockerHub
        uses: docker/login-action@v3
@@ -448,7 +504,7 @@ jobs:
      -
        name: GitHub Release
        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@01570a1f39cb168c169c802c3bceb9e93fb10974  # v2.1.0
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@c95fe1489396fe8a9eb87c0abf8aa5b2ef267fda  # v2.2.1
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        with:
--- a/.github/workflows/docs-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs-release.yml
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ on:
    types:
      - released

+env:
+  SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION: "edge"
+  SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE: "moby/buildkit:latest"
+
 jobs:
  open-pr:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
@@ -46,9 +50,13 @@ jobs:
      -
        name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+        with:
+          version: ${{ env.SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
      -
        name: Generate yaml
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v5
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
        with:
          source: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}.git#${{ env.RELEASE_NAME }}
          targets: update-docs
@@ -69,7 +77,7 @@ jobs:
          VENDOR_MODULE: github.com/docker/buildx@${{ env.RELEASE_NAME }}
      -
        name: Create PR on docs repo
-        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@5e914681df9dc83aa4e4905692ca88beb2f9e91f  # v7.0.5
+        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@67ccf781d68cd99b580ae25a5c18a1cc84ffff1f  # v7.0.6
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.GHPAT_DOCS_DISPATCH }}
          push-to-fork: docker-tools-robot/docker.github.io
--- a/.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml
@@ -29,21 +29,24 @@ on:
      - '.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml'
      - 'docs/**'

+env:
+  SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION: "edge"
+  SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE: "moby/buildkit:latest"
+
 jobs:
  docs-yaml:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      -
        name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
        with:
-          version: latest
+          version: ${{ env.SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
      -
        name: Build reference YAML docs
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v5
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
        with:
          targets: update-docs
          provenance: false
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
          retention-days: 1

  validate:
-    uses: docker/docs/.github/workflows/validate-upstream.yml@6b73b05acb21edf7995cc5b3c6672d8e314cee7a  # pin for artifact v4 support: https://github.com/docker/docs/pull/19220
+    uses: docker/docs/.github/workflows/validate-upstream.yml@main
    needs:
      - docs-yaml
    with:
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e.yml
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ on:
      - 'docs/**'

 env:
+  SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION: "edge"
+  SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE: "moby/buildkit:latest"
  DESTDIR: "./bin"
  K3S_VERSION: "v1.21.2-k3s1"

@@ -33,16 +35,16 @@ jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      -
        name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
        with:
-          version: latest
+          version: ${{ env.SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
      -
        name: Build
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v5
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
        with:
          targets: binaries
          set: |
@@ -175,3 +177,78 @@ jobs:
          DRIVER_OPT: ${{ matrix.driver-opt }}
          ENDPOINT: ${{ matrix.endpoint }}
          PLATFORMS: ${{ matrix.platforms }}
+
+  bake:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    needs:
+      - build
+    env:
+      DOCKER_BUILD_CHECKS_ANNOTATIONS: false
+      DOCKER_BUILD_SUMMARY: false
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          -
+            # https://github.com/docker/bake-action/blob/v5.11.0/.github/workflows/ci.yml#L227-L237
+            source: "https://github.com/docker/bake-action.git#v5.11.0:test/go"
+            overrides: |
+              *.output=/tmp/bake-build
+          -
+            # https://github.com/tonistiigi/xx/blob/2fc85604e7280bfb3f626569bd4c5413c43eb4af/.github/workflows/ld.yml#L90-L98
+            source: "https://github.com/tonistiigi/xx.git#2fc85604e7280bfb3f626569bd4c5413c43eb4af"
+            targets: |
+              ld64-static-tgz
+            overrides: |
+              ld64-static-tgz.output=type=local,dest=./dist
+              ld64-static-tgz.platform=linux/amd64
+              ld64-static-tgz.cache-from=type=gha,scope=xx-ld64-static-tgz
+              ld64-static-tgz.cache-to=type=gha,scope=xx-ld64-static-tgz
+          -
+            # https://github.com/moby/buildkit-bench/blob/54c194011c4fc99a94aa75d4b3d4f3ffd4c4ce27/docker-bake.hcl#L154-L160
+            source: "https://github.com/moby/buildkit-bench.git#54c194011c4fc99a94aa75d4b3d4f3ffd4c4ce27"
+            targets: |
+              tests-buildkit
+            envs: |
+              BUILDKIT_REFS=v0.18.2
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      -
+        name: Expose GitHub Runtime
+        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-runtime@v3
+      -
+        name: Environment variables
+        if: matrix.envs != ''
+        run: |
+          for l in "${{ matrix.envs }}"; do
+            echo "${l?}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          done
+      -
+        name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+      -
+        name: Install buildx
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: binary
+          path: /home/runner/.docker/cli-plugins
+      -
+        name: Fix perms and check
+        run: |
+          chmod +x /home/runner/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
+          docker buildx version
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+        with:
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
+      -
+        name: Build
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
+        with:
+          source: ${{ matrix.source }}
+          targets: ${{ matrix.targets }}
+          set: ${{ matrix.overrides }}
--- a/.github/workflows/validate.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/validate.yml
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ on:
    paths-ignore:
      - '.github/releases.json'

+env:
+  SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION: "edge"
+  SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE: "moby/buildkit:latest"
+
 jobs:
  prepare:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
@@ -90,17 +94,16 @@ jobs:
          if [ "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" = "docker/buildx" ]; then
            echo "GOLANGCI_LINT_MULTIPLATFORM=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          fi
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      -
        name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
        with:
-          version: latest
+          version: ${{ env.SETUP_BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.SETUP_BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
      -
        name: Validate
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v5
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
        with:
          targets: ${{ matrix.target }}
          set: |
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ linters-settings:
      # buildkit errdefs package (or vice-versa).
      - pkg: "github.com/containerd/errdefs"
        alias: "cerrdefs"
+      # Use a consistent alias to prevent confusion with "github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+      - pkg: "github.com/docker/docker/client"
+        alias: "dockerclient"
      - pkg: "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
        alias: "ocispecs"
      - pkg: "github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
--- a/15
+++ b/15
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

 ARG GO_VERSION=1.23
-ARG XX_VERSION=1.5.0
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.21
+ARG XX_VERSION=1.6.1

 # for testing
-ARG DOCKER_VERSION=27.4.0-rc.2
+ARG DOCKER_VERSION=28.0.0-rc.1
 ARG DOCKER_VERSION_ALT_26=26.1.3
 ARG DOCKER_CLI_VERSION=${DOCKER_VERSION}
 ARG GOTESTSUM_VERSION=v1.12.0
 ARG REGISTRY_VERSION=2.8.3
-ARG BUILDKIT_VERSION=v0.17.1
-ARG UNDOCK_VERSION=0.8.0
+ARG BUILDKIT_VERSION=v0.19.0
+ARG UNDOCK_VERSION=0.9.0

 FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx:${XX_VERSION} AS xx
-FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS golatest
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine${ALPINE_VERSION} AS golatest
 FROM moby/moby-bin:$DOCKER_VERSION AS docker-engine
 FROM dockereng/cli-bin:$DOCKER_CLI_VERSION AS docker-cli
 FROM moby/moby-bin:$DOCKER_VERSION_ALT_26 AS docker-engine-alt
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ FROM integration-test-base AS integration-test
 COPY . .

 # Release
-FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM alpine AS releaser
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM alpine:${ALPINE_VERSION} AS releaser
 WORKDIR /work
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 RUN --mount=from=binaries \
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ COPY --from=releaser /out/ /

 # Shell
 FROM docker:$DOCKER_VERSION AS dockerd-release
-FROM alpine AS shell
+FROM alpine:${ALPINE_VERSION} AS shell
 RUN apk add --no-cache iptables tmux git vim less openssh
 RUN mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins && ln -s /usr/local/bin/buildx /usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
 COPY ./hack/demo-env/entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin
--- a/bake/bake.go
+++ b/bake/bake.go
@@ -27,9 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session/auth/authprovider"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/entitlements"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/convert"
 )
@@ -54,8 +52,8 @@ func defaultFilenames() []string {
 	names = append(names, composecli.DefaultFileNames...)
 	names = append(names, []string{
 		"docker-bake.json",
-		"docker-bake.override.json",
 		"docker-bake.hcl",
+		"docker-bake.override.json",
 		"docker-bake.override.hcl",
 	}...)
 	return names
@@ -194,7 +192,7 @@ func ListTargets(files []File) ([]string, error) {
 	return dedupSlice(targets), nil
 }

-func ReadTargets(ctx context.Context, files []File, targets, overrides []string, defaults map[string]string) (map[string]*Target, map[string]*Group, error) {
+func ReadTargets(ctx context.Context, files []File, targets, overrides []string, defaults map[string]string, ent *EntitlementConf) (map[string]*Target, map[string]*Group, error) {
 	c, _, err := ParseFiles(files, defaults)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
@@ -208,23 +206,24 @@ func ReadTargets(ctx context.Context, files []File, targets, overrides []string,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	m := map[string]*Target{}
-	n := map[string]*Group{}
+
+	targetsMap := map[string]*Target{}
+	groupsMap := map[string]*Group{}
 	for _, target := range targets {
 		ts, gs := c.ResolveGroup(target)
 		for _, tname := range ts {
-			t, err := c.ResolveTarget(tname, o)
+			t, err := c.ResolveTarget(tname, o, ent)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, nil, err
 			}
 			if t != nil {
-				m[tname] = t
+				targetsMap[tname] = t
 			}
 		}
 		for _, gname := range gs {
 			for _, group := range c.Groups {
 				if group.Name == gname {
-					n[gname] = group
+					groupsMap[gname] = group
 					break
 				}
 			}
@@ -232,25 +231,26 @@ func ReadTargets(ctx context.Context, files []File, targets, overrides []string,
 	}

 	for _, target := range targets {
-		if target == "default" {
+		if _, ok := groupsMap["default"]; ok && target == "default" {
 			continue
 		}
-		if _, ok := n["default"]; !ok {
-			n["default"] = &Group{Name: "default"}
+		if _, ok := groupsMap["default"]; !ok {
+			groupsMap["default"] = &Group{Name: "default"}
 		}
-		n["default"].Targets = append(n["default"].Targets, target)
+		groupsMap["default"].Targets = append(groupsMap["default"].Targets, target)
 	}
-	if g, ok := n["default"]; ok {
+	if g, ok := groupsMap["default"]; ok {
 		g.Targets = dedupSlice(g.Targets)
+		sort.Strings(g.Targets)
 	}

-	for name, t := range m {
-		if err := c.loadLinks(name, t, m, o, nil); err != nil {
+	for name, t := range targetsMap {
+		if err := c.loadLinks(name, t, targetsMap, o, nil, ent); err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, err
 		}
 	}

-	return m, n, nil
+	return targetsMap, groupsMap, nil
 }

 func dedupSlice(s []string) []string {
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ func (c Config) expandTargets(pattern string) ([]string, error) {
 	return names, nil
 }

-func (c Config) loadLinks(name string, t *Target, m map[string]*Target, o map[string]map[string]Override, visited []string) error {
+func (c Config) loadLinks(name string, t *Target, m map[string]*Target, o map[string]map[string]Override, visited []string, ent *EntitlementConf) error {
 	visited = append(visited, name)
 	for _, v := range t.Contexts {
 		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "target:") {
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ func (c Config) loadLinks(name string, t *Target, m map[string]*Target, o map[st
 			t2, ok := m[target]
 			if !ok {
 				var err error
-				t2, err = c.ResolveTarget(target, o)
+				t2, err = c.ResolveTarget(target, o, ent)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ func (c Config) loadLinks(name string, t *Target, m map[string]*Target, o map[st
 				t2.linked = true
 				m[target] = t2
 			}
-			if err := c.loadLinks(target, t2, m, o, visited); err != nil {
+			if err := c.loadLinks(target, t2, m, o, visited, ent); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}

@@ -515,8 +515,8 @@ func (c Config) loadLinks(name string, t *Target, m map[string]*Target, o map[st
 			}

 			if len(t.Platforms) > 1 && len(t2.Platforms) > 1 {
-				if !sliceEqual(t.Platforms, t2.Platforms) {
-					return errors.Errorf("target %s can't be used by %s because it is defined for different platforms %v and %v", target, name, t2.Platforms, t.Platforms)
+				if !isSubset(t.Platforms, t2.Platforms) {
+					return errors.Errorf("target %s can't be used by %s because its platforms %v are not a subset of %v", target, name, t.Platforms, t2.Platforms)
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -554,6 +554,8 @@ func (c Config) newOverrides(v []string) (map[string]map[string]Override, error)

 			o := t[kk[1]]

+			// IMPORTANT: if you add more fields here, do not forget to update
+			// docs/bake-reference.md and https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/overrides/
 			switch keys[1] {
 			case "output", "cache-to", "cache-from", "tags", "platform", "secrets", "ssh", "attest", "entitlements", "network":
 				if len(parts) == 2 {
@@ -630,8 +632,8 @@ func (c Config) group(name string, visited map[string]visit) ([]string, []string
 	return targets, groups
 }

-func (c Config) ResolveTarget(name string, overrides map[string]map[string]Override) (*Target, error) {
-	t, err := c.target(name, map[string]*Target{}, overrides)
+func (c Config) ResolveTarget(name string, overrides map[string]map[string]Override, ent *EntitlementConf) (*Target, error) {
+	t, err := c.target(name, map[string]*Target{}, overrides, ent)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -647,7 +649,7 @@ func (c Config) ResolveTarget(name string, overrides map[string]map[string]Overr
 	return t, nil
 }

-func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]*Target, overrides map[string]map[string]Override) (*Target, error) {
+func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]*Target, overrides map[string]map[string]Override, ent *EntitlementConf) (*Target, error) {
 	if t, ok := visited[name]; ok {
 		return t, nil
 	}
@@ -664,7 +666,7 @@ func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]*Target, overrides map[st
 	}
 	tt := &Target{}
 	for _, name := range t.Inherits {
-		t, err := c.target(name, visited, overrides)
+		t, err := c.target(name, visited, overrides, ent)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -676,7 +678,7 @@ func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]*Target, overrides map[st
 	m.Merge(tt)
 	m.Merge(t)
 	tt = m
-	if err := tt.AddOverrides(overrides[name]); err != nil {
+	if err := tt.AddOverrides(overrides[name], ent); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	tt.normalize()
@@ -698,30 +700,30 @@ type Target struct {
 	// Inherits is the only field that cannot be overridden with --set
 	Inherits []string `json:"inherits,omitempty" hcl:"inherits,optional" cty:"inherits"`

-	Annotations      []string                        `json:"annotations,omitempty" hcl:"annotations,optional" cty:"annotations"`
-	Attest           []string                        `json:"attest,omitempty" hcl:"attest,optional" cty:"attest"`
-	Context          *string                         `json:"context,omitempty" hcl:"context,optional" cty:"context"`
-	Contexts         map[string]string               `json:"contexts,omitempty" hcl:"contexts,optional" cty:"contexts"`
-	Dockerfile       *string                         `json:"dockerfile,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile,optional" cty:"dockerfile"`
-	DockerfileInline *string                         `json:"dockerfile-inline,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile-inline,optional" cty:"dockerfile-inline"`
-	Args             map[string]*string              `json:"args,omitempty" hcl:"args,optional" cty:"args"`
-	Labels           map[string]*string              `json:"labels,omitempty" hcl:"labels,optional" cty:"labels"`
-	Tags             []string                        `json:"tags,omitempty" hcl:"tags,optional" cty:"tags"`
-	CacheFrom        []*buildflags.CacheOptionsEntry `json:"cache-from,omitempty"  hcl:"cache-from,optional" cty:"cache-from"`
-	CacheTo          []*buildflags.CacheOptionsEntry `json:"cache-to,omitempty"  hcl:"cache-to,optional" cty:"cache-to"`
-	Target           *string                         `json:"target,omitempty" hcl:"target,optional" cty:"target"`
-	Secrets          []*buildflags.Secret            `json:"secret,omitempty" hcl:"secret,optional" cty:"secret"`
-	SSH              []*buildflags.SSH               `json:"ssh,omitempty" hcl:"ssh,optional" cty:"ssh"`
-	Platforms        []string                        `json:"platforms,omitempty" hcl:"platforms,optional" cty:"platforms"`
-	Outputs          []*buildflags.ExportEntry       `json:"output,omitempty" hcl:"output,optional" cty:"output"`
-	Pull             *bool                           `json:"pull,omitempty" hcl:"pull,optional" cty:"pull"`
-	NoCache          *bool                           `json:"no-cache,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache,optional" cty:"no-cache"`
-	NetworkMode      *string                         `json:"network,omitempty" hcl:"network,optional" cty:"network"`
-	NoCacheFilter    []string                        `json:"no-cache-filter,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache-filter,optional" cty:"no-cache-filter"`
-	ShmSize          *string                         `json:"shm-size,omitempty" hcl:"shm-size,optional"`
-	Ulimits          []string                        `json:"ulimits,omitempty" hcl:"ulimits,optional"`
-	Call             *string                         `json:"call,omitempty" hcl:"call,optional" cty:"call"`
-	Entitlements     []string                        `json:"entitlements,omitempty" hcl:"entitlements,optional" cty:"entitlements"`
+	Annotations      []string                `json:"annotations,omitempty" hcl:"annotations,optional" cty:"annotations"`
+	Attest           buildflags.Attests      `json:"attest,omitempty" hcl:"attest,optional" cty:"attest"`
+	Context          *string                 `json:"context,omitempty" hcl:"context,optional" cty:"context"`
+	Contexts         map[string]string       `json:"contexts,omitempty" hcl:"contexts,optional" cty:"contexts"`
+	Dockerfile       *string                 `json:"dockerfile,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile,optional" cty:"dockerfile"`
+	DockerfileInline *string                 `json:"dockerfile-inline,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile-inline,optional" cty:"dockerfile-inline"`
+	Args             map[string]*string      `json:"args,omitempty" hcl:"args,optional" cty:"args"`
+	Labels           map[string]*string      `json:"labels,omitempty" hcl:"labels,optional" cty:"labels"`
+	Tags             []string                `json:"tags,omitempty" hcl:"tags,optional" cty:"tags"`
+	CacheFrom        buildflags.CacheOptions `json:"cache-from,omitempty" hcl:"cache-from,optional" cty:"cache-from"`
+	CacheTo          buildflags.CacheOptions `json:"cache-to,omitempty" hcl:"cache-to,optional" cty:"cache-to"`
+	Target           *string                 `json:"target,omitempty" hcl:"target,optional" cty:"target"`
+	Secrets          buildflags.Secrets      `json:"secret,omitempty" hcl:"secret,optional" cty:"secret"`
+	SSH              buildflags.SSHKeys      `json:"ssh,omitempty" hcl:"ssh,optional" cty:"ssh"`
+	Platforms        []string                `json:"platforms,omitempty" hcl:"platforms,optional" cty:"platforms"`
+	Outputs          buildflags.Exports      `json:"output,omitempty" hcl:"output,optional" cty:"output"`
+	Pull             *bool                   `json:"pull,omitempty" hcl:"pull,optional" cty:"pull"`
+	NoCache          *bool                   `json:"no-cache,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache,optional" cty:"no-cache"`
+	NetworkMode      *string                 `json:"network,omitempty" hcl:"network,optional" cty:"network"`
+	NoCacheFilter    []string                `json:"no-cache-filter,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache-filter,optional" cty:"no-cache-filter"`
+	ShmSize          *string                 `json:"shm-size,omitempty" hcl:"shm-size,optional" cty:"shm-size"`
+	Ulimits          []string                `json:"ulimits,omitempty" hcl:"ulimits,optional" cty:"ulimits"`
+	Call             *string                 `json:"call,omitempty" hcl:"call,optional" cty:"call"`
+	Entitlements     []string                `json:"entitlements,omitempty" hcl:"entitlements,optional" cty:"entitlements"`
 	// IMPORTANT: if you add more fields here, do not forget to update newOverrides/AddOverrides and docs/bake-reference.md.

 	// linked is a private field to mark a target used as a linked one
@@ -737,14 +739,14 @@ var (

 func (t *Target) normalize() {
 	t.Annotations = removeDupesStr(t.Annotations)
-	t.Attest = removeAttestDupes(t.Attest)
+	t.Attest = t.Attest.Normalize()
 	t.Tags = removeDupesStr(t.Tags)
-	t.Secrets = removeDupes(t.Secrets)
-	t.SSH = removeDupes(t.SSH)
+	t.Secrets = t.Secrets.Normalize()
+	t.SSH = t.SSH.Normalize()
 	t.Platforms = removeDupesStr(t.Platforms)
-	t.CacheFrom = removeDupes(t.CacheFrom)
-	t.CacheTo = removeDupes(t.CacheTo)
-	t.Outputs = removeDupes(t.Outputs)
+	t.CacheFrom = t.CacheFrom.Normalize()
+	t.CacheTo = t.CacheTo.Normalize()
+	t.Outputs = t.Outputs.Normalize()
 	t.NoCacheFilter = removeDupesStr(t.NoCacheFilter)
 	t.Ulimits = removeDupesStr(t.Ulimits)

@@ -811,20 +813,19 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 		t.Annotations = append(t.Annotations, t2.Annotations...)
 	}
 	if t2.Attest != nil { // merge
-		t.Attest = append(t.Attest, t2.Attest...)
-		t.Attest = removeAttestDupes(t.Attest)
+		t.Attest = t.Attest.Merge(t2.Attest)
 	}
 	if t2.Secrets != nil { // merge
-		t.Secrets = append(t.Secrets, t2.Secrets...)
+		t.Secrets = t.Secrets.Merge(t2.Secrets)
 	}
 	if t2.SSH != nil { // merge
-		t.SSH = append(t.SSH, t2.SSH...)
+		t.SSH = t.SSH.Merge(t2.SSH)
 	}
 	if t2.Platforms != nil { // no merge
 		t.Platforms = t2.Platforms
 	}
 	if t2.CacheFrom != nil { // merge
-		t.CacheFrom = append(t.CacheFrom, t2.CacheFrom...)
+		t.CacheFrom = t.CacheFrom.Merge(t2.CacheFrom)
 	}
 	if t2.CacheTo != nil { // no merge
 		t.CacheTo = t2.CacheTo
@@ -859,7 +860,9 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 	t.Inherits = append(t.Inherits, t2.Inherits...)
 }

-func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
+func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override, ent *EntitlementConf) error {
+	// IMPORTANT: if you add more fields here, do not forget to update
+	// docs/bake-reference.md and https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/overrides/
 	for key, o := range overrides {
 		value := o.Value
 		keys := strings.SplitN(key, ".", 2)
@@ -895,17 +898,31 @@ func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
 		case "tags":
 			t.Tags = o.ArrValue
 		case "cache-from":
-			cacheFrom, err := parseCacheArrValues(o.ArrValue)
+			cacheFrom, err := buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(o.ArrValue)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			t.CacheFrom = cacheFrom
+			for _, c := range t.CacheFrom {
+				if c.Type == "local" {
+					if v, ok := c.Attrs["src"]; ok {
+						ent.FSRead = append(ent.FSRead, v)
+					}
+				}
+			}
 		case "cache-to":
-			cacheTo, err := parseCacheArrValues(o.ArrValue)
+			cacheTo, err := buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(o.ArrValue)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			t.CacheTo = cacheTo
+			for _, c := range t.CacheTo {
+				if c.Type == "local" {
+					if v, ok := c.Attrs["dest"]; ok {
+						ent.FSWrite = append(ent.FSWrite, v)
+					}
+				}
+			}
 		case "target":
 			t.Target = &value
 		case "call":
@@ -916,12 +933,20 @@ func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
 				return errors.Wrap(err, "invalid value for outputs")
 			}
 			t.Secrets = secrets
+			for _, s := range t.Secrets {
+				if s.FilePath != "" {
+					ent.FSRead = append(ent.FSRead, s.FilePath)
+				}
+			}
 		case "ssh":
 			ssh, err := parseArrValue[buildflags.SSH](o.ArrValue)
 			if err != nil {
 				return errors.Wrap(err, "invalid value for outputs")
 			}
 			t.SSH = ssh
+			for _, s := range t.SSH {
+				ent.FSRead = append(ent.FSRead, s.Paths...)
+			}
 		case "platform":
 			t.Platforms = o.ArrValue
 		case "output":
@@ -930,12 +955,28 @@ func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
 				return errors.Wrap(err, "invalid value for outputs")
 			}
 			t.Outputs = outputs
+			for _, o := range t.Outputs {
+				if o.Destination != "" {
+					ent.FSWrite = append(ent.FSWrite, o.Destination)
+				}
+			}
 		case "entitlements":
 			t.Entitlements = append(t.Entitlements, o.ArrValue...)
+			for _, v := range o.ArrValue {
+				if v == string(EntitlementKeyNetworkHost) {
+					ent.NetworkHost = true
+				} else if v == string(EntitlementKeySecurityInsecure) {
+					ent.SecurityInsecure = true
+				}
+			}
 		case "annotations":
 			t.Annotations = append(t.Annotations, o.ArrValue...)
 		case "attest":
-			t.Attest = append(t.Attest, o.ArrValue...)
+			attest, err := parseArrValue[buildflags.Attest](o.ArrValue)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "invalid value for attest")
+			}
+			t.Attest = t.Attest.Merge(attest)
 		case "no-cache":
 			noCache, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -1088,7 +1129,9 @@ func (t *Target) GetName(ectx *hcl.EvalContext, block *hcl.Block, loadDeps func(
 func TargetsToBuildOpt(m map[string]*Target, inp *Input) (map[string]build.Options, error) {
 	// make sure local credentials are loaded multiple times for different targets
 	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
-	authProvider := authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig, nil)
+	authProvider := authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(authprovider.DockerAuthProviderConfig{
+		ConfigFile: dockerConfig,
+	})

 	m2 := make(map[string]build.Options, len(m))
 	for k, v := range m {
@@ -1140,6 +1183,16 @@ func updateContext(t *build.Inputs, inp *Input) {
 	t.ContextState = &st
 }

+func isRemoteContext(t build.Inputs, inp *Input) bool {
+	if build.IsRemoteURL(t.ContextPath) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if inp != nil && build.IsRemoteURL(inp.URL) && !strings.HasPrefix(t.ContextPath, "cwd://") {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 func collectLocalPaths(t build.Inputs) []string {
 	var out []string
 	if t.ContextState == nil {
@@ -1299,30 +1352,35 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	}
 	bo.Platforms = platforms

-	secrets := make([]*controllerapi.Secret, len(t.Secrets))
-	for i, s := range t.Secrets {
-		secrets[i] = s.ToPB()
+	secrets := t.Secrets
+	if isRemoteContext(bi, inp) {
+		if _, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_BAKE_GIT_AUTH_TOKEN"); ok {
+			secrets = append(secrets, &buildflags.Secret{
+				ID:  llb.GitAuthTokenKey,
+				Env: "BUILDX_BAKE_GIT_AUTH_TOKEN",
+			})
+		}
+		if _, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_BAKE_GIT_AUTH_HEADER"); ok {
+			secrets = append(secrets, &buildflags.Secret{
+				ID:  llb.GitAuthHeaderKey,
+				Env: "BUILDX_BAKE_GIT_AUTH_HEADER",
+			})
+		}
 	}
-	bo.SecretSpecs = secrets
-
-	secretAttachment, err := controllerapi.CreateSecrets(secrets)
+	secrets = secrets.Normalize()
+	bo.SecretSpecs = secrets.ToPB()
+	secretAttachment, err := controllerapi.CreateSecrets(bo.SecretSpecs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	bo.Session = append(bo.Session, secretAttachment)

-	var sshSpecs []*controllerapi.SSH
-	if len(t.SSH) > 0 {
-		sshSpecs := make([]*controllerapi.SSH, len(t.SSH))
-		for i, s := range t.SSH {
-			sshSpecs[i] = s.ToPB()
-		}
-	} else if buildflags.IsGitSSH(bi.ContextPath) || (inp != nil && buildflags.IsGitSSH(inp.URL)) {
-		sshSpecs = []*controllerapi.SSH{{ID: "default"}}
+	bo.SSHSpecs = t.SSH.ToPB()
+	if len(bo.SSHSpecs) == 0 && buildflags.IsGitSSH(bi.ContextPath) || (inp != nil && buildflags.IsGitSSH(inp.URL)) {
+		bo.SSHSpecs = []*controllerapi.SSH{{ID: "default"}}
 	}
-	bo.SSHSpecs = sshSpecs

-	sshAttachment, err := controllerapi.CreateSSH(sshSpecs)
+	sshAttachment, err := controllerapi.CreateSSH(bo.SSHSpecs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1338,24 +1396,14 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 		}
 	}

-	cacheImports := make([]*controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry, len(t.CacheFrom))
-	for i, ci := range t.CacheFrom {
-		cacheImports[i] = ci.ToPB()
+	if t.CacheFrom != nil {
+		bo.CacheFrom = controllerapi.CreateCaches(t.CacheFrom.ToPB())
 	}
-	bo.CacheFrom = controllerapi.CreateCaches(cacheImports)
-
-	cacheExports := make([]*controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry, len(t.CacheTo))
-	for i, ce := range t.CacheTo {
-		cacheExports[i] = ce.ToPB()
-	}
-	bo.CacheTo = controllerapi.CreateCaches(cacheExports)
-
-	outputs := make([]*controllerapi.ExportEntry, len(t.Outputs))
-	for i, output := range t.Outputs {
-		outputs[i] = output.ToPB()
+	if t.CacheTo != nil {
+		bo.CacheTo = controllerapi.CreateCaches(t.CacheTo.ToPB())
 	}

-	bo.Exports, err = controllerapi.CreateExports(outputs)
+	bo.Exports, bo.ExportsLocalPathsTemporary, err = controllerapi.CreateExports(t.Outputs.ToPB())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1370,11 +1418,7 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 		}
 	}

-	attests, err := buildflags.ParseAttests(t.Attest)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	bo.Attests = controllerapi.CreateAttestations(attests)
+	bo.Attests = controllerapi.CreateAttestations(t.Attest.ToPB())

 	bo.SourcePolicy, err = build.ReadSourcePolicy()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1389,9 +1433,7 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	}
 	bo.Ulimits = ulimits

-	for _, ent := range t.Entitlements {
-		bo.Allow = append(bo.Allow, entitlements.Entitlement(ent))
-	}
+	bo.Allow = append(bo.Allow, t.Entitlements...)

 	return bo, nil
 }
@@ -1400,34 +1442,6 @@ func defaultTarget() *Target {
 	return &Target{}
 }

-type comparable[E any] interface {
-	Equal(other E) bool
-}
-
-func removeDupes[E comparable[E]](s []E) []E {
-	// Move backwards through the slice.
-	// For each element, any elements after the current element are unique.
-	// If we find our current element conflicts with an existing element,
-	// then we swap the offender with the end of the slice and chop it off.
-
-	// Start at the second to last element.
-	// The last element is always unique.
-	for i := len(s) - 2; i >= 0; i-- {
-		elem := s[i]
-		// Check for duplicates after our current element.
-		for j := i + 1; j < len(s); j++ {
-			if elem.Equal(s[j]) {
-				// Found a duplicate, exchange the
-				// duplicate with the last element.
-				s[j], s[len(s)-1] = s[len(s)-1], s[j]
-				s = s[:len(s)-1]
-				break
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return s
-}
-
 func removeDupesStr(s []string) []string {
 	i := 0
 	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(s))
@@ -1445,26 +1459,6 @@ func removeDupesStr(s []string) []string {
 	return s[:i]
 }

-func removeAttestDupes(s []string) []string {
-	res := []string{}
-	m := map[string]int{}
-	for _, v := range s {
-		att, err := buildflags.ParseAttest(v)
-		if err != nil {
-			res = append(res, v)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if i, ok := m[att.Type]; ok {
-			res[i] = v
-		} else {
-			m[att.Type] = len(res)
-			res = append(res, v)
-		}
-	}
-	return res
-}
-
 func setPushOverride(outputs []*buildflags.ExportEntry, push bool) []*buildflags.ExportEntry {
 	if !push {
 		// Disable push for any relevant export types
@@ -1552,14 +1546,9 @@ func sanitizeTargetName(target string) string {
 	return strings.ReplaceAll(target, ".", "_")
 }

-func sliceEqual(s1, s2 []string) bool {
-	if len(s1) != len(s2) {
-		return false
-	}
-	sort.Strings(s1)
-	sort.Strings(s2)
-	for i := range s1 {
-		if s1[i] != s2[i] {
+func isSubset(s1, s2 []string) bool {
+	for _, item := range s1 {
+		if !slices.Contains(s2, item) {
 			return false
 		}
 	}
@@ -1582,6 +1571,10 @@ type arrValue[B any] interface {
 func parseArrValue[T any, PT arrValue[T]](s []string) ([]*T, error) {
 	outputs := make([]*T, 0, len(s))
 	for _, text := range s {
+		if text == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		output := new(T)
 		if err := PT(output).UnmarshalText([]byte(text)); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -1590,33 +1583,3 @@ func parseArrValue[T any, PT arrValue[T]](s []string) ([]*T, error) {
 	}
 	return outputs, nil
 }
-
-func parseCacheArrValues(s []string) ([]*buildflags.CacheOptionsEntry, error) {
-	outs := make([]*buildflags.CacheOptionsEntry, 0, len(s))
-	for _, in := range s {
-		if !strings.Contains(in, "=") {
-			// This is ref only format. Each field in the CSV is its own entry.
-			fields, err := csvvalue.Fields(in, nil)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			for _, field := range fields {
-				out := buildflags.CacheOptionsEntry{}
-				if err := out.UnmarshalText([]byte(field)); err != nil {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				outs = append(outs, &out)
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Normal entry.
-		out := buildflags.CacheOptionsEntry{}
-		if err := out.UnmarshalText([]byte(in)); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		outs = append(outs, &out)
-	}
-	return outs, nil
-}
--- a/bake/bake_test.go
+++ b/bake/bake_test.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/entitlements"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ target "webapp" {

 	t.Run("NoOverrides", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, nil, nil)
+		m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))

@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ target "webapp" {

 	t.Run("InvalidTargetOverrides", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"nosuchtarget.context=foo"}, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"nosuchtarget.context=foo"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, "could not find any target matching 'nosuchtarget'", err.Error())
 	})
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ target "webapp" {
 				"webapp.args.VAR_FROMENV" + t.Name(),
 				"webapp.args.VAR_INHERITED=override",
 				// not overriding VAR_BOTH on purpose
-			}, nil)
+			}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 			require.NoError(t, err)

 			require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile.webapp", *m["webapp"].Dockerfile)
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ target "webapp" {
 			m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{
 				"webDEP.args.VAR_INHERITED=override",
 				"webDEP.args.VAR_BOTH=override",
-			}, nil)
+			}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})

 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.Equal(t, ptrstr("override"), m["webapp"].Args["VAR_INHERITED"])
@@ -116,10 +117,10 @@ target "webapp" {

 	t.Run("ContextOverride", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.context"}, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.context"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.Error(t, err)

-		m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.context=foo"}, nil)
+		m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.context=foo"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, "foo", *m["webapp"].Context)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ target "webapp" {

 	t.Run("NoCacheOverride", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.no-cache=false"}, nil)
+		m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.no-cache=false"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, false, *m["webapp"].NoCache)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
@@ -136,14 +137,14 @@ target "webapp" {
 	})

 	t.Run("ShmSizeOverride", func(t *testing.T) {
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.shm-size=256m"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.shm-size=256m"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, "256m", *m["webapp"].ShmSize)
 	})

 	t.Run("PullOverride", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.pull=false"}, nil)
+		m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"webapp"}, []string{"webapp.pull=false"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, false, *m["webapp"].Pull)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ target "webapp" {
 		}
 		for _, test := range cases {
 			t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-				m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, test.targets, test.overrides, nil)
+				m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, test.targets, test.overrides, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 				test.check(t, m, g, err)
 			})
 		}
@@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ func TestPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				`target "app" {
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, "type=image,push=true", m["app"].Outputs[0].String())
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ func TestPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=image,compression=zstd"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, "type=image,compression=zstd,push=true", m["app"].Outputs[0].String())
@@ -254,7 +255,7 @@ func TestPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=image,compression=zstd"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=false"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=false"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, "type=image,compression=zstd,push=false", m["app"].Outputs[0].String())
@@ -268,7 +269,7 @@ func TestPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=registry"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, "type=registry", m["app"].Outputs[0].String())
@@ -282,7 +283,7 @@ func TestPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=registry"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=false"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.push=false"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 0, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 	})
@@ -297,7 +298,7 @@ func TestPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
 			target "bar" {
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []string{"*.push=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m))
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["foo"].Outputs))
@@ -315,7 +316,7 @@ func TestLoadOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				`target "app" {
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, "type=docker", m["app"].Outputs[0].String())
@@ -329,7 +330,7 @@ func TestLoadOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=docker"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker"}, stringify(m["app"].Outputs))
@@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ func TestLoadOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=image"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker", "type=image"}, stringify(m["app"].Outputs))
@@ -357,7 +358,7 @@ func TestLoadOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=image"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=false"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=false"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=image"}, stringify(m["app"].Outputs))
@@ -371,7 +372,7 @@ func TestLoadOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=registry"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker", "type=registry"}, stringify(m["app"].Outputs))
@@ -385,7 +386,7 @@ func TestLoadOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=oci,dest=out"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker", "type=oci,dest=out"}, stringify(m["app"].Outputs))
@@ -399,7 +400,7 @@ func TestLoadOverride(t *testing.T) {
 				output = ["type=docker,dest=out"]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m["app"].Outputs))
 		require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker", "type=docker,dest=out"}, stringify(m["app"].Outputs))
@@ -415,7 +416,7 @@ func TestLoadOverride(t *testing.T) {
 			target "bar" {
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []string{"*.load=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m))
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["foo"].Outputs))
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ func TestLoadAndPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
 			target "bar" {
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []string{"*.load=true", "*.push=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo", "bar"}, []string{"*.load=true", "*.push=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 2, len(m))

@@ -455,7 +456,7 @@ func TestLoadAndPushOverride(t *testing.T) {
 		  		output = [ "type=registry" ]
 			}`),
 		}
-		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo"}, []string{"*.load=true", "*.push=true"}, nil)
+		m, _, err := ReadTargets(context.TODO(), []File{fp}, []string{"foo"}, []string{"*.load=true", "*.push=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))

@@ -510,7 +511,7 @@ services:

 	ctx := context.TODO()

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2, fp3}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2, fp3}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 3, len(m))
@@ -557,7 +558,7 @@ services:

 	ctx := context.TODO()

-	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"web.app"}, nil, nil)
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"web.app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
 	_, ok := m["web_app"]
@@ -565,7 +566,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile.webapp", *m["web_app"].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("1"), m["web_app"].Args["buildno"])

-	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp2}, []string{"web_app"}, nil, nil)
+	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp2}, []string{"web_app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
 	_, ok = m["web_app"]
@@ -573,7 +574,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile", *m["web_app"].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("12"), m["web_app"].Args["buildno2"])

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
 	_, ok = m["web_app"]
@@ -598,7 +599,7 @@ func TestHCLContextCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 			}`),
 	}
 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
@@ -629,7 +630,7 @@ func TestHCLDockerfileCwdPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 	cwd, err := os.Getwd()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
@@ -660,7 +661,7 @@ func TestOverrideMerge(t *testing.T) {
 		"app.platform=linux/arm",
 		"app.platform=linux/ppc64le",
 		"app.output=type=registry",
-	}, nil)
+	}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
@@ -695,7 +696,7 @@ func TestReadContexts(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil)
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
@@ -711,7 +712,7 @@ func TestReadContexts(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "baz", ctxs["foo"].Path)
 	require.Equal(t, "def", ctxs["abc"].Path)

-	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"app.contexts.foo=bay", "base.contexts.ghi=jkl"}, nil)
+	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"app.contexts.foo=bay", "base.contexts.ghi=jkl"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
@@ -729,7 +730,7 @@ func TestReadContexts(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "jkl", ctxs["ghi"].Path)

 	// test resetting base values
-	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"app.contexts.foo="}, nil)
+	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"app.contexts.foo="}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
@@ -764,7 +765,7 @@ func TestReadContextFromTargetUnknown(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil)
+	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "failed to find target bar")
 }
@@ -788,7 +789,7 @@ services:

 	ctx := context.TODO()

-	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2}, []string{"app1", "app2"}, nil, nil)
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2}, []string{"app1", "app2"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(m))
@@ -826,7 +827,7 @@ func TestReadContextFromTargetChain(t *testing.T) {
 		`),
 	}

-	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil)
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 3, len(m))
@@ -865,7 +866,7 @@ func TestReadContextFromTargetInfiniteLoop(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		`),
 	}
-	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app", "mid"}, []string{}, nil)
+	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app", "mid"}, []string{}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "infinite loop from")
 }
@@ -887,7 +888,7 @@ func TestReadContextFromTargetMultiPlatform(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		`),
 	}
-	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil)
+	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }

@@ -908,9 +909,30 @@ func TestReadContextFromTargetInvalidPlatforms(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		`),
 	}
-	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil)
+	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.Error(t, err)
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "defined for different platforms")
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "are not a subset of")
+}
+
+func TestReadContextFromTargetSubsetPlatforms(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	fp := File{
+		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+		Data: []byte(`
+		target "mid" {
+			output = ["foo"]
+			platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/riscv64", "linux/arm64"]
+		}
+		target "app" {
+			contexts = {
+				bar: "target:mid"
+			}
+			platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"]
+		}
+		`),
+	}
+	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 }

 func TestReadTargetsDefault(t *testing.T) {
@@ -925,9 +947,9 @@ target "default" {
 }`),
 	}

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, 0, len(g))
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
 	require.Equal(t, "test", *m["default"].Dockerfile)
 }
@@ -944,10 +966,10 @@ target "image" {
 }`),
 	}

-	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.Error(t, err)

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"image"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"image"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"image"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -970,7 +992,7 @@ target "image" {
 }`),
 	}

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -997,7 +1019,7 @@ target "image" {
 }`),
 	}

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1005,7 +1027,7 @@ target "image" {
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
 	require.Equal(t, "test", *m["image"].Dockerfile)

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo", "foo"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo", "foo"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1088,7 +1110,7 @@ services:
 	}`),
 	}

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fhcl}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fhcl}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"image"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1096,7 +1118,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["image"].Outputs))
 	require.Equal(t, "type=docker", m["image"].Outputs[0].String())

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fhcl}, []string{"image-release"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fhcl}, []string{"image-release"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"image-release"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1104,7 +1126,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["image-release"].Outputs))
 	require.Equal(t, "type=image,push=true", m["image-release"].Outputs[0].String())

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fhcl}, []string{"image", "image-release"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fhcl}, []string{"image", "image-release"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"image", "image-release"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1113,21 +1135,21 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m["image-release"].Outputs))
 	require.Equal(t, "type=image,push=true", m["image-release"].Outputs[0].String())

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fyml, fhcl}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fyml, fhcl}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"image"}, g["default"].Targets)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
 	require.Equal(t, ".", *m["image"].Context)

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fjson}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fjson}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"image"}, g["default"].Targets)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
 	require.Equal(t, ".", *m["image"].Context)

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fyml}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fyml}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	sort.Strings(g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1136,7 +1158,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, "./Dockerfile", *m["addon"].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, "./aws.Dockerfile", *m["aws"].Dockerfile)

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fyml, fhcl}, []string{"addon", "aws"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fyml, fhcl}, []string{"addon", "aws"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	sort.Strings(g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1145,7 +1167,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, "./Dockerfile", *m["addon"].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, "./aws.Dockerfile", *m["aws"].Dockerfile)

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fyml, fhcl}, []string{"addon", "aws", "image"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fyml, fhcl}, []string{"addon", "aws", "image"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 	sort.Strings(g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1174,7 +1196,7 @@ target "image" {
 }`),
 	}

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1182,7 +1204,7 @@ target "image" {
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
 	require.Equal(t, "bar", *m["foo"].Dockerfile)

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo", "foo"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo", "foo"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1209,7 +1231,7 @@ target "image" {
 }`),
 	}

-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1218,7 +1240,7 @@ target "image" {
 	require.Equal(t, "bar", *m["foo"].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, "type=docker", m["image"].Outputs[0].String())

-	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo", "image"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"foo", "image"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(g))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo", "image"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1281,7 +1303,7 @@ target "d" {
 	for _, tt := range cases {
 		tt := tt
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"d"}, tt.overrides, nil)
+			m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"d"}, tt.overrides, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 			require.Equal(t, []string{"d"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1354,7 +1376,7 @@ group "default" {
 	for _, tt := range cases {
 		tt := tt
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"default"}, tt.overrides, nil)
+			m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, []string{"default"}, tt.overrides, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
 			require.Equal(t, []string{"child1", "child2"}, g["default"].Targets)
@@ -1412,7 +1434,7 @@ func TestTargetName(t *testing.T) {
 			_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{{
 				Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
 				Data: []byte(`target "` + tt.target + `" {}`),
-			}}, []string{tt.target}, nil, nil)
+			}}, []string{tt.target}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 			if tt.wantErr {
 				require.Error(t, err)
 			} else {
@@ -1500,7 +1522,7 @@ target "f" {
 	for _, tt := range cases {
 		tt := tt
 		t.Run(strings.Join(tt.names, "+"), func(t *testing.T) {
-			m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, tt.names, nil, nil)
+			m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{f}, tt.names, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 			require.NoError(t, err)

 			var gnames []string
@@ -1577,7 +1599,7 @@ func TestHCLNullVars(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
@@ -1612,7 +1634,7 @@ func TestJSONNullVars(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(m))
@@ -1687,8 +1709,8 @@ func TestAttestDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	ctx := context.TODO()

-	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil)
-	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=sbom,foo=bar", "type=provenance,mode=max"}, m["default"].Attest)
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=provenance,mode=max", "type=sbom,foo=bar"}, stringify(m["default"].Attest))
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	opts, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
@@ -1698,8 +1720,8 @@ func TestAttestDuplicates(t *testing.T) {
 		"provenance": ptrstr("type=provenance,mode=max"),
 	}, opts["default"].Attests)

-	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default"}, []string{"*.attest=type=sbom,disabled=true"}, nil)
-	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=sbom,disabled=true", "type=provenance,mode=max"}, m["default"].Attest)
+	m, _, err = ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default"}, []string{"*.attest=type=sbom,disabled=true"}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=provenance,mode=max", "type=sbom,disabled=true"}, stringify(m["default"].Attest))
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	opts, err = TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
@@ -1720,7 +1742,7 @@ func TestAnnotations(t *testing.T) {
 			}`),
 	}
 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
@@ -1738,6 +1760,27 @@ func TestAnnotations(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "bar", bo["app"].Exports[0].Attrs["annotation-manifest[linux/amd64].foo"])
 }

+func TestRefOnlyCacheOptions(t *testing.T) {
+	fp := File{
+		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+		Data: []byte(
+			`target "app" {
+				output = ["type=image,name=foo"]
+        cache-from = ["ref1,ref2"]
+			}`),
+	}
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Len(t, m, 1)
+	require.Contains(t, m, "app")
+	require.Equal(t, buildflags.CacheOptions{
+		{Type: "registry", Attrs: map[string]string{"ref": "ref1"}},
+		{Type: "registry", Attrs: map[string]string{"ref": "ref2"}},
+	}, m["app"].CacheFrom)
+}
+
 func TestHCLEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
 	fp := File{
 		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
@@ -1747,7 +1790,7 @@ func TestHCLEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
 			}`),
 	}
 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
@@ -1763,8 +1806,8 @@ func TestHCLEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "network.host", m["app"].Entitlements[1])

 	require.Len(t, bo["app"].Allow, 2)
-	require.Equal(t, entitlements.EntitlementSecurityInsecure, bo["app"].Allow[0])
-	require.Equal(t, entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost, bo["app"].Allow[1])
+	require.Equal(t, entitlements.EntitlementSecurityInsecure.String(), bo["app"].Allow[0])
+	require.Equal(t, entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost.String(), bo["app"].Allow[1])
 }

 func TestEntitlementsForNetHostCompose(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1787,7 +1830,7 @@ func TestEntitlementsForNetHostCompose(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp, fp2}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
@@ -1803,7 +1846,7 @@ func TestEntitlementsForNetHostCompose(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "host", *m["app"].NetworkMode)

 	require.Len(t, bo["app"].Allow, 1)
-	require.Equal(t, entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost, bo["app"].Allow[0])
+	require.Equal(t, entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost.String(), bo["app"].Allow[0])
 	require.Equal(t, "host", bo["app"].NetworkMode)
 }

@@ -1818,7 +1861,7 @@ func TestEntitlementsForNetHost(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
@@ -1834,7 +1877,7 @@ func TestEntitlementsForNetHost(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "host", *m["app"].NetworkMode)

 	require.Len(t, bo["app"].Allow, 1)
-	require.Equal(t, entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost, bo["app"].Allow[0])
+	require.Equal(t, entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost.String(), bo["app"].Allow[0])
 	require.Equal(t, "host", bo["app"].NetworkMode)
 }

@@ -1849,7 +1892,7 @@ func TestNetNone(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	ctx := context.TODO()
-	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+	m, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	bo, err := TargetsToBuildOpt(m, &Input{})
@@ -1889,12 +1932,12 @@ target "app" {

 	t.Run("Valid", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	})

 	t.Run("Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "FOO is required.")
 	})
@@ -1926,19 +1969,19 @@ target "app" {

 	t.Run("Valid", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Setenv("FOO", "barbar")
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	})

 	t.Run("InvalidLength", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "FOO must be longer than 4 characters.")
 	})

 	t.Run("InvalidEmpty", func(t *testing.T) {
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "FOO is required.")
 	})
@@ -1967,19 +2010,19 @@ target "app" {

 	t.Run("Valid", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	})

 	t.Run("SetBar", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
 		t.Setenv("BAR", "baz")
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	})

 	t.Run("Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "BAR requires FOO to be set.")
 	})
@@ -2008,17 +2051,108 @@ target "app" {

 	t.Run("Valid", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Setenv("FOO", "10")
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	})

 	t.Run("Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
-		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil)
+		_, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
 		require.Error(t, err)
 		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "FOO must be greater than 5.")
 	})
 }

+// https://github.com/docker/buildx/issues/2822
+func TestVariableEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	fp := File{
+		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+		Data: []byte(`
+variable "FOO" {
+  default = ""
+}
+target "app" {
+  output = [FOO]
+}
+`),
+	}
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, m, "app")
+	require.Len(t, m["app"].Outputs, 0)
+}
+
+// https://github.com/docker/buildx/issues/2858
+func TestOverrideEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	fp := File{
+		Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+		Data: []byte(`
+target "app" {
+  output = ["./bin"]
+}
+`),
+	}
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	m, _, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"app"}, []string{"app.output="}, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, m, "app")
+	require.Len(t, m["app"].Outputs, 0)
+}
+
+// https://github.com/docker/buildx/issues/2859
+func TestGroupTargetsWithDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("OnTarget", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`target "default" {
+					dockerfile = "Dockerfile"
+					platforms = ["linux/amd64"]
+				}
+				target "multiarch" {
+					dockerfile = "Dockerfile"
+					platforms = ["linux/amd64","linux/arm64","linux/arm/v7","linux/arm/v6"]
+				}`),
+		}
+		ctx := context.TODO()
+		_, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default", "multiarch"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(g["default"].Targets))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"default", "multiarch"}, g["default"].Targets)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("OnGroup", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fp := File{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(
+				`group "default" {
+					targets = ["app", "multiarch"]
+				}
+				target "app" {
+					dockerfile = "app.Dockerfile"
+				}
+				target "foo" {
+					dockerfile = "foo.Dockerfile"
+				}
+				target "multiarch" {
+					dockerfile = "Dockerfile"
+					platforms = ["linux/amd64","linux/arm64","linux/arm/v7","linux/arm/v6"]
+				}`),
+		}
+		ctx := context.TODO()
+		_, g, err := ReadTargets(ctx, []File{fp}, []string{"default", "foo"}, nil, nil, &EntitlementConf{})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(g))
+		require.Equal(t, 3, len(g["default"].Targets))
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"app", "foo", "multiarch"}, g["default"].Targets)
+	})
+}
+
 func stringify[V fmt.Stringer](values []V) []string {
 	s := make([]string, len(values))
 	for i, v := range values {
--- a/bake/compose.go
+++ b/bake/compose.go
@@ -145,12 +145,12 @@ func ParseCompose(cfgs []composetypes.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Conf
 				labels[k] = &v
 			}

-			cacheFrom, err := parseCacheArrValues(s.Build.CacheFrom)
+			cacheFrom, err := buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(s.Build.CacheFrom)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}

-			cacheTo, err := parseCacheArrValues(s.Build.CacheTo)
+			cacheTo, err := buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(s.Build.CacheTo)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -349,32 +349,32 @@ func (t *Target) composeExtTarget(exts map[string]interface{}) error {
 		t.Tags = dedupSlice(append(t.Tags, xb.Tags...))
 	}
 	if len(xb.CacheFrom) > 0 {
-		cacheFrom, err := parseCacheArrValues(xb.CacheFrom)
+		cacheFrom, err := buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(xb.CacheFrom)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		t.CacheFrom = removeDupes(append(t.CacheFrom, cacheFrom...))
+		t.CacheFrom = t.CacheFrom.Merge(cacheFrom)
 	}
 	if len(xb.CacheTo) > 0 {
-		cacheTo, err := parseCacheArrValues(xb.CacheTo)
+		cacheTo, err := buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(xb.CacheTo)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		t.CacheTo = removeDupes(append(t.CacheTo, cacheTo...))
+		t.CacheTo = t.CacheTo.Merge(cacheTo)
 	}
 	if len(xb.Secrets) > 0 {
 		secrets, err := parseArrValue[buildflags.Secret](xb.Secrets)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		t.Secrets = removeDupes(append(t.Secrets, secrets...))
+		t.Secrets = t.Secrets.Merge(secrets)
 	}
 	if len(xb.SSH) > 0 {
 		ssh, err := parseArrValue[buildflags.SSH](xb.SSH)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		t.SSH = removeDupes(append(t.SSH, ssh...))
+		t.SSH = t.SSH.Merge(ssh)
 		slices.SortFunc(t.SSH, func(a, b *buildflags.SSH) int {
 			return a.Less(b)
 		})
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ func (t *Target) composeExtTarget(exts map[string]interface{}) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		t.Outputs = removeDupes(append(t.Outputs, outputs...))
+		t.Outputs = t.Outputs.Merge(outputs)
 	}
 	if xb.Pull != nil {
 		t.Pull = xb.Pull
--- a/bake/compose_test.go
+++ b/bake/compose_test.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ services:
      cache_to:
        - type=local,dest=path/to/cache
      ssh:
-        - key=path/to/key
+        - key=/path/to/key
        - default
      secrets:
        - token
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ secrets:
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,src=path/to/cache"}, stringify(c.Targets[1].CacheFrom))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=path/to/cache"}, stringify(c.Targets[1].CacheTo))
 	require.Equal(t, "none", *c.Targets[1].NetworkMode)
-	require.Equal(t, []string{"default", "key=path/to/key"}, stringify(c.Targets[1].SSH))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"default", "key=/path/to/key"}, stringify(c.Targets[1].SSH))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{
 		"id=aws,src=/root/.aws/credentials",
 		"id=token,env=ENV_TOKEN",
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ services:
      tags:
        - ct-addon:baz
      ssh:
-        key: path/to/key
+        key: /path/to/key
      args:
        CT_ECR: foo
        CT_TAG: bar
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ services:
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"}, c.Targets[0].Platforms)
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,src=path/to/cache", "user/app:cache"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].CacheFrom))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=path/to/cache", "user/app:cache"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].CacheTo))
-	require.Equal(t, []string{"default", "key=path/to/key", "other=path/to/otherkey"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].SSH))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"default", "key=/path/to/key", "other=path/to/otherkey"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].SSH))
 	require.Equal(t, newBool(true), c.Targets[0].Pull)
 	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"alpine": "docker-image://alpine:3.13"}, c.Targets[0].Contexts)
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"ct-fake-aws:bar"}, c.Targets[1].Tags)
--- a/bake/entitlements.go
+++ b/bake/entitlements.go
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/osutil"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/entitlements"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue"
 )

 type EntitlementKey string
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ type EntitlementKey string
 const (
 	EntitlementKeyNetworkHost      EntitlementKey = "network.host"
 	EntitlementKeySecurityInsecure EntitlementKey = "security.insecure"
+	EntitlementKeyDevice           EntitlementKey = "device"
 	EntitlementKeyFSRead           EntitlementKey = "fs.read"
 	EntitlementKeyFSWrite          EntitlementKey = "fs.write"
 	EntitlementKeyFS               EntitlementKey = "fs"
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@ const (
 type EntitlementConf struct {
 	NetworkHost      bool
 	SecurityInsecure bool
+	Devices          *EntitlementsDevicesConf
 	FSRead           []string
 	FSWrite          []string
 	ImagePush        []string
@@ -45,6 +49,11 @@ type EntitlementConf struct {
 	SSH              bool
 }

+type EntitlementsDevicesConf struct {
+	All     bool
+	Devices map[string]struct{}
+}
+
 func ParseEntitlements(in []string) (EntitlementConf, error) {
 	var conf EntitlementConf
 	for _, e := range in {
@@ -58,6 +67,22 @@ func ParseEntitlements(in []string) (EntitlementConf, error) {
 		default:
 			k, v, _ := strings.Cut(e, "=")
 			switch k {
+			case string(EntitlementKeyDevice):
+				if v == "" {
+					conf.Devices = &EntitlementsDevicesConf{All: true}
+					continue
+				}
+				fields, err := csvvalue.Fields(v, nil)
+				if err != nil {
+					return EntitlementConf{}, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse device entitlement %q", v)
+				}
+				if conf.Devices == nil {
+					conf.Devices = &EntitlementsDevicesConf{}
+				}
+				if conf.Devices.Devices == nil {
+					conf.Devices.Devices = make(map[string]struct{}, 0)
+				}
+				conf.Devices.Devices[fields[0]] = struct{}{}
 			case string(EntitlementKeyFSRead):
 				conf.FSRead = append(conf.FSRead, v)
 			case string(EntitlementKeyFSWrite):
@@ -94,12 +119,34 @@ func (c EntitlementConf) Validate(m map[string]build.Options) (EntitlementConf,

 func (c EntitlementConf) check(bo build.Options, expected *EntitlementConf) error {
 	for _, e := range bo.Allow {
+		k, rest, _ := strings.Cut(e, "=")
+		switch k {
+		case entitlements.EntitlementDevice.String():
+			if rest == "" {
+				if c.Devices == nil || !c.Devices.All {
+					expected.Devices = &EntitlementsDevicesConf{All: true}
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			fields, err := csvvalue.Fields(rest, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse device entitlement %q", rest)
+			}
+			if expected.Devices == nil {
+				expected.Devices = &EntitlementsDevicesConf{}
+			}
+			if expected.Devices.Devices == nil {
+				expected.Devices.Devices = make(map[string]struct{}, 0)
+			}
+			expected.Devices.Devices[fields[0]] = struct{}{}
+		}
+
 		switch e {
-		case entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost:
+		case entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost.String():
 			if !c.NetworkHost {
 				expected.NetworkHost = true
 			}
-		case entitlements.EntitlementSecurityInsecure:
+		case entitlements.EntitlementSecurityInsecure.String():
 			if !c.SecurityInsecure {
 				expected.SecurityInsecure = true
 			}
@@ -113,17 +160,8 @@ func (c EntitlementConf) check(bo build.Options, expected *EntitlementConf) erro
 		roPaths[p] = struct{}{}
 	}

-	for _, out := range bo.Exports {
-		if out.Type == "local" {
-			if dest, ok := out.Attrs["dest"]; ok {
-				rwPaths[dest] = struct{}{}
-			}
-		}
-		if out.Type == "tar" {
-			if dest, ok := out.Attrs["dest"]; ok && dest != "-" {
-				rwPaths[dest] = struct{}{}
-			}
-		}
+	for _, p := range bo.ExportsLocalPathsTemporary {
+		rwPaths[p] = struct{}{}
 	}

 	for _, ce := range bo.CacheTo {
@@ -153,7 +191,9 @@ func (c EntitlementConf) check(bo build.Options, expected *EntitlementConf) erro
 			roPaths[p] = struct{}{}
 		}
 		if len(ssh.Paths) == 0 {
-			expected.SSH = true
+			if !c.SSH {
+				expected.SSH = true
+			}
 		}
 	}

@@ -193,6 +233,18 @@ func (c EntitlementConf) Prompt(ctx context.Context, isRemote bool, out io.Write
 		flags = append(flags, string(EntitlementKeySecurityInsecure))
 	}

+	if c.Devices != nil {
+		if c.Devices.All {
+			msgs = append(msgs, " - Access to CDI devices")
+			flags = append(flags, string(EntitlementKeyDevice))
+		} else {
+			for d := range c.Devices.Devices {
+				msgs = append(msgs, fmt.Sprintf(" - Access to device %s", d))
+				flags = append(flags, string(EntitlementKeyDevice)+"="+d)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if c.SSH {
 		msgsFS = append(msgsFS, " - Forwarding default SSH agent socket")
 		flagsFS = append(flagsFS, string(EntitlementKeySSH))
@@ -265,7 +317,7 @@ func (c EntitlementConf) Prompt(ctx context.Context, isRemote bool, out io.Write
 		fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s %s %s\n\n", strings.Join(args[:idx+1], " "), strings.Join(slices.Concat(flags, flagsFS), " "), strings.Join(args[idx+1:], " "))
 	}

-	fsEntitlementsEnabled := false
+	fsEntitlementsEnabled := true
 	if isRemote {
 		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BAKE_ALLOW_REMOTE_FS_ACCESS"); ok {
 			vv, err := strconv.ParseBool(v)
@@ -273,8 +325,6 @@ func (c EntitlementConf) Prompt(ctx context.Context, isRemote bool, out io.Write
 				return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse BAKE_ALLOW_REMOTE_FS_ACCESS value %q", v)
 			}
 			fsEntitlementsEnabled = !vv
-		} else {
-			fsEntitlementsEnabled = true
 		}
 	}
 	v, fsEntitlementsSet := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS")
@@ -287,11 +337,11 @@ func (c EntitlementConf) Prompt(ctx context.Context, isRemote bool, out io.Write
 	}

 	if !fsEntitlementsEnabled && len(msgs) == 0 {
-		if !fsEntitlementsSet {
-			fmt.Fprintf(out, "This warning will become an error in a future release. To enable filesystem entitlements checks at the moment, set BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS=1 .\n\n")
-		}
 		return nil
 	}
+	if fsEntitlementsEnabled && !fsEntitlementsSet && len(msgsFS) != 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "To disable filesystem entitlements checks, you can set BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS=0 .\n\n")
+	}

 	if term {
 		fmt.Fprintf(out, "Do you want to grant requested privileges and continue? [y/N] ")
@@ -326,7 +376,14 @@ func isParentOrEqualPath(p, parent string) bool {
 }

 func findMissingPaths(set []string, paths map[string]struct{}) ([]string, error) {
-	paths, err := evaluateToExistingPaths(paths)
+	set, allowAny, err := evaluatePaths(set)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if allowAny {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	paths, err = evaluateToExistingPaths(paths)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -335,11 +392,6 @@ func findMissingPaths(set []string, paths map[string]struct{}) ([]string, error)
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	set, err = evaluatePaths(set)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	out := make([]string, 0, len(paths))
 loop0:
 	for p := range paths {
@@ -441,10 +493,39 @@ func removeCommonPaths(in, common []string) []string {
 	return filtered
 }

+func evaluatePaths(in []string) ([]string, bool, error) {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(in))
+	allowAny := false
+	for _, p := range in {
+		if p == "*" {
+			allowAny = true
+			continue
+		}
+		v, err := filepath.Abs(p)
+		if err != nil {
+			logrus.Warnf("failed to evaluate entitlement path %q: %v", p, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		v, rest, err := evaluateToExistingPath(v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to evaluate path %q", p)
+		}
+		v, err = osutil.GetLongPathName(v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to evaluate path %q", p)
+		}
+		if rest != "" {
+			v = filepath.Join(v, rest)
+		}
+		out = append(out, v)
+	}
+	return out, allowAny, nil
+}
+
 func evaluateToExistingPaths(in map[string]struct{}) (map[string]struct{}, error) {
 	m := make(map[string]struct{}, len(in))
 	for p := range in {
-		v, err := evaluateToExistingPath(p)
+		v, _, err := evaluateToExistingPath(p)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to evaluate path %q", p)
 		}
@@ -457,10 +538,10 @@ func evaluateToExistingPaths(in map[string]struct{}) (map[string]struct{}, error
 	return m, nil
 }

-func evaluateToExistingPath(in string) (string, error) {
+func evaluateToExistingPath(in string) (string, string, error) {
 	in, err := filepath.Abs(in)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		return "", "", err
 	}

 	volLen := volumeNameLen(in)
@@ -515,29 +596,29 @@ func evaluateToExistingPath(in string) (string, error) {
 			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
 				for r := len(dest) - 1; r >= volLen; r-- {
 					if os.IsPathSeparator(dest[r]) {
-						return dest[:r], nil
+						return dest[:r], in[start:], nil
 					}
 				}
-				return vol, nil
+				return vol, in[start:], nil
 			}
-			return "", err
+			return "", "", err
 		}

 		if fi.Mode()&fs.ModeSymlink == 0 {
 			if !fi.Mode().IsDir() && end < len(in) {
-				return "", syscall.ENOTDIR
+				return "", "", syscall.ENOTDIR
 			}
 			continue
 		}

 		linksWalked++
 		if linksWalked > 255 {
-			return "", errors.New("too many symlinks")
+			return "", "", errors.New("too many symlinks")
 		}

 		link, err := os.Readlink(dest)
 		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
+			return "", "", err
 		}

 		in = link + in[end:]
@@ -570,7 +651,7 @@ func evaluateToExistingPath(in string) (string, error) {
 			end = 0
 		}
 	}
-	return filepath.Clean(dest), nil
+	return filepath.Clean(dest), "", nil
 }

 func volumeNameLen(s string) int {
--- a/bake/entitlements_test.go
+++ b/bake/entitlements_test.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/osutil"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/entitlements"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ func TestEvaluateToExistingPath(t *testing.T) {

 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			result, err := evaluateToExistingPath(tt.input)
+			result, _, err := evaluateToExistingPath(tt.input)

 			if tt.expectErr {
 				require.Error(t, err)
@@ -175,15 +174,22 @@ func TestDedupePaths(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestValidateEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
-	dir1, err := osutil.GetLongPathName(t.TempDir())
+	dir1 := t.TempDir()
+	dir2 := t.TempDir()
+
+	// the paths returned by entitlements validation will have symlinks resolved
+	expDir1, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(dir1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	dir2, err := osutil.GetLongPathName(t.TempDir())
+	expDir2, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(dir2)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	escapeLink := filepath.Join(dir1, "escape_link")
 	require.NoError(t, os.Symlink("../../aa", escapeLink))

-	wd := osutil.GetWd()
+	wd, err := os.Getwd()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	expWd, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(wd)
+	require.NoError(t, err)

 	tcases := []struct {
 		name     string
@@ -202,13 +208,13 @@ func TestValidateEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "NetworkHostMissing",
 			opt: build.Options{
-				Allow: []entitlements.Entitlement{
-					entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost,
+				Allow: []string{
+					entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost.String(),
 				},
 			},
 			expected: EntitlementConf{
 				NetworkHost: true,
-				FSRead:      []string{wd},
+				FSRead:      []string{expWd},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -217,26 +223,26 @@ func TestValidateEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
 				NetworkHost: true,
 			},
 			opt: build.Options{
-				Allow: []entitlements.Entitlement{
-					entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost,
+				Allow: []string{
+					entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost.String(),
 				},
 			},
 			expected: EntitlementConf{
-				FSRead: []string{wd},
+				FSRead: []string{expWd},
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "SecurityAndNetworkHostMissing",
 			opt: build.Options{
-				Allow: []entitlements.Entitlement{
-					entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost,
-					entitlements.EntitlementSecurityInsecure,
+				Allow: []string{
+					entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost.String(),
+					entitlements.EntitlementSecurityInsecure.String(),
 				},
 			},
 			expected: EntitlementConf{
 				NetworkHost:      true,
 				SecurityInsecure: true,
-				FSRead:           []string{wd},
+				FSRead:           []string{expWd},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -245,14 +251,14 @@ func TestValidateEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
 				NetworkHost: true,
 			},
 			opt: build.Options{
-				Allow: []entitlements.Entitlement{
-					entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost,
-					entitlements.EntitlementSecurityInsecure,
+				Allow: []string{
+					entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost.String(),
+					entitlements.EntitlementSecurityInsecure.String(),
 				},
 			},
 			expected: EntitlementConf{
 				SecurityInsecure: true,
-				FSRead:           []string{wd},
+				FSRead:           []string{expWd},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -266,40 +272,25 @@ func TestValidateEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			expected: EntitlementConf{
 				SSH:    true,
-				FSRead: []string{wd},
+				FSRead: []string{expWd},
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "ExportLocal",
 			opt: build.Options{
-				Exports: []client.ExportEntry{
-					{
-						Type: "local",
-						Attrs: map[string]string{
-							"dest": dir1,
-						},
-					},
-					{
-						Type: "local",
-						Attrs: map[string]string{
-							"dest": filepath.Join(dir1, "subdir"),
-						},
-					},
-					{
-						Type: "local",
-						Attrs: map[string]string{
-							"dest": dir2,
-						},
-					},
+				ExportsLocalPathsTemporary: []string{
+					dir1,
+					filepath.Join(dir1, "subdir"),
+					dir2,
 				},
 			},
 			expected: EntitlementConf{
 				FSWrite: func() []string {
-					exp := []string{dir1, dir2}
+					exp := []string{expDir1, expDir2}
 					slices.Sort(exp)
 					return exp
 				}(),
-				FSRead: []string{wd},
+				FSRead: []string{expWd},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -328,7 +319,7 @@ func TestValidateEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
 				FSRead: []string{wd, dir1},
 			},
 			expected: EntitlementConf{
-				FSRead: []string{filepath.Join(dir1, "../..")},
+				FSRead: []string{filepath.Join(expDir1, "../..")},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -343,8 +334,77 @@ func TestValidateEntitlements(t *testing.T) {
 			conf: EntitlementConf{
 				FSRead: []string{"/"},
 			},
+			expected: EntitlementConf{
+				FSRead: func() []string {
+					// on windows root (/) is only allowed if it is the same volume as wd
+					if filepath.VolumeName(wd) == filepath.VolumeName(escapeLink) {
+						return nil
+					}
+					// if not, then escapeLink is not allowed
+					exp, _, err := evaluateToExistingPath(escapeLink)
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+					exp, err = filepath.EvalSymlinks(exp)
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+					return []string{exp}
+				}(),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "SecretFromEscapeLinkAllowAny",
+			opt: build.Options{
+				SecretSpecs: []*pb.Secret{
+					{
+						FilePath: escapeLink,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			conf: EntitlementConf{
+				FSRead: []string{"*"},
+			},
 			expected: EntitlementConf{},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "NonExistingAllowedPathSubpath",
+			opt: build.Options{
+				ExportsLocalPathsTemporary: []string{
+					dir1,
+				},
+			},
+			conf: EntitlementConf{
+				FSRead:  []string{wd},
+				FSWrite: []string{filepath.Join(dir1, "not/exists")},
+			},
+			expected: EntitlementConf{
+				FSWrite: []string{expDir1}, // dir1 is still needed as only subpath was allowed
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "NonExistingAllowedPathMatches",
+			opt: build.Options{
+				ExportsLocalPathsTemporary: []string{
+					filepath.Join(dir1, "not/exists"),
+				},
+			},
+			conf: EntitlementConf{
+				FSRead:  []string{wd},
+				FSWrite: []string{filepath.Join(dir1, "not/exists")},
+			},
+			expected: EntitlementConf{
+				FSWrite: []string{expDir1}, // dir1 is still needed as build also needs to write not/exists directory
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "NonExistingBuildPath",
+			opt: build.Options{
+				ExportsLocalPathsTemporary: []string{
+					filepath.Join(dir1, "not/exists"),
+				},
+			},
+			conf: EntitlementConf{
+				FSRead:  []string{wd},
+				FSWrite: []string{dir1},
+			},
+		},
 	}

 	for _, tc := range tcases {
--- a/bake/entitlements_unix.go
+++ b/bake/entitlements_unix.go
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-//go:build !windows
-// +build !windows
-
-package bake
-
-import (
-	"path/filepath"
-
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-)
-
-func evaluatePaths(in []string) ([]string, error) {
-	out := make([]string, 0, len(in))
-	for _, p := range in {
-		v, err := filepath.Abs(p)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		v, err = filepath.EvalSymlinks(v)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to evaluate path %q", p)
-		}
-		out = append(out, v)
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
--- a/bake/entitlements_windows.go
+++ b/bake/entitlements_windows.go
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-package bake
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-)
-
-func evaluatePaths(in []string) ([]string, error) {
-	out := make([]string, 0, len(in))
-	for _, p := range in {
-		if p == "/" {
-			out = append(out, getAllVolumes()...)
-			continue
-		}
-		v, err := filepath.Abs(p)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		v, err = filepath.EvalSymlinks(v)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to evaluate path %q", p)
-		}
-		out = append(out, v)
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func getAllVolumes() []string {
-	var volumes []string
-	for _, drive := range "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" {
-		p := string(drive) + ":" + string(filepath.Separator)
-		if _, err := os.Stat(p); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-			volumes = append(volumes, p)
-		}
-	}
-	return volumes
-}
--- a/bake/hcl_test.go
+++ b/bake/hcl_test.go
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ package bake

 import (
 	"reflect"
+	"regexp"
 	"testing"

+	hcl "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

@@ -604,9 +606,14 @@ func TestHCLAttrsCustomType(t *testing.T) {
 func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleType(t *testing.T) {
 	dt := []byte(`
 	target "app" {
+		attest = [
+			{ type = "provenance", mode = "max" },
+			"type=sbom,disabled=true,generator=foo,\"ENV1=bar,baz\",ENV2=hello",
+		]
+
 		cache-from = [
 			{ type = "registry", ref = "user/app:cache" },
-			{ type = "local", src = "path/to/cache" },
+			"type=local,src=path/to/cache",
 		]

 		cache-to = [
@@ -615,6 +622,7 @@ func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleType(t *testing.T) {

 		output = [
 			{ type = "oci", dest = "../out.tar" },
+			"type=local,dest=../out",
 		]

 		secret = [
@@ -633,14 +641,15 @@ func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleType(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
-	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=oci,dest=../out.tar"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].Outputs))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=provenance,mode=max", "type=sbom,disabled=true,\"ENV1=bar,baz\",ENV2=hello,generator=foo"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].Attest))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=../out", "type=oci,dest=../out.tar"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].Outputs))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,src=path/to/cache", "user/app:cache"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].CacheFrom))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=path/to/cache"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].CacheTo))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"id=mysecret,src=/local/secret", "id=mysecret2,env=TOKEN"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].Secrets))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"default", "key=path/to/key"}, stringify(c.Targets[0].SSH))
 }

-func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleTypeVars(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleType_ObjectVars(t *testing.T) {
 	dt := []byte(`
 	variable "foo" {
 		default = "bar"
@@ -649,13 +658,14 @@ func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleTypeVars(t *testing.T) {
 	target "app" {
 		cache-from = [
 			{ type = "registry", ref = "user/app:cache" },
-			{ type = "local", src = "path/to/cache" },
+			"type=local,src=path/to/cache",
 		]

 		cache-to = [ target.app.cache-from[0] ]

 		output = [
 			{ type = "oci", dest = "../out.tar" },
+			"type=local,dest=../out",
 		]

 		secret = [
@@ -674,7 +684,7 @@ func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleTypeVars(t *testing.T) {
 		output = [ "type=oci,dest=../${foo}.tar" ]

 		secret = [
-			{ id = target.app.output[0].type, src = "/local/secret" },
+			{ id = target.app.output[0].type, src = "/${target.app.cache-from[1].type}/secret" },
 		]
 	}
 	`)
@@ -696,7 +706,7 @@ func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleTypeVars(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	app := findTarget(t, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=oci,dest=../out.tar"}, stringify(app.Outputs))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=../out", "type=oci,dest=../out.tar"}, stringify(app.Outputs))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,src=path/to/cache", "user/app:cache"}, stringify(app.CacheFrom))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/app:cache"}, stringify(app.CacheTo))
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"id=mysecret,src=/local/secret"}, stringify(app.Secrets))
@@ -708,6 +718,52 @@ func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleTypeVars(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"id=oci,src=/local/secret"}, stringify(web.Secrets))
 }

+func TestHCLAttrsCapsuleType_MissingVars(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+	target "app" {
+		attest = [
+			"type=sbom,disabled=${SBOM}",
+		]
+
+		cache-from = [
+			{ type = "registry", ref = "user/app:${FOO1}" },
+      "type=local,src=path/to/cache:${FOO2}",
+		]
+
+		cache-to = [
+			{ type = "local", dest = "path/to/${BAR}" },
+		]
+
+		output = [
+			{ type = "oci", dest = "../${OUTPUT}.tar" },
+		]
+
+		secret = [
+			{ id = "mysecret", src = "/local/${SECRET}" },
+		]
+
+		ssh = [
+			{ id = "key", paths = ["path/to/${SSH_KEY}"] },
+		]
+	}
+	`)
+
+	var diags hcl.Diagnostics
+	_, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.ErrorAs(t, err, &diags)
+
+	re := regexp.MustCompile(`There is no variable named "([\w\d_]+)"`)
+	var actual []string
+	for _, diag := range diags {
+		if m := re.FindStringSubmatch(diag.Error()); m != nil {
+			actual = append(actual, m[1])
+		}
+	}
+	require.ElementsMatch(t,
+		[]string{"SBOM", "FOO1", "FOO2", "BAR", "OUTPUT", "SECRET", "SSH_KEY"},
+		actual)
+}
+
 func TestHCLMultiFileAttrs(t *testing.T) {
 	dt := []byte(`
 		variable "FOO" {
--- a/bake/hclparser/hclparser.go
+++ b/bake/hclparser/hclparser.go
@@ -579,9 +579,9 @@ func (p *parser) validateVariables(vars map[string]*variable, ectx *hcl.EvalCont
 }

 type Variable struct {
-	Name        string
-	Description string
-	Value       *string
+	Name        string  `json:"name"`
+	Description string  `json:"description,omitempty"`
+	Value       *string `json:"value,omitempty"`
 }

 type ParseMeta struct {
--- a/bake/hclparser/type_implied_ext.go
+++ b/bake/hclparser/type_implied_ext.go
@@ -10,44 +10,60 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/gocty"
 )

-type CapsuleValue interface {
-	// FromCtyValue will initialize this value using a cty.Value.
-	FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, path cty.Path) error
-
+type ToCtyValueConverter interface {
 	// ToCtyValue will convert this capsule value into a native
 	// cty.Value. This should not return a capsule type.
 	ToCtyValue() cty.Value
 }

+type FromCtyValueConverter interface {
+	// FromCtyValue will initialize this value using a cty.Value.
+	FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, path cty.Path) error
+}
+
 type extensionType int

 const (
-	nativeTypeExtension extensionType = iota
+	unwrapCapsuleValueExtension extensionType = iota
 )

 func impliedTypeExt(rt reflect.Type, _ cty.Path) (cty.Type, error) {
-	if rt.AssignableTo(capsuleValueType) {
+	if rt.Kind() != reflect.Pointer {
+		rt = reflect.PointerTo(rt)
+	}
+
+	if isCapsuleType(rt) {
 		return capsuleValueCapsuleType(rt), nil
 	}
 	return cty.NilType, errdefs.ErrNotImplemented
 }

-var (
-	capsuleValueType  = reflect.TypeFor[CapsuleValue]()
-	capsuleValueTypes sync.Map
-)
+func isCapsuleType(rt reflect.Type) bool {
+	fromCtyValueType := reflect.TypeFor[FromCtyValueConverter]()
+	toCtyValueType := reflect.TypeFor[ToCtyValueConverter]()
+	return rt.Implements(fromCtyValueType) && rt.Implements(toCtyValueType)
+}
+
+var capsuleValueTypes sync.Map

 func capsuleValueCapsuleType(rt reflect.Type) cty.Type {
-	if val, loaded := capsuleValueTypes.Load(rt); loaded {
+	if rt.Kind() != reflect.Pointer {
+		panic("capsule value must be a pointer")
+	}
+
+	elem := rt.Elem()
+	if val, loaded := capsuleValueTypes.Load(elem); loaded {
 		return val.(cty.Type)
 	}

-	// First time used.
-	ety := cty.CapsuleWithOps(rt.Name(), rt.Elem(), &cty.CapsuleOps{
+	toCtyValueType := reflect.TypeFor[ToCtyValueConverter]()
+
+	// First time used. Initialize new capsule ops.
+	ops := &cty.CapsuleOps{
 		ConversionTo: func(_ cty.Type) func(cty.Value, cty.Path) (any, error) {
 			return func(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) (any, error) {
-				rv := reflect.New(rt.Elem()).Interface()
-				if err := rv.(CapsuleValue).FromCtyValue(in, p); err != nil {
+				rv := reflect.New(elem).Interface()
+				if err := rv.(FromCtyValueConverter).FromCtyValue(in, p); err != nil {
 					return nil, err
 				}
 				return rv, nil
@@ -55,30 +71,39 @@ func capsuleValueCapsuleType(rt reflect.Type) cty.Type {
 		},
 		ConversionFrom: func(want cty.Type) func(any, cty.Path) (cty.Value, error) {
 			return func(in any, _ cty.Path) (cty.Value, error) {
-				v := in.(CapsuleValue).ToCtyValue()
+				rv := reflect.ValueOf(in).Convert(toCtyValueType)
+				v := rv.Interface().(ToCtyValueConverter).ToCtyValue()
 				return convert.Convert(v, want)
 			}
 		},
 		ExtensionData: func(key any) any {
 			switch key {
-			case nativeTypeExtension:
-				zero := reflect.Zero(rt).Interface()
-				return zero.(CapsuleValue).ToCtyValue().Type()
-			default:
-				return nil
-			}
-		},
-	})
+			case unwrapCapsuleValueExtension:
+				zero := reflect.Zero(elem).Interface()
+				if conv, ok := zero.(ToCtyValueConverter); ok {
+					return conv.ToCtyValue().Type()
+				}

-	// Attempt to store the new type. Use whichever was loaded first in the case of a race condition.
-	val, _ := capsuleValueTypes.LoadOrStore(rt, ety)
+				zero = reflect.Zero(rt).Interface()
+				if conv, ok := zero.(ToCtyValueConverter); ok {
+					return conv.ToCtyValue().Type()
+				}
+			}
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Attempt to store the new type. Use whichever was loaded first in the case
+	// of a race condition.
+	ety := cty.CapsuleWithOps(elem.Name(), elem, ops)
+	val, _ := capsuleValueTypes.LoadOrStore(elem, ety)
 	return val.(cty.Type)
 }

-// ToNativeValue will convert a value to only native cty types which will
-// remove capsule types if possible.
-func ToNativeValue(in cty.Value) cty.Value {
-	want := toNativeType(in.Type())
+// UnwrapCtyValue will unwrap capsule type values into their native cty value
+// equivalents if possible.
+func UnwrapCtyValue(in cty.Value) cty.Value {
+	want := toCtyValueType(in.Type())
 	if in.Type().Equals(want) {
 		return in
 	} else if out, err := convert.Convert(in, want); err == nil {
@@ -87,17 +112,17 @@ func ToNativeValue(in cty.Value) cty.Value {
 	return cty.NullVal(want)
 }

-func toNativeType(in cty.Type) cty.Type {
+func toCtyValueType(in cty.Type) cty.Type {
 	if et := in.MapElementType(); et != nil {
-		return cty.Map(toNativeType(*et))
+		return cty.Map(toCtyValueType(*et))
 	}

 	if et := in.SetElementType(); et != nil {
-		return cty.Set(toNativeType(*et))
+		return cty.Set(toCtyValueType(*et))
 	}

 	if et := in.ListElementType(); et != nil {
-		return cty.List(toNativeType(*et))
+		return cty.List(toCtyValueType(*et))
 	}

 	if in.IsObjectType() {
@@ -105,7 +130,7 @@ func toNativeType(in cty.Type) cty.Type {
 		inAttrTypes := in.AttributeTypes()
 		outAttrTypes := make(map[string]cty.Type, len(inAttrTypes))
 		for name, typ := range inAttrTypes {
-			outAttrTypes[name] = toNativeType(typ)
+			outAttrTypes[name] = toCtyValueType(typ)
 			if in.AttributeOptional(name) {
 				optional = append(optional, name)
 			}
@@ -117,13 +142,13 @@ func toNativeType(in cty.Type) cty.Type {
 		inTypes := in.TupleElementTypes()
 		outTypes := make([]cty.Type, len(inTypes))
 		for i, typ := range inTypes {
-			outTypes[i] = toNativeType(typ)
+			outTypes[i] = toCtyValueType(typ)
 		}
 		return cty.Tuple(outTypes)
 	}

 	if in.IsCapsuleType() {
-		if out := in.CapsuleExtensionData(nativeTypeExtension); out != nil {
+		if out := in.CapsuleExtensionData(unwrapCapsuleValueExtension); out != nil {
 			return out.(cty.Type)
 		}
 		return cty.DynamicPseudoType
@@ -137,5 +162,5 @@ func ToCtyValue(val any, ty cty.Type) (cty.Value, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return out, err
 	}
-	return ToNativeValue(out), nil
+	return UnwrapCtyValue(out), nil
 }
--- a/build/build.go
+++ b/build/build.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/images"
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/pb"
 	spb "github.com/moby/buildkit/sourcepolicy/pb"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/entitlements"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progresswriter"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
@@ -62,27 +61,28 @@ const (
 type Options struct {
 	Inputs Inputs

-	Ref           string
-	Allow         []entitlements.Entitlement
-	Attests       map[string]*string
-	BuildArgs     map[string]string
-	CacheFrom     []client.CacheOptionsEntry
-	CacheTo       []client.CacheOptionsEntry
-	CgroupParent  string
-	Exports       []client.ExportEntry
-	ExtraHosts    []string
-	Labels        map[string]string
-	NetworkMode   string
-	NoCache       bool
-	NoCacheFilter []string
-	Platforms     []specs.Platform
-	Pull          bool
-	SecretSpecs   []*controllerapi.Secret
-	SSHSpecs      []*controllerapi.SSH
-	ShmSize       opts.MemBytes
-	Tags          []string
-	Target        string
-	Ulimits       *opts.UlimitOpt
+	Ref                        string
+	Allow                      []string
+	Attests                    map[string]*string
+	BuildArgs                  map[string]string
+	CacheFrom                  []client.CacheOptionsEntry
+	CacheTo                    []client.CacheOptionsEntry
+	CgroupParent               string
+	Exports                    []client.ExportEntry
+	ExportsLocalPathsTemporary []string // should be removed after client.ExportEntry update in buildkit v0.19.0
+	ExtraHosts                 []string
+	Labels                     map[string]string
+	NetworkMode                string
+	NoCache                    bool
+	NoCacheFilter              []string
+	Platforms                  []specs.Platform
+	Pull                       bool
+	SecretSpecs                []*controllerapi.Secret
+	SSHSpecs                   []*controllerapi.SSH
+	ShmSize                    opts.MemBytes
+	Tags                       []string
+	Target                     string
+	Ulimits                    *opts.UlimitOpt

 	Session                []session.Attachable
 	Linked                 bool // Linked marks this target as exclusively linked (not requested by the user).
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ func remoteDigestWithMoby(ctx context.Context, d *driver.DriverHandle, name stri
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	img, _, err := api.ImageInspectWithRaw(ctx, name)
+	img, err := api.ImageInspect(ctx, name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
--- a/build/opt.go
+++ b/build/opt.go
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content"
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content/local"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/plugins/content/local"
 	"github.com/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ func toSolveOpt(ctx context.Context, node builder.Node, multiDriver bool, opt *O
 	switch opt.NetworkMode {
 	case "host":
 		so.FrontendAttrs["force-network-mode"] = opt.NetworkMode
-		so.AllowedEntitlements = append(so.AllowedEntitlements, entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost)
+		so.AllowedEntitlements = append(so.AllowedEntitlements, entitlements.EntitlementNetworkHost.String())
 	case "none":
 		so.FrontendAttrs["force-network-mode"] = opt.NetworkMode
 	case "", "default":
--- a/build/provenance.go
+++ b/build/provenance.go
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content"
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content/proxy"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content/proxy"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	controlapi "github.com/moby/buildkit/api/services/control"
--- a/builder/builder_test.go
+++ b/builder/builder_test.go
@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ func TestCsvToMap(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestParseBuildkitdFlags(t *testing.T) {
-	buildkitdConf := `
+	dirConf := t.TempDir()
+
+	buildkitdConfPath := path.Join(dirConf, "buildkitd-conf.toml")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(buildkitdConfPath, []byte(`
 # debug enables additional debug logging
 debug = true
 # insecure-entitlements allows insecure entitlements, disabled by default.
@@ -37,10 +40,18 @@ insecure-entitlements = [ "network.host", "security.insecure" ]
 [log]
  # log formatter: json or text
  format = "text"
-`
-	dirConf := t.TempDir()
-	buildkitdConfPath := path.Join(dirConf, "buildkitd-conf.toml")
-	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(buildkitdConfPath, []byte(buildkitdConf), 0644))
+`), 0644))
+
+	buildkitdConfBrokenPath := path.Join(dirConf, "buildkitd-conf-broken.toml")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(buildkitdConfBrokenPath, []byte(`
+[worker.oci]
+  gc = "maybe"
+`), 0644))
+
+	buildkitdConfUnknownFieldPath := path.Join(dirConf, "buildkitd-unknown-field.toml")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(buildkitdConfUnknownFieldPath, []byte(`
+foo = "bar"
+`), 0644))

 	testCases := []struct {
 		name                string
@@ -157,6 +168,26 @@ insecure-entitlements = [ "network.host", "security.insecure" ]
 			nil,
 			true,
 		},
+		{
+			"error parsing buildkit config",
+			"",
+			"docker-container",
+			nil,
+			buildkitdConfBrokenPath,
+			nil,
+			true,
+		},
+		{
+			"unknown field in buildkit config",
+			"",
+			"docker-container",
+			nil,
+			buildkitdConfUnknownFieldPath,
+			[]string{
+				"--allow-insecure-entitlement=network.host",
+			},
+			false,
+		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range testCases {
 		tt := tt
--- a/builder/node.go
+++ b/builder/node.go
@@ -32,10 +32,11 @@ type Node struct {
 	Err         error

 	// worker settings
-	IDs       []string
-	Platforms []ocispecs.Platform
-	GCPolicy  []client.PruneInfo
-	Labels    map[string]string
+	IDs        []string
+	Platforms  []ocispecs.Platform
+	GCPolicy   []client.PruneInfo
+	Labels     map[string]string
+	CDIDevices []client.CDIDevice
 }

 // Nodes returns nodes for this builder.
@@ -259,6 +260,7 @@ func (n *Node) loadData(ctx context.Context, clientOpt ...client.ClientOpt) erro
 				n.GCPolicy = w.GCPolicy
 				n.Labels = w.Labels
 			}
+			n.CDIDevices = w.CDIDevices
 		}
 		sort.Strings(n.IDs)
 		n.Platforms = platformutil.Dedupe(n.Platforms)
--- a/cmd/buildx/main.go
+++ b/cmd/buildx/main.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"

 	"github.com/docker/buildx/commands"
 	controllererrors "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/errdefs"
@@ -20,9 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"

-	//nolint:staticcheck // vendored dependencies may still use this
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/pkg/seed"
-
 	_ "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/oidc"

 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/docker"
@@ -35,9 +33,6 @@ import (
 )

 func init() {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	seed.WithTimeAndRand()
-
 	stack.SetVersionInfo(version.Version, version.Revision)
 }

@@ -47,7 +42,8 @@ func runStandalone(cmd *command.DockerCli) error {
 	}
 	defer flushMetrics(cmd)

-	rootCmd := commands.NewRootCmd(os.Args[0], false, cmd)
+	executable := os.Args[0]
+	rootCmd := commands.NewRootCmd(filepath.Base(executable), false, cmd)
 	return rootCmd.Execute()
 }

--- a/commands/bake.go
+++ b/commands/bake.go
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/desktop"
@@ -38,24 +37,30 @@ import (
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
 )

 type bakeOptions struct {
-	files       []string
-	overrides   []string
-	printOnly   bool
-	listTargets bool
-	listVars    bool
-	sbom        string
-	provenance  string
-	allow       []string
+	files     []string
+	overrides []string
+
+	sbom       string
+	provenance string
+	allow      []string

 	builder      string
 	metadataFile string
 	exportPush   bool
 	exportLoad   bool
 	callFunc     string
+
+	print bool
+	list  string
+
+	// TODO: remove deprecated flags
+	listTargets bool
+	listVars    bool
 }

 func runBake(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions, cFlags commonFlags) (err error) {
@@ -121,9 +126,13 @@ func runBake(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in ba
 	var nodes []builder.Node
 	var progressConsoleDesc, progressTextDesc string

+	if in.print && in.list != "" {
+		return errors.New("--print and --list are mutually exclusive")
+	}
+
 	// instance only needed for reading remote bake files or building
 	var driverType string
-	if url != "" || !(in.printOnly || in.listTargets || in.listVars) {
+	if url != "" || !(in.print || in.list != "") {
 		b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
 			builder.WithName(in.builder),
 			builder.WithContextPathHash(contextPathHash),
@@ -184,7 +193,7 @@ func runBake(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in ba
 		"BAKE_LOCAL_PLATFORM": platforms.Format(platforms.DefaultSpec()),
 	}

-	if in.listTargets || in.listVars {
+	if in.list != "" {
 		cfg, pm, err := bake.ParseFiles(files, defaults)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -192,14 +201,19 @@ func runBake(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in ba
 		if err = printer.Wait(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if in.listTargets {
-			return printTargetList(dockerCli.Out(), cfg)
-		} else if in.listVars {
-			return printVars(dockerCli.Out(), pm.AllVariables)
+		list, err := parseList(in.list)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		switch list.Type {
+		case "targets":
+			return printTargetList(dockerCli.Out(), list.Format, cfg)
+		case "variables":
+			return printVars(dockerCli.Out(), list.Format, pm.AllVariables)
 		}
 	}

-	tgts, grps, err := bake.ReadTargets(ctx, files, targets, overrides, defaults)
+	tgts, grps, err := bake.ReadTargets(ctx, files, targets, overrides, defaults, &ent)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -231,7 +245,7 @@ func runBake(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in ba
 		Target: tgts,
 	}

-	if in.printOnly {
+	if in.print {
 		if err = printer.Wait(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -257,8 +271,10 @@ func runBake(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in ba
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := exp.Prompt(ctx, url != "", &syncWriter{w: dockerCli.Err(), wait: printer.Wait}); err != nil {
-		return err
+	if progressMode != progressui.RawJSONMode {
+		if err := exp.Prompt(ctx, url != "", &syncWriter{w: dockerCli.Err(), wait: printer.Wait}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 	if printer.IsDone() {
 		// init new printer as old one was stopped to show the prompt
@@ -427,6 +443,13 @@ func bakeCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 			if !cmd.Flags().Lookup("pull").Changed {
 				cFlags.pull = nil
 			}
+			if options.list == "" {
+				if options.listTargets {
+					options.list = "targets"
+				} else if options.listVars {
+					options.list = "variables"
+				}
+			}
 			options.builder = rootOpts.builder
 			options.metadataFile = cFlags.metadataFile
 			// Other common flags (noCache, pull and progress) are processed in runBake function.
@@ -439,7 +462,6 @@ func bakeCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {

 	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.files, "file", "f", []string{}, "Build definition file")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportLoad, "load", false, `Shorthand for "--set=*.output=type=docker"`)
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.printOnly, "print", false, "Print the options without building")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, `Shorthand for "--set=*.output=type=registry"`)
 	flags.StringVar(&options.sbom, "sbom", "", `Shorthand for "--set=*.attest=type=sbom"`)
 	flags.StringVar(&options.provenance, "provenance", "", `Shorthand for "--set=*.attest=type=provenance"`)
@@ -450,13 +472,16 @@ func bakeCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags.VarPF(callAlias(&options.callFunc, "check"), "check", "", `Shorthand for "--call=check"`)
 	flags.Lookup("check").NoOptDefVal = "true"

-	flags.BoolVar(&options.listTargets, "list-targets", false, "List available targets")
-	cobrautil.MarkFlagsExperimental(flags, "list-targets")
-	flags.MarkHidden("list-targets")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.print, "print", false, "Print the options without building")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.list, "list", "", "List targets or variables")

+	// TODO: remove deprecated flags
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.listTargets, "list-targets", false, "List available targets")
+	flags.MarkHidden("list-targets")
+	flags.MarkDeprecated("list-targets", "list-targets is deprecated, use list=targets instead")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.listVars, "list-variables", false, "List defined variables")
-	cobrautil.MarkFlagsExperimental(flags, "list-variables")
 	flags.MarkHidden("list-variables")
+	flags.MarkDeprecated("list-variables", "list-variables is deprecated, use list=variables instead")

 	commonBuildFlags(&cFlags, flags)

@@ -557,10 +582,70 @@ func readBakeFiles(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, url string, names
 	return
 }

-func printVars(w io.Writer, vars []*hclparser.Variable) error {
+type listEntry struct {
+	Type   string
+	Format string
+}
+
+func parseList(input string) (listEntry, error) {
+	res := listEntry{}
+
+	fields, err := csvvalue.Fields(input, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return res, err
+	}
+
+	if len(fields) == 1 && fields[0] == input && !strings.HasPrefix(input, "type=") {
+		res.Type = input
+	}
+
+	if res.Type == "" {
+		for _, field := range fields {
+			key, value, ok := strings.Cut(field, "=")
+			if !ok {
+				return res, errors.Errorf("invalid value %s", field)
+			}
+			key = strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(key))
+			switch key {
+			case "type":
+				res.Type = value
+			case "format":
+				res.Format = value
+			default:
+				return res, errors.Errorf("unexpected key '%s' in '%s'", key, field)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if res.Format == "" {
+		res.Format = "table"
+	}
+
+	switch res.Type {
+	case "targets", "variables":
+	default:
+		return res, errors.Errorf("invalid list type %q", res.Type)
+	}
+
+	switch res.Format {
+	case "table", "json":
+	default:
+		return res, errors.Errorf("invalid list format %q", res.Format)
+	}
+
+	return res, nil
+}
+
+func printVars(w io.Writer, format string, vars []*hclparser.Variable) error {
 	slices.SortFunc(vars, func(a, b *hclparser.Variable) int {
 		return cmp.Compare(a.Name, b.Name)
 	})
+
+	if format == "json" {
+		enc := json.NewEncoder(w)
+		enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+		return enc.Encode(vars)
+	}
+
 	tw := tabwriter.NewWriter(w, 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
 	defer tw.Flush()

@@ -578,12 +663,7 @@ func printVars(w io.Writer, vars []*hclparser.Variable) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func printTargetList(w io.Writer, cfg *bake.Config) error {
-	tw := tabwriter.NewWriter(w, 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
-	defer tw.Flush()
-
-	tw.Write([]byte("TARGET\tDESCRIPTION\n"))
-
+func printTargetList(w io.Writer, format string, cfg *bake.Config) error {
 	type targetOrGroup struct {
 		name   string
 		target *bake.Target
@@ -602,6 +682,20 @@ func printTargetList(w io.Writer, cfg *bake.Config) error {
 		return cmp.Compare(a.name, b.name)
 	})

+	var tw *tabwriter.Writer
+	if format == "table" {
+		tw = tabwriter.NewWriter(w, 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
+		defer tw.Flush()
+		tw.Write([]byte("TARGET\tDESCRIPTION\n"))
+	}
+
+	type targetList struct {
+		Name        string `json:"name"`
+		Description string `json:"description,omitempty"`
+		Group       bool   `json:"group,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var targetsList []targetList
+
 	for _, tgt := range list {
 		if strings.HasPrefix(tgt.name, "_") {
 			// convention for a private target
@@ -610,9 +704,9 @@ func printTargetList(w io.Writer, cfg *bake.Config) error {
 		var descr string
 		if tgt.target != nil {
 			descr = tgt.target.Description
+			targetsList = append(targetsList, targetList{Name: tgt.name, Description: descr})
 		} else if tgt.group != nil {
 			descr = tgt.group.Description
-
 			if len(tgt.group.Targets) > 0 {
 				slices.Sort(tgt.group.Targets)
 				names := strings.Join(tgt.group.Targets, ", ")
@@ -622,8 +716,17 @@ func printTargetList(w io.Writer, cfg *bake.Config) error {
 					descr = names
 				}
 			}
+			targetsList = append(targetsList, targetList{Name: tgt.name, Description: descr, Group: true})
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t%s\n", tgt.name, descr)
+		if format == "table" {
+			fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t%s\n", tgt.name, descr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if format == "json" {
+		enc := json.NewEncoder(w)
+		enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+		return enc.Encode(targetsList)
 	}

 	return nil
--- a/commands/build.go
+++ b/commands/build.go
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	dockeropts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/versions"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/ioutils"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/atomicwriter"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/exporter/containerimage/exptypes"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests"
@@ -183,14 +183,17 @@ func (o *buildOptions) toControllerOptions() (*controllerapi.BuildOptions, error
 		}
 	}

-	opts.CacheFrom, err = buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(o.cacheFrom)
+	cacheFrom, err := buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(o.cacheFrom)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	opts.CacheTo, err = buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(o.cacheTo)
+	opts.CacheFrom = cacheFrom.ToPB()
+
+	cacheTo, err := buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(o.cacheTo)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	opts.CacheTo = cacheTo.ToPB()

 	opts.Secrets, err = buildflags.ParseSecretSpecs(o.secrets)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -463,7 +466,7 @@ func runControllerBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts *contro
 	if err != nil {
 		var be *controllererrors.BuildError
 		if errors.As(err, &be) {
-			ref = be.Ref
+			ref = be.SessionID
 			retErr = err
 			// We can proceed to monitor
 		} else {
@@ -590,7 +593,7 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions, debugConfig *debug.D

 	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.extraHosts, "add-host", []string{}, `Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: "host:ip")`)

-	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.allow, "allow", []string{}, `Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., "network.host", "security.insecure")`)
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.allow, "allow", []string{}, `Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., "network.host", "security.insecure")`)

 	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.annotations, "annotation", "", []string{}, "Add annotation to the image")

@@ -720,7 +723,7 @@ type commonFlags struct {

 func commonBuildFlags(options *commonFlags, flags *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	options.noCache = flags.Bool("no-cache", false, "Do not use cache when building the image")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty", "rawjson"). Use plain to show container output`)
+	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "quiet", "plain", "tty", "rawjson"). Use plain to show container output`)
 	options.pull = flags.Bool("pull", false, "Always attempt to pull all referenced images")
 	flags.StringVar(&options.metadataFile, "metadata-file", "", "Write build result metadata to a file")
 }
@@ -742,7 +745,7 @@ func writeMetadataFile(filename string, dt interface{}) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(filename, b, 0644)
+	return atomicwriter.WriteFile(filename, b, 0644)
 }

 func decodeExporterResponse(exporterResponse map[string]string) map[string]interface{} {
--- a/commands/history/inspect.go
+++ b/commands/history/inspect.go
@@ -0,0 +1,900 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"text/tabwriter"
+	"text/template"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content/proxy"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/images"
+	"github.com/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/desktop"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command/formatter"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/debug"
+	slsa "github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang/in_toto/slsa_provenance/common"
+	slsa02 "github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang/in_toto/slsa_provenance/v0.2"
+	controlapi "github.com/moby/buildkit/api/services/control"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
+	provenancetypes "github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/llbsolver/provenance/types"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/grpcerrors"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/stack"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	ocispecs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue"
+	spb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc/status"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	proto "google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+type statusT string
+
+const (
+	statusComplete statusT = "completed"
+	statusRunning  statusT = "running"
+	statusError    statusT = "failed"
+	statusCanceled statusT = "canceled"
+)
+
+type inspectOptions struct {
+	builder string
+	ref     string
+	format  string
+}
+
+type inspectOutput struct {
+	Name string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Ref  string
+
+	Context       string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	Dockerfile    string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	VCSRepository string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	VCSRevision   string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	Target        string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	Platform      []string `json:",omitempty"`
+	KeepGitDir    bool     `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	NamedContexts []keyValueOutput `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	StartedAt   *time.Time    `json:",omitempty"`
+	CompletedAt *time.Time    `json:",omitempty"`
+	Duration    time.Duration `json:",omitempty"`
+	Status      statusT       `json:",omitempty"`
+	Error       *errorOutput  `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	NumCompletedSteps int32
+	NumTotalSteps     int32
+	NumCachedSteps    int32
+
+	BuildArgs []keyValueOutput `json:",omitempty"`
+	Labels    []keyValueOutput `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	Config configOutput `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	Materials   []materialOutput   `json:",omitempty"`
+	Attachments []attachmentOutput `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	Errors []string `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+type configOutput struct {
+	Network          string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	ExtraHosts       []string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Hostname         string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	CgroupParent     string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	ImageResolveMode string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	MultiPlatform    bool     `json:",omitempty"`
+	NoCache          bool     `json:",omitempty"`
+	NoCacheFilter    []string `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	ShmSize               string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Ulimit                string `json:",omitempty"`
+	CacheMountNS          string `json:",omitempty"`
+	DockerfileCheckConfig string `json:",omitempty"`
+	SourceDateEpoch       string `json:",omitempty"`
+	SandboxHostname       string `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	RestRaw []keyValueOutput `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+type materialOutput struct {
+	URI     string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	Digests []string `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+type attachmentOutput struct {
+	Digest   string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Platform string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Type     string `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+type errorOutput struct {
+	Code    int      `json:",omitempty"`
+	Message string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	Name    string   `json:",omitempty"`
+	Logs    []string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Sources []byte   `json:",omitempty"`
+	Stack   []byte   `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+type keyValueOutput struct {
+	Name  string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Value string `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+func readAttr[T any](attrs map[string]string, k string, dest *T, f func(v string) (T, bool)) {
+	if sv, ok := attrs[k]; ok {
+		if f != nil {
+			v, ok := f(sv)
+			if ok {
+				*dest = v
+			}
+		}
+		if d, ok := any(dest).(*string); ok {
+			*d = sv
+		}
+	}
+	delete(attrs, k)
+}
+
+func runInspect(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts inspectOptions) error {
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			return node.Err
+		}
+	}
+
+	recs, err := queryRecords(ctx, opts.ref, nodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if len(recs) == 0 {
+		if opts.ref == "" {
+			return errors.New("no records found")
+		}
+		return errors.Errorf("no record found for ref %q", opts.ref)
+	}
+
+	if opts.ref == "" {
+		slices.SortFunc(recs, func(a, b historyRecord) int {
+			return b.CreatedAt.AsTime().Compare(a.CreatedAt.AsTime())
+		})
+	}
+
+	rec := &recs[0]
+
+	c, err := rec.node.Driver.Client(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	store := proxy.NewContentStore(c.ContentClient())
+
+	var defaultPlatform string
+	workers, err := c.ListWorkers(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to list workers")
+	}
+workers0:
+	for _, w := range workers {
+		for _, p := range w.Platforms {
+			defaultPlatform = platforms.FormatAll(platforms.Normalize(p))
+			break workers0
+		}
+	}
+
+	ls, err := localstate.New(confutil.NewConfig(dockerCli))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	st, _ := ls.ReadRef(rec.node.Builder, rec.node.Name, rec.Ref)
+
+	attrs := rec.FrontendAttrs
+	delete(attrs, "frontend.caps")
+
+	var out inspectOutput
+
+	var context string
+	var dockerfile string
+	if st != nil {
+		context = st.LocalPath
+		dockerfile = st.DockerfilePath
+		wd, _ := os.Getwd()
+
+		if dockerfile != "" && dockerfile != "-" {
+			if rel, err := filepath.Rel(context, dockerfile); err == nil {
+				if !strings.HasPrefix(rel, ".."+string(filepath.Separator)) {
+					dockerfile = rel
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if context != "" {
+			if rel, err := filepath.Rel(wd, context); err == nil {
+				if !strings.HasPrefix(rel, ".."+string(filepath.Separator)) {
+					context = rel
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := attrs["context"]; ok && context == "" {
+		delete(attrs, "context")
+		context = v
+	}
+	if dockerfile == "" {
+		if v, ok := attrs["filename"]; ok {
+			dockerfile = v
+			if dfdir, ok := attrs["vcs:localdir:dockerfile"]; ok {
+				dockerfile = filepath.Join(dfdir, dockerfile)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	delete(attrs, "filename")
+
+	out.Name = buildName(rec.FrontendAttrs, st)
+	out.Ref = rec.Ref
+
+	out.Context = context
+	out.Dockerfile = dockerfile
+
+	if _, ok := attrs["context"]; !ok {
+		if src, ok := attrs["vcs:source"]; ok {
+			out.VCSRepository = src
+		}
+		if rev, ok := attrs["vcs:revision"]; ok {
+			out.VCSRevision = rev
+		}
+	}
+
+	readAttr(attrs, "target", &out.Target, nil)
+
+	readAttr(attrs, "platform", &out.Platform, func(v string) ([]string, bool) {
+		return tryParseValue(v, &out.Errors, func(v string) ([]string, error) {
+			var pp []string
+			for _, v := range strings.Split(v, ",") {
+				p, err := platforms.Parse(v)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				pp = append(pp, platforms.FormatAll(platforms.Normalize(p)))
+			}
+			if len(pp) == 0 {
+				pp = append(pp, defaultPlatform)
+			}
+			return pp, nil
+		})
+	})
+
+	readAttr(attrs, "build-arg:BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR", &out.KeepGitDir, func(v string) (bool, bool) {
+		return tryParseValue(v, &out.Errors, strconv.ParseBool)
+	})
+
+	out.NamedContexts = readKeyValues(attrs, "context:")
+
+	if rec.CreatedAt != nil {
+		tm := rec.CreatedAt.AsTime().Local()
+		out.StartedAt = &tm
+	}
+	out.Status = statusRunning
+
+	if rec.CompletedAt != nil {
+		tm := rec.CompletedAt.AsTime().Local()
+		out.CompletedAt = &tm
+		out.Status = statusComplete
+	}
+
+	if rec.Error != nil || rec.ExternalError != nil {
+		out.Error = &errorOutput{}
+		if rec.Error != nil {
+			if codes.Code(rec.Error.Code) == codes.Canceled {
+				out.Status = statusCanceled
+			} else {
+				out.Status = statusError
+			}
+			out.Error.Code = int(codes.Code(rec.Error.Code))
+			out.Error.Message = rec.Error.Message
+		}
+		if rec.ExternalError != nil {
+			dt, err := content.ReadBlob(ctx, store, ociDesc(rec.ExternalError))
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to read external error %s", rec.ExternalError.Digest)
+			}
+			var st spb.Status
+			if err := proto.Unmarshal(dt, &st); err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to unmarshal external error %s", rec.ExternalError.Digest)
+			}
+			retErr := grpcerrors.FromGRPC(status.ErrorProto(&st))
+			var errsources bytes.Buffer
+			for _, s := range errdefs.Sources(retErr) {
+				s.Print(&errsources)
+				errsources.WriteString("\n")
+			}
+			out.Error.Sources = errsources.Bytes()
+			var ve *errdefs.VertexError
+			if errors.As(retErr, &ve) {
+				dgst, err := digest.Parse(ve.Vertex.Digest)
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse vertex digest %s", ve.Vertex.Digest)
+				}
+				name, logs, err := loadVertexLogs(ctx, c, rec.Ref, dgst, 16)
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to load vertex logs %s", dgst)
+				}
+				out.Error.Name = name
+				out.Error.Logs = logs
+			}
+			out.Error.Stack = []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%+v", stack.Formatter(retErr)))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if out.StartedAt != nil {
+		if out.CompletedAt != nil {
+			out.Duration = out.CompletedAt.Sub(*out.StartedAt)
+		} else {
+			out.Duration = rec.currentTimestamp.Sub(*out.StartedAt)
+		}
+	}
+
+	out.NumCompletedSteps = rec.NumCompletedSteps
+	out.NumTotalSteps = rec.NumTotalSteps
+	out.NumCachedSteps = rec.NumCachedSteps
+
+	out.BuildArgs = readKeyValues(attrs, "build-arg:")
+	out.Labels = readKeyValues(attrs, "label:")
+
+	readAttr(attrs, "force-network-mode", &out.Config.Network, nil)
+	readAttr(attrs, "hostname", &out.Config.Hostname, nil)
+	readAttr(attrs, "cgroup-parent", &out.Config.CgroupParent, nil)
+	readAttr(attrs, "image-resolve-mode", &out.Config.ImageResolveMode, nil)
+	readAttr(attrs, "build-arg:BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM", &out.Config.MultiPlatform, func(v string) (bool, bool) {
+		return tryParseValue(v, &out.Errors, strconv.ParseBool)
+	})
+	readAttr(attrs, "multi-platform", &out.Config.MultiPlatform, func(v string) (bool, bool) {
+		return tryParseValue(v, &out.Errors, strconv.ParseBool)
+	})
+	readAttr(attrs, "no-cache", &out.Config.NoCache, func(v string) (bool, bool) {
+		if v == "" {
+			return true, true
+		}
+		return false, false
+	})
+	readAttr(attrs, "no-cache", &out.Config.NoCacheFilter, func(v string) ([]string, bool) {
+		if v == "" {
+			return nil, false
+		}
+		return strings.Split(v, ","), true
+	})
+
+	readAttr(attrs, "add-hosts", &out.Config.ExtraHosts, func(v string) ([]string, bool) {
+		return tryParseValue(v, &out.Errors, func(v string) ([]string, error) {
+			fields, err := csvvalue.Fields(v, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return fields, nil
+		})
+	})
+
+	readAttr(attrs, "shm-size", &out.Config.ShmSize, nil)
+	readAttr(attrs, "ulimit", &out.Config.Ulimit, nil)
+	readAttr(attrs, "build-arg:BUILDKIT_CACHE_MOUNT_NS", &out.Config.CacheMountNS, nil)
+	readAttr(attrs, "build-arg:BUILDKIT_DOCKERFILE_CHECK", &out.Config.DockerfileCheckConfig, nil)
+	readAttr(attrs, "build-arg:SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH", &out.Config.SourceDateEpoch, nil)
+	readAttr(attrs, "build-arg:SANDBOX_HOSTNAME", &out.Config.SandboxHostname, nil)
+
+	var unusedAttrs []keyValueOutput
+	for k := range attrs {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(k, "vcs:") || strings.HasPrefix(k, "build-arg:") || strings.HasPrefix(k, "label:") || strings.HasPrefix(k, "context:") || strings.HasPrefix(k, "attest:") {
+			continue
+		}
+		unusedAttrs = append(unusedAttrs, keyValueOutput{
+			Name:  k,
+			Value: attrs[k],
+		})
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(unusedAttrs, func(a, b keyValueOutput) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(a.Name, b.Name)
+	})
+	out.Config.RestRaw = unusedAttrs
+
+	attachments, err := allAttachments(ctx, store, *rec)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	provIndex := slices.IndexFunc(attachments, func(a attachment) bool {
+		return descrType(a.descr) == slsa02.PredicateSLSAProvenance
+	})
+	if provIndex != -1 {
+		prov := attachments[provIndex]
+		dt, err := content.ReadBlob(ctx, store, prov.descr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Errorf("failed to read provenance %s: %v", prov.descr.Digest, err)
+		}
+		var pred provenancetypes.ProvenancePredicate
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(dt, &pred); err != nil {
+			return errors.Errorf("failed to unmarshal provenance %s: %v", prov.descr.Digest, err)
+		}
+		for _, m := range pred.Materials {
+			out.Materials = append(out.Materials, materialOutput{
+				URI:     m.URI,
+				Digests: digestSetToDigests(m.Digest),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(attachments) > 0 {
+		for _, a := range attachments {
+			p := ""
+			if a.platform != nil {
+				p = platforms.FormatAll(*a.platform)
+			}
+			out.Attachments = append(out.Attachments, attachmentOutput{
+				Digest:   a.descr.Digest.String(),
+				Platform: p,
+				Type:     descrType(a.descr),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	if opts.format == formatter.JSONFormatKey {
+		enc := json.NewEncoder(dockerCli.Out())
+		enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+		return enc.Encode(out)
+	} else if opts.format != formatter.PrettyFormatKey {
+		tmpl, err := template.New("inspect").Parse(opts.format)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse format template")
+		}
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		if err := tmpl.Execute(&buf, out); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to execute format template")
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out(), buf.String())
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	tw := tabwriter.NewWriter(dockerCli.Out(), 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
+
+	if out.Name != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Name:\t%s\n", out.Name)
+	}
+	if opts.ref == "" && out.Ref != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Ref:\t%s\n", out.Ref)
+	}
+	if out.Context != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Context:\t%s\n", out.Context)
+	}
+	if out.Dockerfile != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Dockerfile:\t%s\n", out.Dockerfile)
+	}
+	if out.VCSRepository != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "VCS Repository:\t%s\n", out.VCSRepository)
+	}
+	if out.VCSRevision != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "VCS Revision:\t%s\n", out.VCSRevision)
+	}
+
+	if out.Target != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Target:\t%s\n", out.Target)
+	}
+
+	if len(out.Platform) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Platforms:\t%s\n", strings.Join(out.Platform, ", "))
+	}
+
+	if out.KeepGitDir {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Keep Git Dir:\t%s\n", strconv.FormatBool(out.KeepGitDir))
+	}
+
+	tw.Flush()
+
+	fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out())
+
+	printTable(dockerCli.Out(), out.NamedContexts, "Named Context")
+
+	tw = tabwriter.NewWriter(dockerCli.Out(), 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Started:\t%s\n", out.StartedAt.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"))
+	var statusStr string
+	if out.Status == statusRunning {
+		statusStr = " (running)"
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Duration:\t%s%s\n", formatDuration(out.Duration), statusStr)
+
+	if out.Status == statusError {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Error:\t%s %s\n", codes.Code(rec.Error.Code).String(), rec.Error.Message)
+	} else if out.Status == statusCanceled {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Status:\tCanceled\n")
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Build Steps:\t%d/%d (%.0f%% cached)\n", out.NumCompletedSteps, out.NumTotalSteps, float64(out.NumCachedSteps)/float64(out.NumTotalSteps)*100)
+	tw.Flush()
+
+	fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out())
+
+	tw = tabwriter.NewWriter(dockerCli.Out(), 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
+
+	if out.Config.Network != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Network:\t%s\n", out.Config.Network)
+	}
+	if out.Config.Hostname != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Hostname:\t%s\n", out.Config.Hostname)
+	}
+	if len(out.Config.ExtraHosts) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Extra Hosts:\t%s\n", strings.Join(out.Config.ExtraHosts, ", "))
+	}
+	if out.Config.CgroupParent != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Cgroup Parent:\t%s\n", out.Config.CgroupParent)
+	}
+	if out.Config.ImageResolveMode != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Image Resolve Mode:\t%s\n", out.Config.ImageResolveMode)
+	}
+	if out.Config.MultiPlatform {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Multi-Platform:\t%s\n", strconv.FormatBool(out.Config.MultiPlatform))
+	}
+	if out.Config.NoCache {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "No Cache:\t%s\n", strconv.FormatBool(out.Config.NoCache))
+	}
+	if len(out.Config.NoCacheFilter) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "No Cache Filter:\t%s\n", strings.Join(out.Config.NoCacheFilter, ", "))
+	}
+
+	if out.Config.ShmSize != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Shm Size:\t%s\n", out.Config.ShmSize)
+	}
+	if out.Config.Ulimit != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Resource Limits:\t%s\n", out.Config.Ulimit)
+	}
+	if out.Config.CacheMountNS != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Cache Mount Namespace:\t%s\n", out.Config.CacheMountNS)
+	}
+	if out.Config.DockerfileCheckConfig != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Dockerfile Check Config:\t%s\n", out.Config.DockerfileCheckConfig)
+	}
+	if out.Config.SourceDateEpoch != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Source Date Epoch:\t%s\n", out.Config.SourceDateEpoch)
+	}
+	if out.Config.SandboxHostname != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Sandbox Hostname:\t%s\n", out.Config.SandboxHostname)
+	}
+
+	for _, kv := range out.Config.RestRaw {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s:\t%s\n", kv.Name, kv.Value)
+	}
+
+	tw.Flush()
+
+	fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out())
+
+	printTable(dockerCli.Out(), out.BuildArgs, "Build Arg")
+	printTable(dockerCli.Out(), out.Labels, "Label")
+
+	if len(out.Materials) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out(), "Materials:")
+		tw = tabwriter.NewWriter(dockerCli.Out(), 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "URI\tDIGEST\n")
+		for _, m := range out.Materials {
+			fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t%s\n", m.URI, strings.Join(m.Digests, ", "))
+		}
+		tw.Flush()
+		fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out())
+	}
+
+	if len(out.Attachments) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Attachments:\n")
+		tw = tabwriter.NewWriter(dockerCli.Out(), 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "DIGEST\tPLATFORM\tTYPE\n")
+		for _, a := range out.Attachments {
+			fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t%s\t%s\n", a.Digest, a.Platform, a.Type)
+		}
+		tw.Flush()
+		fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out())
+	}
+
+	if out.Error != nil {
+		if out.Error.Sources != nil {
+			fmt.Fprint(dockerCli.Out(), string(out.Error.Sources))
+		}
+		if len(out.Error.Logs) > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out(), "Logs:")
+			fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Out(), "> => %s:\n", out.Error.Name)
+			for _, l := range out.Error.Logs {
+				fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out(), "> "+l)
+			}
+			fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out())
+		}
+		if len(out.Error.Stack) > 0 {
+			if debug.IsEnabled() {
+				fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Out(), "\n%s\n", out.Error.Stack)
+			} else {
+				fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Out(), "Enable --debug to see stack traces for error\n")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Out(), "Print build logs: docker buildx history logs %s\n", rec.Ref)
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Out(), "View build in Docker Desktop: %s\n", desktop.BuildURL(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", rec.node.Builder, rec.node.Name, rec.Ref)))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func inspectCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	var options inspectOptions
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "inspect [OPTIONS] [REF]",
+		Short: "Inspect a build",
+		Args:  cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				options.ref = args[0]
+			}
+			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
+			return runInspect(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
+		},
+		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
+	}
+
+	cmd.AddCommand(
+		attachmentCmd(dockerCli, rootOpts),
+	)
+
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&options.format, "format", formatter.PrettyFormatKey, "Format the output")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func loadVertexLogs(ctx context.Context, c *client.Client, ref string, dgst digest.Digest, limit int) (string, []string, error) {
+	st, err := c.ControlClient().Status(ctx, &controlapi.StatusRequest{
+		Ref: ref,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	var name string
+	var logs []string
+	lastState := map[int]int{}
+
+loop0:
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			st.CloseSend()
+			return "", nil, context.Cause(ctx)
+		default:
+			ev, err := st.Recv()
+			if err != nil {
+				if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+					break loop0
+				}
+				return "", nil, err
+			}
+			ss := client.NewSolveStatus(ev)
+			for _, v := range ss.Vertexes {
+				if v.Digest == dgst {
+					name = v.Name
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			for _, l := range ss.Logs {
+				if l.Vertex == dgst {
+					parts := bytes.Split(l.Data, []byte("\n"))
+					for i, p := range parts {
+						var wrote bool
+						if i == 0 {
+							idx, ok := lastState[l.Stream]
+							if ok && idx != -1 {
+								logs[idx] = logs[idx] + string(p)
+								wrote = true
+							}
+						}
+						if !wrote {
+							if len(p) > 0 {
+								logs = append(logs, string(p))
+							}
+							lastState[l.Stream] = len(logs) - 1
+						}
+						if i == len(parts)-1 && len(p) == 0 {
+							lastState[l.Stream] = -1
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if limit > 0 && len(logs) > limit {
+		logs = logs[len(logs)-limit:]
+	}
+
+	return name, logs, nil
+}
+
+type attachment struct {
+	platform *ocispecs.Platform
+	descr    ocispecs.Descriptor
+}
+
+func allAttachments(ctx context.Context, store content.Store, rec historyRecord) ([]attachment, error) {
+	var attachments []attachment
+
+	if rec.Result != nil {
+		for _, a := range rec.Result.Attestations {
+			attachments = append(attachments, attachment{
+				descr: ociDesc(a),
+			})
+		}
+		for _, r := range rec.Result.Results {
+			attachments = append(attachments, walkAttachments(ctx, store, ociDesc(r), nil)...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for key, ri := range rec.Results {
+		p, err := platforms.Parse(key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, a := range ri.Attestations {
+			attachments = append(attachments, attachment{
+				platform: &p,
+				descr:    ociDesc(a),
+			})
+		}
+		for _, r := range ri.Results {
+			attachments = append(attachments, walkAttachments(ctx, store, ociDesc(r), &p)...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	slices.SortFunc(attachments, func(a, b attachment) int {
+		pCmp := 0
+		if a.platform == nil && b.platform != nil {
+			return -1
+		} else if a.platform != nil && b.platform == nil {
+			return 1
+		} else if a.platform != nil && b.platform != nil {
+			pCmp = cmp.Compare(platforms.FormatAll(*a.platform), platforms.FormatAll(*b.platform))
+		}
+		return cmp.Or(
+			pCmp,
+			cmp.Compare(descrType(a.descr), descrType(b.descr)),
+		)
+	})
+
+	return attachments, nil
+}
+
+func walkAttachments(ctx context.Context, store content.Store, desc ocispecs.Descriptor, platform *ocispecs.Platform) []attachment {
+	_, err := store.Info(ctx, desc.Digest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var out []attachment
+
+	if desc.Annotations["vnd.docker.reference.type"] != "attestation-manifest" {
+		out = append(out, attachment{platform: platform, descr: desc})
+	}
+
+	if desc.MediaType != ocispecs.MediaTypeImageIndex && desc.MediaType != images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2ManifestList {
+		return out
+	}
+
+	dt, err := content.ReadBlob(ctx, store, desc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return out
+	}
+
+	var idx ocispecs.Index
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(dt, &idx); err != nil {
+		return out
+	}
+
+	for _, d := range idx.Manifests {
+		p := platform
+		if d.Platform != nil {
+			p = d.Platform
+		}
+		out = append(out, walkAttachments(ctx, store, d, p)...)
+	}
+
+	return out
+}
+
+func ociDesc(in *controlapi.Descriptor) ocispecs.Descriptor {
+	return ocispecs.Descriptor{
+		MediaType:   in.MediaType,
+		Digest:      digest.Digest(in.Digest),
+		Size:        in.Size,
+		Annotations: in.Annotations,
+	}
+}
+func descrType(desc ocispecs.Descriptor) string {
+	if typ, ok := desc.Annotations["in-toto.io/predicate-type"]; ok {
+		return typ
+	}
+	return desc.MediaType
+}
+
+func tryParseValue[T any](s string, errs *[]string, f func(string) (T, error)) (T, bool) {
+	v, err := f(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		errStr := fmt.Sprintf("failed to parse %s: (%v)", s, err)
+		*errs = append(*errs, errStr)
+	}
+	return v, true
+}
+
+func printTable(w io.Writer, kvs []keyValueOutput, title string) {
+	if len(kvs) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	tw := tabwriter.NewWriter(w, 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\tVALUE\n", strings.ToUpper(title))
+	for _, k := range kvs {
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t%s\n", k.Name, k.Value)
+	}
+	tw.Flush()
+	fmt.Fprintln(w)
+}
+
+func readKeyValues(attrs map[string]string, prefix string) []keyValueOutput {
+	var out []keyValueOutput
+	for k, v := range attrs {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(k, prefix) {
+			out = append(out, keyValueOutput{
+				Name:  strings.TrimPrefix(k, prefix),
+				Value: v,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(out, func(a, b keyValueOutput) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(a.Name, b.Name)
+	})
+	return out
+}
+
+func digestSetToDigests(ds slsa.DigestSet) []string {
+	var out []string
+	for k, v := range ds {
+		out = append(out, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", k, v))
+	}
+	return out
+}
--- a/commands/history/inspect_attachment.go
+++ b/commands/history/inspect_attachment.go
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content/proxy"
+	"github.com/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	intoto "github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang/in_toto"
+	slsa02 "github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang/in_toto/slsa_provenance/v0.2"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	ocispecs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type attachmentOptions struct {
+	builder  string
+	typ      string
+	platform string
+	ref      string
+	digest   digest.Digest
+}
+
+func runAttachment(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts attachmentOptions) error {
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			return node.Err
+		}
+	}
+
+	recs, err := queryRecords(ctx, opts.ref, nodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if len(recs) == 0 {
+		if opts.ref == "" {
+			return errors.New("no records found")
+		}
+		return errors.Errorf("no record found for ref %q", opts.ref)
+	}
+
+	if opts.ref == "" {
+		slices.SortFunc(recs, func(a, b historyRecord) int {
+			return b.CreatedAt.AsTime().Compare(a.CreatedAt.AsTime())
+		})
+	}
+
+	rec := &recs[0]
+
+	c, err := rec.node.Driver.Client(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	store := proxy.NewContentStore(c.ContentClient())
+
+	if opts.digest != "" {
+		ra, err := store.ReaderAt(ctx, ocispecs.Descriptor{Digest: opts.digest})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		_, err = io.Copy(dockerCli.Out(), io.NewSectionReader(ra, 0, ra.Size()))
+		return err
+	}
+
+	attachments, err := allAttachments(ctx, store, *rec)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	typ := opts.typ
+	switch typ {
+	case "index":
+		typ = ocispecs.MediaTypeImageIndex
+	case "manifest":
+		typ = ocispecs.MediaTypeImageManifest
+	case "image":
+		typ = ocispecs.MediaTypeImageConfig
+	case "provenance":
+		typ = slsa02.PredicateSLSAProvenance
+	case "sbom":
+		typ = intoto.PredicateSPDX
+	}
+
+	for _, a := range attachments {
+		if opts.platform != "" && (a.platform == nil || platforms.FormatAll(*a.platform) != opts.platform) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if typ != "" && descrType(a.descr) != typ {
+			continue
+		}
+		ra, err := store.ReaderAt(ctx, a.descr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		_, err = io.Copy(dockerCli.Out(), io.NewSectionReader(ra, 0, ra.Size()))
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return errors.Errorf("no matching attachment found for ref %q", opts.ref)
+}
+
+func attachmentCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	var options attachmentOptions
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "attachment [OPTIONS] REF [DIGEST]",
+		Short: "Inspect a build attachment",
+		Args:  cobra.RangeArgs(1, 2),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				options.ref = args[0]
+			}
+			if len(args) > 1 {
+				dgst, err := digest.Parse(args[1])
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid digest %q", args[1])
+				}
+				options.digest = dgst
+			}
+
+			if options.digest == "" && options.platform == "" && options.typ == "" {
+				return errors.New("at least one of --type, --platform or DIGEST must be specified")
+			}
+
+			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
+			return runAttachment(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
+		},
+		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
+	}
+
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&options.typ, "type", "", "Type of attachment")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.platform, "platform", "", "Platform of attachment")
+
+	return cmd
+}
--- a/commands/history/logs.go
+++ b/commands/history/logs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	controlapi "github.com/moby/buildkit/api/services/control"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/progress/progressui"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type logsOptions struct {
+	builder  string
+	ref      string
+	progress string
+}
+
+func runLogs(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts logsOptions) error {
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			return node.Err
+		}
+	}
+
+	recs, err := queryRecords(ctx, opts.ref, nodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if len(recs) == 0 {
+		if opts.ref == "" {
+			return errors.New("no records found")
+		}
+		return errors.Errorf("no record found for ref %q", opts.ref)
+	}
+
+	if opts.ref == "" {
+		slices.SortFunc(recs, func(a, b historyRecord) int {
+			return b.CreatedAt.AsTime().Compare(a.CreatedAt.AsTime())
+		})
+	}
+
+	rec := &recs[0]
+	c, err := rec.node.Driver.Client(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	cl, err := c.ControlClient().Status(ctx, &controlapi.StatusRequest{
+		Ref: rec.Ref,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var mode progressui.DisplayMode = progressui.DisplayMode(opts.progress)
+	if mode == progressui.AutoMode {
+		mode = progressui.PlainMode
+	}
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, mode)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+loop0:
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			cl.CloseSend()
+			return context.Cause(ctx)
+		default:
+			ev, err := cl.Recv()
+			if err != nil {
+				if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+					break loop0
+				}
+				return err
+			}
+			printer.Write(client.NewSolveStatus(ev))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return printer.Wait()
+}
+
+func logsCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	var options logsOptions
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "logs [OPTIONS] [REF]",
+		Short: "Print the logs of a build",
+		Args:  cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				options.ref = args[0]
+			}
+			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
+			return runLogs(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
+		},
+		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
+	}
+
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "plain", "Set type of progress output (plain, rawjson, tty)")
+
+	return cmd
+}
--- a/commands/history/ls.go
+++ b/commands/history/ls.go
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/console"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/desktop"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command/formatter"
+	"github.com/docker/go-units"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+const (
+	lsHeaderBuildID  = "BUILD ID"
+	lsHeaderName     = "NAME"
+	lsHeaderStatus   = "STATUS"
+	lsHeaderCreated  = "CREATED AT"
+	lsHeaderDuration = "DURATION"
+	lsHeaderLink     = ""
+
+	lsDefaultTableFormat = "table {{.Ref}}\t{{.Name}}\t{{.Status}}\t{{.CreatedAt}}\t{{.Duration}}\t{{.Link}}"
+
+	headerKeyTimestamp = "buildkit-current-timestamp"
+)
+
+type lsOptions struct {
+	builder string
+	format  string
+	noTrunc bool
+}
+
+func runLs(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts lsOptions) error {
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			return node.Err
+		}
+	}
+
+	out, err := queryRecords(ctx, "", nodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ls, err := localstate.New(confutil.NewConfig(dockerCli))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for i, rec := range out {
+		st, _ := ls.ReadRef(rec.node.Builder, rec.node.Name, rec.Ref)
+		rec.name = buildName(rec.FrontendAttrs, st)
+		out[i] = rec
+	}
+
+	return lsPrint(dockerCli, out, opts)
+}
+
+func lsCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	var options lsOptions
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "ls",
+		Short: "List build records",
+		Args:  cli.NoArgs,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
+			return runLs(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
+		},
+		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
+	}
+
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&options.format, "format", formatter.TableFormatKey, "Format the output")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.noTrunc, "no-trunc", false, "Don't truncate output")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func lsPrint(dockerCli command.Cli, records []historyRecord, in lsOptions) error {
+	if in.format == formatter.TableFormatKey {
+		in.format = lsDefaultTableFormat
+	}
+
+	ctx := formatter.Context{
+		Output: dockerCli.Out(),
+		Format: formatter.Format(in.format),
+		Trunc:  !in.noTrunc,
+	}
+
+	slices.SortFunc(records, func(a, b historyRecord) int {
+		if a.CompletedAt == nil && b.CompletedAt != nil {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if a.CompletedAt != nil && b.CompletedAt == nil {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return b.CreatedAt.AsTime().Compare(a.CreatedAt.AsTime())
+	})
+
+	var term bool
+	if _, err := console.ConsoleFromFile(os.Stdout); err == nil {
+		term = true
+	}
+	render := func(format func(subContext formatter.SubContext) error) error {
+		for _, r := range records {
+			if err := format(&lsContext{
+				format: formatter.Format(in.format),
+				isTerm: term,
+				trunc:  !in.noTrunc,
+				record: &r,
+			}); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	lsCtx := lsContext{
+		isTerm: term,
+		trunc:  !in.noTrunc,
+	}
+	lsCtx.Header = formatter.SubHeaderContext{
+		"Ref":       lsHeaderBuildID,
+		"Name":      lsHeaderName,
+		"Status":    lsHeaderStatus,
+		"CreatedAt": lsHeaderCreated,
+		"Duration":  lsHeaderDuration,
+		"Link":      lsHeaderLink,
+	}
+
+	return ctx.Write(&lsCtx, render)
+}
+
+type lsContext struct {
+	formatter.HeaderContext
+
+	isTerm bool
+	trunc  bool
+	format formatter.Format
+	record *historyRecord
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	m := map[string]interface{}{
+		"ref":             c.FullRef(),
+		"name":            c.Name(),
+		"status":          c.Status(),
+		"created_at":      c.record.CreatedAt.AsTime().Format(time.RFC3339Nano),
+		"total_steps":     c.record.NumTotalSteps,
+		"completed_steps": c.record.NumCompletedSteps,
+		"cached_steps":    c.record.NumCachedSteps,
+	}
+	if c.record.CompletedAt != nil {
+		m["completed_at"] = c.record.CompletedAt.AsTime().Format(time.RFC3339Nano)
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(m)
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Ref() string {
+	return c.record.Ref
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) FullRef() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", c.record.node.Builder, c.record.node.Name, c.record.Ref)
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Name() string {
+	name := c.record.name
+	if c.trunc && c.format.IsTable() {
+		return trimBeginning(name, 36)
+	}
+	return name
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Status() string {
+	if c.record.CompletedAt != nil {
+		if c.record.Error != nil {
+			return "Error"
+		}
+		return "Completed"
+	}
+	return "Running"
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) CreatedAt() string {
+	return units.HumanDuration(time.Since(c.record.CreatedAt.AsTime())) + " ago"
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Duration() string {
+	lastTime := c.record.currentTimestamp
+	if c.record.CompletedAt != nil {
+		tm := c.record.CompletedAt.AsTime()
+		lastTime = &tm
+	}
+	if lastTime == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	v := formatDuration(lastTime.Sub(c.record.CreatedAt.AsTime()))
+	if c.record.CompletedAt == nil {
+		v += "+"
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+func (c *lsContext) Link() string {
+	url := desktop.BuildURL(c.FullRef())
+	if c.format.IsTable() {
+		if c.isTerm {
+			return desktop.ANSIHyperlink(url, "Open")
+		}
+		return ""
+	}
+	return url
+}
--- a/commands/history/open.go
+++ b/commands/history/open.go
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/desktop"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/pkg/browser"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type openOptions struct {
+	builder string
+	ref     string
+}
+
+func runOpen(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts openOptions) error {
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			return node.Err
+		}
+	}
+
+	recs, err := queryRecords(ctx, opts.ref, nodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if len(recs) == 0 {
+		if opts.ref == "" {
+			return errors.New("no records found")
+		}
+		return errors.Errorf("no record found for ref %q", opts.ref)
+	}
+
+	if opts.ref == "" {
+		slices.SortFunc(recs, func(a, b historyRecord) int {
+			return b.CreatedAt.AsTime().Compare(a.CreatedAt.AsTime())
+		})
+	}
+
+	rec := &recs[0]
+
+	url := desktop.BuildURL(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", rec.node.Builder, rec.node.Name, rec.Ref))
+	return browser.OpenURL(url)
+}
+
+func openCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	var options openOptions
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "open [OPTIONS] [REF]",
+		Short: "Open a build in Docker Desktop",
+		Args:  cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				options.ref = args[0]
+			}
+			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
+			return runOpen(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
+		},
+		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
+	}
+
+	return cmd
+}
--- a/commands/history/rm.go
+++ b/commands/history/rm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
+	controlapi "github.com/moby/buildkit/api/services/control"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+type rmOptions struct {
+	builder string
+	refs    []string
+	all     bool
+}
+
+func runRm(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts rmOptions) error {
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			return node.Err
+		}
+	}
+
+	errs := make([][]error, len(opts.refs))
+	for i := range errs {
+		errs[i] = make([]error, len(nodes))
+	}
+
+	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	for i, node := range nodes {
+		node := node
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			if node.Driver == nil {
+				return nil
+			}
+			c, err := node.Driver.Client(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			refs := opts.refs
+
+			if opts.all {
+				serv, err := c.ControlClient().ListenBuildHistory(ctx, &controlapi.BuildHistoryRequest{
+					EarlyExit: true,
+				})
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				defer serv.CloseSend()
+
+				for {
+					resp, err := serv.Recv()
+					if err != nil {
+						if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+							break
+						}
+						return err
+					}
+					if resp.Type == controlapi.BuildHistoryEventType_COMPLETE {
+						refs = append(refs, resp.Record.Ref)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			for j, ref := range refs {
+				_, err = c.ControlClient().UpdateBuildHistory(ctx, &controlapi.UpdateBuildHistoryRequest{
+					Ref:    ref,
+					Delete: true,
+				})
+				if opts.all {
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				} else {
+					errs[j][i] = err
+				}
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var out []error
+loop0:
+	for _, nodeErrs := range errs {
+		var nodeErr error
+		for _, err1 := range nodeErrs {
+			if err1 == nil {
+				continue loop0
+			}
+			if nodeErr == nil {
+				nodeErr = err1
+			} else {
+				nodeErr = multierror.Append(nodeErr, err1)
+			}
+		}
+		out = append(out, nodeErr)
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if len(out) == 1 {
+		return out[0]
+	}
+	return multierror.Append(out[0], out[1:]...)
+}
+
+func rmCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	var options rmOptions
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "rm [OPTIONS] [REF...]",
+		Short: "Remove build records",
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if len(args) == 0 && !options.all {
+				return errors.New("rm requires at least one argument")
+			}
+			if len(args) > 0 && options.all {
+				return errors.New("rm requires either --all or at least one argument")
+			}
+			options.refs = args
+			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
+			return runRm(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
+		},
+		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
+	}
+
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.all, "all", false, "Remove all build records")
+
+	return cmd
+}
--- a/commands/history/root.go
+++ b/commands/history/root.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type RootOptions struct {
+	Builder *string
+}
+
+func RootCmd(rootcmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:               "history",
+		Short:             "Commands to work on build records",
+		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
+		RunE:              rootcmd.RunE,
+	}
+
+	cmd.AddCommand(
+		lsCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+		rmCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+		logsCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+		inspectCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+		openCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+		traceCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+	)
+
+	return cmd
+}
--- a/commands/history/trace.go
+++ b/commands/history/trace.go
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/console"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content/proxy"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/otelutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/otelutil/jaeger"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	controlapi "github.com/moby/buildkit/api/services/control"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	ocispecs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/browser"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	jaegerui "github.com/tonistiigi/jaeger-ui-rest"
+)
+
+type traceOptions struct {
+	builder string
+	ref     string
+	addr    string
+	compare string
+}
+
+func loadTrace(ctx context.Context, ref string, nodes []builder.Node) (string, []byte, error) {
+	var offset *int
+	if strings.HasPrefix(ref, "^") {
+		off, err := strconv.Atoi(ref[1:])
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid offset %q", ref)
+		}
+		offset = &off
+		ref = ""
+	}
+
+	recs, err := queryRecords(ctx, ref, nodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	var rec *historyRecord
+
+	if ref == "" {
+		slices.SortFunc(recs, func(a, b historyRecord) int {
+			return b.CreatedAt.AsTime().Compare(a.CreatedAt.AsTime())
+		})
+		for _, r := range recs {
+			if r.CompletedAt != nil {
+				if offset != nil {
+					if *offset > 0 {
+						*offset--
+						continue
+					}
+				}
+				rec = &r
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if offset != nil && *offset > 0 {
+			return "", nil, errors.Errorf("no completed build found with offset %d", *offset)
+		}
+	} else {
+		rec = &recs[0]
+	}
+	if rec == nil {
+		if ref == "" {
+			return "", nil, errors.New("no records found")
+		}
+		return "", nil, errors.Errorf("no record found for ref %q", ref)
+	}
+
+	if rec.CompletedAt == nil {
+		return "", nil, errors.Errorf("build %q is not completed, only completed builds can be traced", rec.Ref)
+	}
+
+	if rec.Trace == nil {
+		// build is complete but no trace yet. try to finalize the trace
+		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second) // give some extra time for last parts of trace to be written
+
+		c, err := rec.node.Driver.Client(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", nil, err
+		}
+		_, err = c.ControlClient().UpdateBuildHistory(ctx, &controlapi.UpdateBuildHistoryRequest{
+			Ref:      rec.Ref,
+			Finalize: true,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", nil, err
+		}
+
+		recs, err := queryRecords(ctx, rec.Ref, []builder.Node{*rec.node})
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", nil, err
+		}
+
+		if len(recs) == 0 {
+			return "", nil, errors.Errorf("build record %q was deleted", rec.Ref)
+		}
+
+		rec = &recs[0]
+		if rec.Trace == nil {
+			return "", nil, errors.Errorf("build record %q is missing a trace", rec.Ref)
+		}
+	}
+
+	c, err := rec.node.Driver.Client(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	store := proxy.NewContentStore(c.ContentClient())
+
+	ra, err := store.ReaderAt(ctx, ocispecs.Descriptor{
+		Digest:    digest.Digest(rec.Trace.Digest),
+		MediaType: rec.Trace.MediaType,
+		Size:      rec.Trace.Size,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	spans, err := otelutil.ParseSpanStubs(io.NewSectionReader(ra, 0, ra.Size()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	wrapper := struct {
+		Data []jaeger.Trace `json:"data"`
+	}{
+		Data: spans.JaegerData().Data,
+	}
+
+	if len(wrapper.Data) == 0 {
+		return "", nil, errors.New("no trace data")
+	}
+
+	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(buf)
+	enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+	if err := enc.Encode(wrapper); err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	return string(wrapper.Data[0].TraceID), buf.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func runTrace(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts traceOptions) error {
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			return node.Err
+		}
+	}
+
+	traceID, data, err := loadTrace(ctx, opts.ref, nodes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	srv := jaegerui.NewServer(jaegerui.Config{})
+	if err := srv.AddTrace(traceID, bytes.NewReader(data)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	url := "/trace/" + traceID
+
+	if opts.compare != "" {
+		traceIDcomp, data, err := loadTrace(ctx, opts.compare, nodes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to load trace for %s", opts.compare)
+		}
+		if err := srv.AddTrace(traceIDcomp, bytes.NewReader(data)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		url = "/trace/" + traceIDcomp + "..." + traceID
+	}
+
+	var term bool
+	if _, err := console.ConsoleFromFile(os.Stdout); err == nil {
+		term = true
+	}
+
+	if !term && opts.compare == "" {
+		fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Out(), string(data))
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", opts.addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+		browser.OpenURL(url)
+	}()
+
+	url = "http://" + ln.Addr().String() + url
+	fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "Trace available at %s\n", url)
+
+	go func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		ln.Close()
+	}()
+
+	err = srv.Serve(ln)
+	if err != nil {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func traceCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	var options traceOptions
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "trace [OPTIONS] [REF]",
+		Short: "Show the OpenTelemetry trace of a build record",
+		Args:  cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				options.ref = args[0]
+			}
+			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
+			return runTrace(cmd.Context(), dockerCli, options)
+		},
+		ValidArgsFunction: completion.Disable,
+	}
+
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&options.addr, "addr", "127.0.0.1:0", "Address to bind the UI server")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.compare, "compare", "", "Compare with another build reference")
+
+	return cmd
+}
--- a/commands/history/utils.go
+++ b/commands/history/utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/localstate"
+	controlapi "github.com/moby/buildkit/api/services/control"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+func buildName(fattrs map[string]string, ls *localstate.State) string {
+	var res string
+
+	var target, contextPath, dockerfilePath, vcsSource string
+	if v, ok := fattrs["target"]; ok {
+		target = v
+	}
+	if v, ok := fattrs["context"]; ok {
+		contextPath = filepath.ToSlash(v)
+	} else if v, ok := fattrs["vcs:localdir:context"]; ok && v != "." {
+		contextPath = filepath.ToSlash(v)
+	}
+	if v, ok := fattrs["vcs:source"]; ok {
+		vcsSource = v
+	}
+	if v, ok := fattrs["filename"]; ok && v != "Dockerfile" {
+		dockerfilePath = filepath.ToSlash(v)
+	}
+	if v, ok := fattrs["vcs:localdir:dockerfile"]; ok && v != "." {
+		dockerfilePath = filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Join(v, dockerfilePath))
+	}
+
+	var localPath string
+	if ls != nil && !build.IsRemoteURL(ls.LocalPath) {
+		if ls.LocalPath != "" && ls.LocalPath != "-" {
+			localPath = filepath.ToSlash(ls.LocalPath)
+		}
+		if ls.DockerfilePath != "" && ls.DockerfilePath != "-" && ls.DockerfilePath != "Dockerfile" {
+			dockerfilePath = filepath.ToSlash(ls.DockerfilePath)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// remove default dockerfile name
+	const defaultFilename = "/Dockerfile"
+	hasDefaultFileName := strings.HasSuffix(dockerfilePath, defaultFilename) || dockerfilePath == ""
+	dockerfilePath = strings.TrimSuffix(dockerfilePath, defaultFilename)
+
+	// dockerfile is a subpath of context
+	if strings.HasPrefix(dockerfilePath, localPath) && len(dockerfilePath) > len(localPath) {
+		res = dockerfilePath[strings.LastIndex(localPath, "/")+1:]
+	} else {
+		// Otherwise, use basename
+		bpath := localPath
+		if len(dockerfilePath) > 0 {
+			bpath = dockerfilePath
+		}
+		if len(bpath) > 0 {
+			lidx := strings.LastIndex(bpath, "/")
+			res = bpath[lidx+1:]
+			if !hasDefaultFileName {
+				if lidx != -1 {
+					res = filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Join(filepath.Base(bpath[:lidx]), res))
+				} else {
+					res = filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Join(filepath.Base(bpath), res))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(contextPath) > 0 {
+		res = contextPath
+	}
+	if len(target) > 0 {
+		if len(res) > 0 {
+			res = res + " (" + target + ")"
+		} else {
+			res = target
+		}
+	}
+	if res == "" && vcsSource != "" {
+		return vcsSource
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func trimBeginning(s string, n int) string {
+	if len(s) <= n {
+		return s
+	}
+	return ".." + s[len(s)-n+2:]
+}
+
+type historyRecord struct {
+	*controlapi.BuildHistoryRecord
+	currentTimestamp *time.Time
+	node             *builder.Node
+	name             string
+}
+
+func queryRecords(ctx context.Context, ref string, nodes []builder.Node) ([]historyRecord, error) {
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	var out []historyRecord
+
+	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		node := node
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			if node.Driver == nil {
+				return nil
+			}
+			var records []historyRecord
+			c, err := node.Driver.Client(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			serv, err := c.ControlClient().ListenBuildHistory(ctx, &controlapi.BuildHistoryRequest{
+				EarlyExit: true,
+				Ref:       ref,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			md, err := serv.Header()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			var ts *time.Time
+			if v, ok := md[headerKeyTimestamp]; ok {
+				t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, v[0])
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				ts = &t
+			}
+			defer serv.CloseSend()
+			for {
+				he, err := serv.Recv()
+				if err != nil {
+					if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+						break
+					}
+					return err
+				}
+				if he.Type == controlapi.BuildHistoryEventType_DELETED || he.Record == nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				records = append(records, historyRecord{
+					BuildHistoryRecord: he.Record,
+					currentTimestamp:   ts,
+					node:               &node,
+				})
+			}
+			mu.Lock()
+			out = append(out, records...)
+			mu.Unlock()
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func formatDuration(d time.Duration) string {
+	if d < time.Minute {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.1fs", d.Seconds())
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%dm %2ds", int(d.Minutes()), int(d.Seconds())%60)
+}
--- a/commands/inspect.go
+++ b/commands/inspect.go
@@ -115,6 +115,25 @@ func runInspect(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) e
 						fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t%s:\t%s\n", k, v)
 					}
 				}
+
+				if len(nodes[i].CDIDevices) > 0 {
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Devices:\n")
+					for _, dev := range nodes[i].CDIDevices {
+						fmt.Fprintf(w, "\tName:\t%s\n", dev.Name)
+						if dev.OnDemand {
+							fmt.Fprintf(w, "\tOn-Demand:\t%v\n", dev.OnDemand)
+						} else {
+							fmt.Fprintf(w, "\tAutomatically allowed:\t%v\n", dev.AutoAllow)
+						}
+						if len(dev.Annotations) > 0 {
+							fmt.Fprintf(w, "\tAnnotations:\n")
+							for k, v := range dev.Annotations {
+								fmt.Fprintf(w, "\t\t%s:\t%s\n", k, v)
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
 				for ri, rule := range nodes[i].GCPolicy {
 					fmt.Fprintf(w, "GC Policy rule#%d:\n", ri)
 					fmt.Fprintf(w, "\tAll:\t%v\n", rule.All)
--- a/commands/ls.go
+++ b/commands/ls.go
@@ -159,6 +159,9 @@ func lsPrint(dockerCli command.Cli, current *store.NodeGroup, builders []*builde
 				}
 				continue
 			}
+			if ctx.Format.IsJSON() {
+				continue
+			}
 			for _, n := range b.Nodes() {
 				if n.Err != nil {
 					if ctx.Format.IsTable() {
--- a/commands/root.go
+++ b/commands/root.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"os"

 	debugcmd "github.com/docker/buildx/commands/debug"
+	historycmd "github.com/docker/buildx/commands/history"
 	imagetoolscmd "github.com/docker/buildx/commands/imagetools"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/remote"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil/completion"
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ func addCommands(cmd *cobra.Command, opts *rootOptions, dockerCli command.Cli) {
 		pruneCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		duCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		imagetoolscmd.RootCmd(cmd, dockerCli, imagetoolscmd.RootOptions{Builder: &opts.builder}),
+		historycmd.RootCmd(cmd, dockerCli, historycmd.RootOptions{Builder: &opts.builder}),
 	)
 	if confutil.IsExperimental() {
 		cmd.AddCommand(debugcmd.RootCmd(dockerCli,
--- a/controller/build/build.go
+++ b/controller/build/build.go
@@ -75,7 +75,9 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in *controllerapi.Buil
 	opts.Platforms = platforms

 	dockerConfig := dockerCli.ConfigFile()
-	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig, nil))
+	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(authprovider.DockerAuthProviderConfig{
+		ConfigFile: dockerConfig,
+	}))

 	secrets, err := controllerapi.CreateSecrets(in.Secrets)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ func RunBuild(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, in *controllerapi.Buil
 	}
 	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, ssh)

-	outputs, err := controllerapi.CreateExports(in.Exports)
+	outputs, _, err := controllerapi.CreateExports(in.Exports)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, err
 	}
--- a/controller/pb/export.go
+++ b/controller/pb/export.go
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

-func CreateExports(entries []*ExportEntry) ([]client.ExportEntry, error) {
+func CreateExports(entries []*ExportEntry) ([]client.ExportEntry, []string, error) {
 	var outs []client.ExportEntry
+	var localPaths []string
 	if len(entries) == 0 {
-		return nil, nil
+		return nil, nil, nil
 	}
 	var stdoutUsed bool
 	for _, entry := range entries {
 		if entry.Type == "" {
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("type is required for output")
+			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("type is required for output")
 		}

 		out := client.ExportEntry{
@@ -50,20 +51,21 @@ func CreateExports(entries []*ExportEntry) ([]client.ExportEntry, error) {

 		if supportDir {
 			if entry.Destination == "" {
-				return nil, errors.Errorf("dest is required for %s exporter", out.Type)
+				return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("dest is required for %s exporter", out.Type)
 			}
 			if entry.Destination == "-" {
-				return nil, errors.Errorf("dest cannot be stdout for %s exporter", out.Type)
+				return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("dest cannot be stdout for %s exporter", out.Type)
 			}

 			fi, err := os.Stat(entry.Destination)
 			if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid destination directory: %s", entry.Destination)
+				return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid destination directory: %s", entry.Destination)
 			}
 			if err == nil && !fi.IsDir() {
-				return nil, errors.Errorf("destination directory %s is a file", entry.Destination)
+				return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("destination directory %s is a file", entry.Destination)
 			}
 			out.OutputDir = entry.Destination
+			localPaths = append(localPaths, entry.Destination)
 		}
 		if supportFile {
 			if entry.Destination == "" && out.Type != client.ExporterDocker {
@@ -71,32 +73,33 @@ func CreateExports(entries []*ExportEntry) ([]client.ExportEntry, error) {
 			}
 			if entry.Destination == "-" {
 				if stdoutUsed {
-					return nil, errors.Errorf("multiple outputs configured to write to stdout")
+					return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("multiple outputs configured to write to stdout")
 				}
 				if _, err := console.ConsoleFromFile(os.Stdout); err == nil {
-					return nil, errors.Errorf("dest file is required for %s exporter. refusing to write to console", out.Type)
+					return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("dest file is required for %s exporter. refusing to write to console", out.Type)
 				}
 				out.Output = wrapWriteCloser(os.Stdout)
 				stdoutUsed = true
 			} else if entry.Destination != "" {
 				fi, err := os.Stat(entry.Destination)
 				if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-					return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid destination file: %s", entry.Destination)
+					return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid destination file: %s", entry.Destination)
 				}
 				if err == nil && fi.IsDir() {
-					return nil, errors.Errorf("destination file %s is a directory", entry.Destination)
+					return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("destination file %s is a directory", entry.Destination)
 				}
 				f, err := os.Create(entry.Destination)
 				if err != nil {
-					return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to open %s", err)
+					return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("failed to open %s", err)
 				}
 				out.Output = wrapWriteCloser(f)
+				localPaths = append(localPaths, entry.Destination)
 			}
 		}

 		outs = append(outs, out)
 	}
-	return outs, nil
+	return outs, localPaths, nil
 }

 func wrapWriteCloser(wc io.WriteCloser) func(map[string]string) (io.WriteCloser, error) {
--- a/controller/remote/client.go
+++ b/controller/remote/client.go
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/defaults"
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/pkg/dialer"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/defaults"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/pkg/dialer"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
--- a/docs/bake-reference.md
+++ b/docs/bake-reference.md
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ By default, Bake uses the following lookup order to find the configuration file:
 3. `docker-compose.yml`
 4. `docker-compose.yaml`
 5. `docker-bake.json`
-6. `docker-bake.override.json`
-7. `docker-bake.hcl`
+6. `docker-bake.hcl`
+7. `docker-bake.override.json`
 8. `docker-bake.override.hcl`

 You can specify the file location explicitly using the `--file` flag:
@@ -221,8 +221,10 @@ The following table shows the complete list of attributes that you can assign to
 | [`attest`](#targetattest)                       | List    | Build attestations                                                   |
 | [`cache-from`](#targetcache-from)               | List    | External cache sources                                               |
 | [`cache-to`](#targetcache-to)                   | List    | External cache destinations                                          |
+| [`call`](#targetcall)                           | String  | Specify the frontend method to call for the target.                  |
 | [`context`](#targetcontext)                     | String  | Set of files located in the specified path or URL                    |
 | [`contexts`](#targetcontexts)                   | Map     | Additional build contexts                                            |
+| [`description`](#targetdescription)             | String  | Description of a target                                              |
 | [`dockerfile-inline`](#targetdockerfile-inline) | String  | Inline Dockerfile string                                             |
 | [`dockerfile`](#targetdockerfile)               | String  | Dockerfile location                                                  |
 | [`inherits`](#targetinherits)                   | List    | Inherit attributes from other targets                                |
@@ -283,19 +285,11 @@ The key takes a list of annotations, in the format of `KEY=VALUE`.

 ```hcl
 target "default" {
-  output = ["type=image,name=foo"]
+  output = [{ type = "image", name = "foo" }]
  annotations = ["org.opencontainers.image.authors=dvdksn"]
 }
 ```

-is the same as
-
-```hcl
-target "default" {
-  output = ["type=image,name=foo,annotation.org.opencontainers.image.authors=dvdksn"]
-}
-```
-
 By default, the annotation is added to image manifests. You can configure the
 level of the annotations by adding a prefix to the annotation, containing a
 comma-separated list of all the levels that you want to annotate. The following
@@ -303,7 +297,7 @@ example adds annotations to both the image index and manifests.

 ```hcl
 target "default" {
-  output = ["type=image,name=foo"]
+  output = [{ type = "image", name = "foo" }]
  annotations = ["index,manifest:org.opencontainers.image.authors=dvdksn"]
 }
 ```
@@ -319,8 +313,13 @@ This attribute accepts the long-form CSV version of attestation parameters.
 ```hcl
 target "default" {
  attest = [
-    "type=provenance,mode=min",
-    "type=sbom"
+    {
+      type = "provenance",
+      mode = "max",
+    },
+    {
+      type = "sbom",
+    }
  ]
 }
 ```
@@ -336,8 +335,15 @@ This takes a list value, so you can specify multiple cache sources.
 ```hcl
 target "app" {
  cache-from = [
-    "type=s3,region=eu-west-1,bucket=mybucket",
-    "user/repo:cache",
+    {
+      type = "s3",
+      region = "eu-west-1",
+      bucket = "mybucket"
+    },
+    {
+      type = "registry",
+      ref = "user/repo:cache"
+    }
  ]
 }
 ```
@@ -353,8 +359,14 @@ This takes a list value, so you can specify multiple cache export targets.
 ```hcl
 target "app" {
  cache-to = [
-    "type=s3,region=eu-west-1,bucket=mybucket",
-    "type=inline"
+    {
+      type = "s3",
+      region = "eu-west-1",
+      bucket = "mybucket"
+    },
+    {
+      type = "inline",
+    }
  ]
 }
 ```
@@ -371,6 +383,13 @@ target "app" {
 }
 ```

+Supported values are:
+
+- `build` builds the target (default)
+- `check`: evaluates [build checks](https://docs.docker.com/build/checks/) for the target
+- `outline`: displays the target's build arguments and their default values if available
+- `targets`: lists all Bake targets in the loaded definition, along with its [description](#targetdescription).
+
 For more information about frontend methods, refer to the CLI reference for
 [`docker buildx build --call`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#call).

@@ -481,6 +500,25 @@ FROM baseapp
 RUN echo "Hello world"
 ```

+### `target.description`
+
+Defines a human-readable description for the target, clarifying its purpose or
+functionality.
+
+```hcl
+target "lint" {
+    description = "Runs golangci-lint to detect style errors"
+    args = {
+        GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION = null
+    }
+    dockerfile = "lint.Dockerfile"
+}
+```
+
+This attribute is useful when combined with the `docker buildx bake --list=targets`
+option, providing a more informative output when listing the available build
+targets in a Bake file.
+
 ### `target.dockerfile-inline`

 Uses the string value as an inline Dockerfile for the build target.
@@ -835,7 +873,7 @@ The following example configures the target to use a cache-only output,

 ```hcl
 target "default" {
-  output = ["type=cacheonly"]
+  output = [{ type = "cacheonly" }]
 }
 ```

@@ -875,8 +913,8 @@ variable "HOME" {

 target "default" {
  secret = [
-    "type=env,id=KUBECONFIG",
-    "type=file,id=aws,src=${HOME}/.aws/credentials"
+    { type = "env", id = "KUBECONFIG" },
+    { type = "file", id = "aws", src = "${HOME}/.aws/credentials" },
  ]
 }
 ```
@@ -920,7 +958,7 @@ This can be useful if you need to access private repositories during a build.

 ```hcl
 target "default" {
-  ssh = ["default"]
+  ssh = [{ id = "default" }]
 }
 ```

--- a/docs/reference/buildx.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx.md
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ Extended build capabilities with BuildKit
 | [`debug`](buildx_debug.md)           | Start debugger (EXPERIMENTAL)                   |
 | [`dial-stdio`](buildx_dial-stdio.md) | Proxy current stdio streams to builder instance |
 | [`du`](buildx_du.md)                 | Disk usage                                      |
+| [`history`](buildx_history.md)       | Commands to work on build records               |
 | [`imagetools`](buildx_imagetools.md) | Commands to work on images in registry          |
 | [`inspect`](buildx_inspect.md)       | Inspect current builder instance                |
 | [`ls`](buildx_ls.md)                 | List builder instances                          |
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_bake.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_bake.md
@@ -13,24 +13,25 @@ Build from a file

 ### Options

-| Name                                | Type          | Default | Description                                                                                         |
-|:------------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `--allow`                           | `stringArray` |         | Allow build to access specified resources                                                           |
-| [`--builder`](#builder)             | `string`      |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                            |
-| [`--call`](#call)                   | `string`      | `build` | Set method for evaluating build (`check`, `outline`, `targets`)                                     |
-| [`--check`](#check)                 | `bool`        |         | Shorthand for `--call=check`                                                                        |
-| `-D`, `--debug`                     | `bool`        |         | Enable debug logging                                                                                |
-| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file)    | `stringArray` |         | Build definition file                                                                               |
-| `--load`                            | `bool`        |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=docker`                                                          |
-| [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file) | `string`      |         | Write build result metadata to a file                                                               |
-| [`--no-cache`](#no-cache)           | `bool`        |         | Do not use cache when building the image                                                            |
-| [`--print`](#print)                 | `bool`        |         | Print the options without building                                                                  |
-| [`--progress`](#progress)           | `string`      | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`, `rawjson`). Use plain to show container output |
-| [`--provenance`](#provenance)       | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=provenance`                                                      |
-| [`--pull`](#pull)                   | `bool`        |         | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                        |
-| `--push`                            | `bool`        |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=registry`                                                        |
-| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                   | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=sbom`                                                            |
-| [`--set`](#set)                     | `stringArray` |         | Override target value (e.g., `targetpattern.key=value`)                                             |
+| Name                                | Type          | Default | Description                                                                                                  |
+|:------------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--allow`](#allow)                 | `stringArray` |         | Allow build to access specified resources                                                                    |
+| [`--builder`](#builder)             | `string`      |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                                     |
+| [`--call`](#call)                   | `string`      | `build` | Set method for evaluating build (`check`, `outline`, `targets`)                                              |
+| [`--check`](#check)                 | `bool`        |         | Shorthand for `--call=check`                                                                                 |
+| `-D`, `--debug`                     | `bool`        |         | Enable debug logging                                                                                         |
+| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file)    | `stringArray` |         | Build definition file                                                                                        |
+| [`--list`](#list)                   | `string`      |         | List targets or variables                                                                                    |
+| `--load`                            | `bool`        |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=docker`                                                                   |
+| [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file) | `string`      |         | Write build result metadata to a file                                                                        |
+| [`--no-cache`](#no-cache)           | `bool`        |         | Do not use cache when building the image                                                                     |
+| [`--print`](#print)                 | `bool`        |         | Print the options without building                                                                           |
+| [`--progress`](#progress)           | `string`      | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `quiet`, `plain`, `tty`, `rawjson`). Use plain to show container output |
+| [`--provenance`](#provenance)       | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=provenance`                                                               |
+| [`--pull`](#pull)                   | `bool`        |         | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                                 |
+| `--push`                            | `bool`        |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=registry`                                                                 |
+| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                   | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=sbom`                                                                     |
+| [`--set`](#set)                     | `stringArray` |         | Override target value (e.g., `targetpattern.key=value`)                                                      |


 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -50,6 +51,80 @@ guide for introduction to writing bake files.

 ## Examples

+### <a name="allow"></a> Allow extra privileged entitlement (--allow)
+
+```text
+--allow=ENTITLEMENT[=VALUE]
+```
+
+Entitlements are designed to provide controlled access to privileged
+operations. By default, Buildx and BuildKit operates with restricted
+permissions to protect users and their systems from unintended side effects or
+security risks. The `--allow` flag explicitly grants access to additional
+entitlements, making it clear when a build or bake operation requires elevated
+privileges.
+
+In addition to BuildKit's `network.host` and `security.insecure` entitlements
+(see [`docker buildx build --allow`](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/buildx/build/#allow),
+Bake supports file system entitlements that grant granular control over file
+system access. These are particularly useful when working with builds that need
+access to files outside the default working directory.
+
+Bake supports the following filesystem entitlements:
+
+- `--allow fs=<path|*>` - Grant read and write access to files outside of the
+  working directory.
+- `--allow fs.read=<path|*>` - Grant read access to files outside of the
+  working directory.
+- `--allow fs.write=<path|*>` - Grant write access to files outside of the
+  working directory.
+
+The `fs` entitlements take a path value (relative or absolute) to a directory
+on the filesystem. Alternatively, you can pass a wildcard (`*`) to allow Bake
+to access the entire filesystem.
+
+### Example: fs.read
+
+Given the following Bake configuration, Bake would need to access the parent
+directory, relative to the Bake file.
+
+```hcl
+target "app" {
+  context = "../src"
+}
+```
+
+Assuming `docker buildx bake app` is executed in the same directory as the
+`docker-bake.hcl` file, you would need to explicitly allow Bake to read from
+the `../src` directory. In this case, the following invocations all work:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --allow fs.read=* app
+$ docker buildx bake --allow fs.read=../src app
+$ docker buildx bake --allow fs=* app
+```
+
+### Example: fs.write
+
+The following `docker-bake.hcl` file requires write access to the `/tmp`
+directory.
+
+```hcl
+target "app" {
+  output = "/tmp"
+}
+```
+
+Assuming `docker buildx bake app` is executed outside of the `/tmp` directory,
+you would need to allow the `fs.write` entitlement, either by specifying the
+path or using a wildcard:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --allow fs=/tmp app
+$ docker buildx bake --allow fs.write=/tmp app
+$ docker buildx bake --allow fs.write=* app
+```
+
 ### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)

 Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
@@ -101,6 +176,42 @@ $ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.dev.hcl db webapp-release
 See the [Bake file reference](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/reference/)
 for more details.

+### <a name="list"></a> List targets and variables (--list)
+
+The `--list` flag displays all available targets or variables in the Bake
+configuration, along with a description (if set using the `description`
+property in the Bake file).
+
+To list all targets:
+
+```console {title="List targets"}
+$ docker buildx bake --list=targets
+TARGET              DESCRIPTION
+binaries
+default             binaries
+update-docs
+validate
+validate-golangci   Validate .golangci.yml schema (does not run Go linter)
+```
+
+To list variables:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --list=variables
+VARIABLE      VALUE                DESCRIPTION
+REGISTRY      docker.io/username   Registry and namespace
+IMAGE_NAME    my-app               Image name
+GO_VERSION    <null>
+```
+
+By default, the output of `docker buildx bake --list` is presented in a table
+format. Alternatively, you can use a long-form CSV syntax and specify a
+`format` attribute to output the list in JSON.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --list=type=targets,format=json
+```
+
 ### <a name="metadata-file"></a> Write build results metadata to a file (--metadata-file)

 Similar to [`buildx build --metadata-file`](buildx_build.md#metadata-file) but
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_build.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_build.md
@@ -13,46 +13,46 @@ Start a build

 ### Options

-| Name                                    | Type          | Default   | Description                                                                                         |
-|:----------------------------------------|:--------------|:----------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| [`--add-host`](#add-host)               | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                 |
-| [`--allow`](#allow)                     | `stringSlice` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                      |
-| [`--annotation`](#annotation)           | `stringArray` |           | Add annotation to the image                                                                         |
-| [`--attest`](#attest)                   | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                        |
-| [`--build-arg`](#build-arg)             | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                            |
-| [`--build-context`](#build-context)     | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                         |
-| [`--builder`](#builder)                 | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                            |
-| [`--cache-from`](#cache-from)           | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                       |
-| [`--cache-to`](#cache-to)               | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                   |
-| [`--call`](#call)                       | `string`      | `build`   | Set method for evaluating build (`check`, `outline`, `targets`)                                     |
-| [`--cgroup-parent`](#cgroup-parent)     | `string`      |           | Set the parent cgroup for the `RUN` instructions during build                                       |
-| [`--check`](#check)                     | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--call=check`                                                                        |
-| `-D`, `--debug`                         | `bool`        |           | Enable debug logging                                                                                |
-| `--detach`                              | `bool`        |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) (EXPERIMENTAL)                                       |
-| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file)        | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                 |
-| `--iidfile`                             | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to a file                                                                        |
-| `--label`                               | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                           |
-| [`--load`](#load)                       | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                |
-| [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file)     | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to a file                                                               |
-| [`--network`](#network)                 | `string`      | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build                                     |
-| `--no-cache`                            | `bool`        |           | Do not use cache when building the image                                                            |
-| [`--no-cache-filter`](#no-cache-filter) | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                       |
-| [`-o`](#output), [`--output`](#output)  | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                 |
-| [`--platform`](#platform)               | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                       |
-| [`--progress`](#progress)               | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`, `rawjson`). Use plain to show container output |
-| [`--provenance`](#provenance)           | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                            |
-| `--pull`                                | `bool`        |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                        |
-| [`--push`](#push)                       | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                              |
-| `-q`, `--quiet`                         | `bool`        |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                             |
-| `--root`                                | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect (EXPERIMENTAL)                                          |
-| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                       | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                  |
-| [`--secret`](#secret)                   | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                           |
-| `--server-config`                       | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) (EXPERIMENTAL)              |
-| [`--shm-size`](#shm-size)               | `bytes`       | `0`       | Shared memory size for build containers                                                             |
-| [`--ssh`](#ssh)                         | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
-| [`-t`](#tag), [`--tag`](#tag)           | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                      |
-| [`--target`](#target)                   | `string`      |           | Set the target build stage to build                                                                 |
-| [`--ulimit`](#ulimit)                   | `ulimit`      |           | Ulimit options                                                                                      |
+| Name                                    | Type          | Default   | Description                                                                                                  |
+|:----------------------------------------|:--------------|:----------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--add-host`](#add-host)               | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                          |
+| [`--allow`](#allow)                     | `stringArray` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                               |
+| [`--annotation`](#annotation)           | `stringArray` |           | Add annotation to the image                                                                                  |
+| [`--attest`](#attest)                   | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                                 |
+| [`--build-arg`](#build-arg)             | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                                     |
+| [`--build-context`](#build-context)     | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                                  |
+| [`--builder`](#builder)                 | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                                     |
+| [`--cache-from`](#cache-from)           | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                                |
+| [`--cache-to`](#cache-to)               | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                            |
+| [`--call`](#call)                       | `string`      | `build`   | Set method for evaluating build (`check`, `outline`, `targets`)                                              |
+| [`--cgroup-parent`](#cgroup-parent)     | `string`      |           | Set the parent cgroup for the `RUN` instructions during build                                                |
+| [`--check`](#check)                     | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--call=check`                                                                                 |
+| `-D`, `--debug`                         | `bool`        |           | Enable debug logging                                                                                         |
+| `--detach`                              | `bool`        |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) (EXPERIMENTAL)                                                |
+| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file)        | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                          |
+| `--iidfile`                             | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to a file                                                                                 |
+| `--label`                               | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                                    |
+| [`--load`](#load)                       | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                         |
+| [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file)     | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to a file                                                                        |
+| [`--network`](#network)                 | `string`      | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build                                              |
+| `--no-cache`                            | `bool`        |           | Do not use cache when building the image                                                                     |
+| [`--no-cache-filter`](#no-cache-filter) | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                                |
+| [`-o`](#output), [`--output`](#output)  | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                          |
+| [`--platform`](#platform)               | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                                |
+| [`--progress`](#progress)               | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `quiet`, `plain`, `tty`, `rawjson`). Use plain to show container output |
+| [`--provenance`](#provenance)           | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                                     |
+| `--pull`                                | `bool`        |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                                 |
+| [`--push`](#push)                       | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                                       |
+| `-q`, `--quiet`                         | `bool`        |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                                      |
+| `--root`                                | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect (EXPERIMENTAL)                                                   |
+| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                       | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                           |
+| [`--secret`](#secret)                   | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                                    |
+| `--server-config`                       | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) (EXPERIMENTAL)                       |
+| [`--shm-size`](#shm-size)               | `bytes`       | `0`       | Shared memory size for build containers                                                                      |
+| [`--ssh`](#ssh)                         | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`)          |
+| [`-t`](#tag), [`--tag`](#tag)           | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                               |
+| [`--target`](#target)                   | `string`      |           | Set the target build stage to build                                                                          |
+| [`--ulimit`](#ulimit)                   | `ulimit`      |           | Ulimit options                                                                                               |


 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -828,8 +828,12 @@ $ docker buildx build --platform=darwin .
 --progress=VALUE
 ```

-Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`, `rawjson`). Use `plain` to show container
-output (default `auto`).
+Set type of progress output. Supported values are:
+- `auto` (default): Uses the `tty` mode if the client is a TTY, or `plain` otherwise
+- `tty`: An interactive stream of the output with color and redrawing
+- `plain`: Prints the raw build progress in a plaintext format
+- `quiet`: Suppress the build output and print image ID on success (same as `--quiet`)
+- `rawjson`: Prints the raw build progress as JSON lines

 > [!NOTE]
 > You can also use the `BUILDKIT_PROGRESS` environment variable to set its value.
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_debug_build.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_debug_build.md
@@ -9,46 +9,46 @@ Start a build

 ### Options

-| Name                | Type          | Default   | Description                                                                                         |
-|:--------------------|:--------------|:----------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `--add-host`        | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                 |
-| `--allow`           | `stringSlice` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                      |
-| `--annotation`      | `stringArray` |           | Add annotation to the image                                                                         |
-| `--attest`          | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                        |
-| `--build-arg`       | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                            |
-| `--build-context`   | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                         |
-| `--builder`         | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                            |
-| `--cache-from`      | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                       |
-| `--cache-to`        | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                   |
-| `--call`            | `string`      | `build`   | Set method for evaluating build (`check`, `outline`, `targets`)                                     |
-| `--cgroup-parent`   | `string`      |           | Set the parent cgroup for the `RUN` instructions during build                                       |
-| `--check`           | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--call=check`                                                                        |
-| `-D`, `--debug`     | `bool`        |           | Enable debug logging                                                                                |
-| `--detach`          | `bool`        |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) (EXPERIMENTAL)                                       |
-| `-f`, `--file`      | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                 |
-| `--iidfile`         | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to a file                                                                        |
-| `--label`           | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                           |
-| `--load`            | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                |
-| `--metadata-file`   | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to a file                                                               |
-| `--network`         | `string`      | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build                                     |
-| `--no-cache`        | `bool`        |           | Do not use cache when building the image                                                            |
-| `--no-cache-filter` | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                       |
-| `-o`, `--output`    | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                 |
-| `--platform`        | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                       |
-| `--progress`        | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`, `rawjson`). Use plain to show container output |
-| `--provenance`      | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                            |
-| `--pull`            | `bool`        |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                        |
-| `--push`            | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                              |
-| `-q`, `--quiet`     | `bool`        |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                             |
-| `--root`            | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect (EXPERIMENTAL)                                          |
-| `--sbom`            | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                  |
-| `--secret`          | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                           |
-| `--server-config`   | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) (EXPERIMENTAL)              |
-| `--shm-size`        | `bytes`       | `0`       | Shared memory size for build containers                                                             |
-| `--ssh`             | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
-| `-t`, `--tag`       | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                      |
-| `--target`          | `string`      |           | Set the target build stage to build                                                                 |
-| `--ulimit`          | `ulimit`      |           | Ulimit options                                                                                      |
+| Name                | Type          | Default   | Description                                                                                                  |
+|:--------------------|:--------------|:----------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `--add-host`        | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                          |
+| `--allow`           | `stringArray` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                               |
+| `--annotation`      | `stringArray` |           | Add annotation to the image                                                                                  |
+| `--attest`          | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                                 |
+| `--build-arg`       | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                                     |
+| `--build-context`   | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                                  |
+| `--builder`         | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                                     |
+| `--cache-from`      | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                                |
+| `--cache-to`        | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                            |
+| `--call`            | `string`      | `build`   | Set method for evaluating build (`check`, `outline`, `targets`)                                              |
+| `--cgroup-parent`   | `string`      |           | Set the parent cgroup for the `RUN` instructions during build                                                |
+| `--check`           | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--call=check`                                                                                 |
+| `-D`, `--debug`     | `bool`        |           | Enable debug logging                                                                                         |
+| `--detach`          | `bool`        |           | Detach buildx server (supported only on linux) (EXPERIMENTAL)                                                |
+| `-f`, `--file`      | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                          |
+| `--iidfile`         | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to a file                                                                                 |
+| `--label`           | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                                    |
+| `--load`            | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                         |
+| `--metadata-file`   | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to a file                                                                        |
+| `--network`         | `string`      | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build                                              |
+| `--no-cache`        | `bool`        |           | Do not use cache when building the image                                                                     |
+| `--no-cache-filter` | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                                |
+| `-o`, `--output`    | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                          |
+| `--platform`        | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                                |
+| `--progress`        | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `quiet`, `plain`, `tty`, `rawjson`). Use plain to show container output |
+| `--provenance`      | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                                     |
+| `--pull`            | `bool`        |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                                 |
+| `--push`            | `bool`        |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                                       |
+| `-q`, `--quiet`     | `bool`        |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                                      |
+| `--root`            | `string`      |           | Specify root directory of server to connect (EXPERIMENTAL)                                                   |
+| `--sbom`            | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                           |
+| `--secret`          | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                                    |
+| `--server-config`   | `string`      |           | Specify buildx server config file (used only when launching new server) (EXPERIMENTAL)                       |
+| `--shm-size`        | `bytes`       | `0`       | Shared memory size for build containers                                                                      |
+| `--ssh`             | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`)          |
+| `-t`, `--tag`       | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                               |
+| `--target`          | `string`      |           | Set the target build stage to build                                                                          |
+| `--ulimit`          | `ulimit`      |           | Ulimit options                                                                                               |


 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_history.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_history.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# docker buildx history
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Commands to work on build records
+
+### Subcommands
+
+| Name                                   | Description                                    |
+|:---------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------|
+| [`inspect`](buildx_history_inspect.md) | Inspect a build                                |
+| [`logs`](buildx_history_logs.md)       | Print the logs of a build                      |
+| [`ls`](buildx_history_ls.md)           | List build records                             |
+| [`open`](buildx_history_open.md)       | Open a build in Docker Desktop                 |
+| [`rm`](buildx_history_rm.md)           | Remove build records                           |
+| [`trace`](buildx_history_trace.md)     | Show the OpenTelemetry trace of a build record |
+
+
+### Options
+
+| Name            | Type     | Default | Description                              |
+|:----------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| `--builder`     | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `-D`, `--debug` | `bool`   |         | Enable debug logging                     |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_history_inspect.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_history_inspect.md
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# docker buildx history inspect
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Inspect a build
+
+### Subcommands
+
+| Name                                                 | Description                |
+|:-----------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------|
+| [`attachment`](buildx_history_inspect_attachment.md) | Inspect a build attachment |
+
+
+### Options
+
+| Name                  | Type     | Default  | Description                              |
+|:----------------------|:---------|:---------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| `--builder`           | `string` |          | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `-D`, `--debug`       | `bool`   |          | Enable debug logging                     |
+| [`--format`](#format) | `string` | `pretty` | Format the output                        |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
+## Examples
+
+### <a name="format"></a> Format the output (--format)
+
+The formatting options (`--format`) pretty-prints the output to `pretty` (default),
+`json` or using a Go template.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx history inspect
+Name:           buildx (binaries)
+Context:        .
+Dockerfile:     Dockerfile
+VCS Repository: https://github.com/crazy-max/buildx.git
+VCS Revision:   f15eaa1ee324ffbbab29605600d27a84cab86361
+Target:         binaries
+Platforms:      linux/amd64
+Keep Git Dir:   true
+
+Started:        2025-02-07 11:56:24
+Duration:       1m  1s
+Build Steps:    16/16 (25% cached)
+
+Image Resolve Mode:     local
+
+Materials:
+URI                                                             DIGEST
+pkg:docker/docker/dockerfile@1                                  sha256:93bfd3b68c109427185cd78b4779fc82b484b0b7618e36d0f104d4d801e66d25
+pkg:docker/golang@1.23-alpine3.21?platform=linux%2Famd64        sha256:2c49857f2295e89b23b28386e57e018a86620a8fede5003900f2d138ba9c4037
+pkg:docker/tonistiigi/xx@1.6.1?platform=linux%2Famd64           sha256:923441d7c25f1e2eb5789f82d987693c47b8ed987c4ab3b075d6ed2b5d6779a3
+
+Attachments:
+DIGEST                                                                  PLATFORM        TYPE
+sha256:217329d2af959d4f02e3a96dcbe62bf100cab1feb8006a047ddfe51a5397f7e3                 https://slsa.dev/provenance/v0.2
+
+Print build logs: docker buildx history logs g9808bwrjrlkbhdamxklx660b
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx history inspect --format json
+{
+  "Name": "buildx (binaries)",
+  "Ref": "5w7vkqfi0rf59hw4hnmn627r9",
+  "Context": ".",
+  "Dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+  "VCSRepository": "https://github.com/crazy-max/buildx.git",
+  "VCSRevision": "f15eaa1ee324ffbbab29605600d27a84cab86361",
+  "Target": "binaries",
+  "Platform": [
+    "linux/amd64"
+  ],
+  "KeepGitDir": true,
+  "StartedAt": "2025-02-07T12:01:05.75807272+01:00",
+  "CompletedAt": "2025-02-07T12:02:07.991778875+01:00",
+  "Duration": 62233706155,
+  "Status": "completed",
+  "NumCompletedSteps": 16,
+  "NumTotalSteps": 16,
+  "NumCachedSteps": 4,
+  "Config": {
+    "ImageResolveMode": "local"
+  },
+  "Materials": [
+    {
+      "URI": "pkg:docker/docker/dockerfile@1",
+      "Digests": [
+        "sha256:93bfd3b68c109427185cd78b4779fc82b484b0b7618e36d0f104d4d801e66d25"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "URI": "pkg:docker/golang@1.23-alpine3.21?platform=linux%2Famd64",
+      "Digests": [
+        "sha256:2c49857f2295e89b23b28386e57e018a86620a8fede5003900f2d138ba9c4037"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "URI": "pkg:docker/tonistiigi/xx@1.6.1?platform=linux%2Famd64",
+      "Digests": [
+        "sha256:923441d7c25f1e2eb5789f82d987693c47b8ed987c4ab3b075d6ed2b5d6779a3"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "Attachments": [
+    {
+      "Digest": "sha256:450fdd2e6b868fecd69e9891c2c404ba461aa38a47663b4805edeb8d2baf80b1",
+      "Type": "https://slsa.dev/provenance/v0.2"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx history inspect --format "{{.Name}}: {{.VCSRepository}} ({{.VCSRevision}})"
+buildx (binaries): https://github.com/crazy-max/buildx.git (f15eaa1ee324ffbbab29605600d27a84cab86361)
+```
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_history_inspect_attachment.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_history_inspect_attachment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# docker buildx history inspect attachment
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Inspect a build attachment
+
+### Options
+
+| Name            | Type     | Default | Description                              |
+|:----------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| `--builder`     | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `-D`, `--debug` | `bool`   |         | Enable debug logging                     |
+| `--platform`    | `string` |         | Platform of attachment                   |
+| `--type`        | `string` |         | Type of attachment                       |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_history_logs.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_history_logs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# docker buildx history logs
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Print the logs of a build
+
+### Options
+
+| Name            | Type     | Default | Description                                       |
+|:----------------|:---------|:--------|:--------------------------------------------------|
+| `--builder`     | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance          |
+| `-D`, `--debug` | `bool`   |         | Enable debug logging                              |
+| `--progress`    | `string` | `plain` | Set type of progress output (plain, rawjson, tty) |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_history_ls.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_history_ls.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# docker buildx history ls
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+List build records
+
+### Options
+
+| Name            | Type     | Default | Description                              |
+|:----------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| `--builder`     | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `-D`, `--debug` | `bool`   |         | Enable debug logging                     |
+| `--format`      | `string` | `table` | Format the output                        |
+| `--no-trunc`    | `bool`   |         | Don't truncate output                    |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_history_open.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_history_open.md
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# docker buildx history open
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Open a build in Docker Desktop
+
+### Options
+
+| Name            | Type     | Default | Description                              |
+|:----------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| `--builder`     | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `-D`, `--debug` | `bool`   |         | Enable debug logging                     |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_history_rm.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_history_rm.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# docker buildx history rm
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Remove build records
+
+### Options
+
+| Name            | Type     | Default | Description                              |
+|:----------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| `--all`         | `bool`   |         | Remove all build records                 |
+| `--builder`     | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `-D`, `--debug` | `bool`   |         | Enable debug logging                     |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
--- a/docs/reference/buildx_history_trace.md
+++ b/docs/reference/buildx_history_trace.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# docker buildx history trace
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
+Show the OpenTelemetry trace of a build record
+
+### Options
+
+| Name            | Type     | Default       | Description                              |
+|:----------------|:---------|:--------------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| `--addr`        | `string` | `127.0.0.1:0` | Address to bind the UI server            |
+| `--builder`     | `string` |               | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `--compare`     | `string` |               | Compare with another build reference     |
+| `-D`, `--debug` | `bool`   |               | Enable debug logging                     |
+
+
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
--- a/driver/docker-container/driver.go
+++ b/driver/docker-container/driver.go
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/mount"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/system"
-	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/errdefs"
 	dockerarchive "github.com/docker/docker/pkg/archive"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/idtools"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/jsonmessage"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/stdcopy"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func (d *Driver) Bootstrap(ctx context.Context, l progress.Logger) error {
 	return progress.Wrap("[internal] booting buildkit", l, func(sub progress.SubLogger) error {
 		_, err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerInspect(ctx, d.Name)
 		if err != nil {
-			if dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 				return d.create(ctx, sub)
 			}
 			return err
@@ -95,19 +95,20 @@ func (d *Driver) create(ctx context.Context, l progress.SubLogger) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		rc, err := d.DockerAPI.ImageCreate(ctx, imageName, image.CreateOptions{
+		resp, err := d.DockerAPI.ImageCreate(ctx, imageName, image.CreateOptions{
 			RegistryAuth: ra,
 		})
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		_, err = io.Copy(io.Discard, rc)
-		return err
+		defer resp.Close()
+		return jsonmessage.DisplayJSONMessagesStream(resp, io.Discard, 0, false, nil)
 	}); err != nil {
 		// image pulling failed, check if it exists in local image store.
 		// if not, return pulling error. otherwise log it.
-		_, _, errInspect := d.DockerAPI.ImageInspectWithRaw(ctx, imageName)
-		if errInspect != nil {
+		_, errInspect := d.DockerAPI.ImageInspect(ctx, imageName)
+		found := errInspect == nil
+		if !found {
 			return err
 		}
 		l.Wrap("pulling failed, using local image "+imageName, func() error { return nil })
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ func (d *Driver) start(ctx context.Context) error {
 func (d *Driver) Info(ctx context.Context) (*driver.Info, error) {
 	ctn, err := d.DockerAPI.ContainerInspect(ctx, d.Name)
 	if err != nil {
-		if dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 			return &driver.Info{
 				Status: driver.Inactive,
 			}, nil
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -5,89 +5,95 @@ go 1.22.0
 require (
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.26.6
-	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2 v2.4.4
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.27.27
+	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2 v2.4.7
 	github.com/containerd/console v1.0.4
-	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.24
+	github.com/containerd/containerd/v2 v2.0.2
 	github.com/containerd/continuity v0.4.5
-	github.com/containerd/errdefs v0.3.0
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0
 	github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0
-	github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1
+	github.com/containerd/platforms v1.0.0-rc.1
 	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.2.3
-	github.com/creack/pty v1.1.21
+	github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1
 	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0
-	github.com/docker/cli v27.4.0-rc.2+incompatible
-	github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool v0.8.0
-	github.com/docker/docker v27.4.0-rc.2+incompatible
+	github.com/docker/cli v28.0.0-rc.2+incompatible
+	github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool v0.9.0
+	github.com/docker/docker v28.0.0-rc.2+incompatible
 	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1
 	github.com/google/shlex v0.0.0-20191202100458-e7afc7fbc510
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
-	github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs v0.0.0-20230405223818-a090f58aa992
-	github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2 v2.20.1
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs v0.0.0-20241120183456-c51673e0b3dd
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1
+	github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2 v2.23.0
 	github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang v0.5.0
 	github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure/v2 v2.0.2
-	github.com/moby/buildkit v0.18.0-rc1
+	github.com/moby/buildkit v0.20.0
 	github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo v0.7.2
 	github.com/moby/sys/signal v0.7.1
 	github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0
 	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.9.5
+	github.com/pkg/browser v0.0.0-20240102092130-5ac0b6a4141c
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1
 	github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10
 	github.com/serialx/hashring v0.0.0-20200727003509-22c0c7ab6b1b
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.1
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
-	github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil v0.0.0-20241121093142-31cf1f437184
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil v0.0.0-20250113203817-b14e27f4135a
 	github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue v0.0.0-20240710180619-ddb21b71c0b4
-	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.14.4
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.28.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.28.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.28.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.28.0
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.21.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.8.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.26.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.24.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.18.0
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.66.3
+	github.com/tonistiigi/jaeger-ui-rest v0.0.0-20250211190051-7d4944a45bb6
+	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.16.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.31.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.31.0
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.22.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.27.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.21.0
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241021214115-324edc3d5d38
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.69.4
 	google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.5.1
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.2
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
-	k8s.io/api v0.29.2
-	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.29.2
-	k8s.io/client-go v0.29.2
+	k8s.io/api v0.31.2
+	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.31.2
+	k8s.io/client-go v0.31.2
 )

 require (
-	github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24 // indirect
-	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 // indirect
+	github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20240806141605-e8a1dd7889d6 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20250102033503-faa5f7b0171c // indirect
 	github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20171204204709-577dee27f20d // indirect
 	github.com/agext/levenshtein v1.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/apparentlymart/go-cidr v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.24.1 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.16.16 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.14.11 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.2.10 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.5.10 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.7.3 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.10.4 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.10.10 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.18.7 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.21.7 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.26.7 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.19.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.30.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.27 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.11 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.15 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.15 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.11.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.11.17 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.22.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.26.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.30.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.20.3 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/containerd/api v1.7.19 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.2.5 // indirect
-	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/containerd/api v1.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.2.7 // indirect
+	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.3+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.8.2 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go v1.5.1-1.0.20160303222718-d30aec9fd63c // indirect
@@ -96,11 +102,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/emicklei/go-restful/v3 v3.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/fvbommel/sortorder v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.19.6 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/jsonreference v0.20.2 // indirect
-	github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.22.3 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.22.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
@@ -109,10 +116,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.0 // indirect
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.20.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.22.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.16 // indirect
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
@@ -127,17 +133,17 @@ require (
 	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/locker v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/patternmatcher v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/spdystream v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/spdystream v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/sequential v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/userns v0.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/term v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/term v0.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/mxk/go-flowrate v0.0.0-20140419014527-cca7078d478f // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.55.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
@@ -149,34 +155,42 @@ require (
 	github.com/tonistiigi/dchapes-mode v0.0.0-20241001053921-ca0759fec205 // indirect
 	github.com/tonistiigi/units v0.0.0-20180711220420-6950e57a87ea // indirect
 	github.com/tonistiigi/vt100 v0.0.0-20240514184818-90bafcd6abab // indirect
+	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20190905194746-02993c407bfb // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference v0.0.0-20180127040603-bd5ef7bd5415 // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.46.1 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace v0.46.1 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.53.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v0.44.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetrichttp v0.44.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.28.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.28.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.28.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.28.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.56.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace v0.56.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.56.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetrichttp v1.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.31.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.27.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240909161429-701f63a606c0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.29.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.21.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241108190413-2d47ceb2692f // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.33.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.23.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.6.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.25.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240123012728-ef4313101c80 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240701130421-f6361c86f094 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240701130421-f6361c86f094 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.27.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241021214115-324edc3d5d38 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
-	k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.110.1 // indirect
-	k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20231010175941-2dd684a91f00 // indirect
-	k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20230726121419-3b25d923346b // indirect
+	k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.130.1 // indirect
+	k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20240228011516-70dd3763d340 // indirect
+	k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20240711033017-18e509b52bc8 // indirect
 	sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20221116044647-bc3834ca7abd // indirect
 	sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.1 // indirect
-	sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.3.0 // indirect
+	sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.4.0 // indirect
+)
+
+exclude (
+	// FIXME(thaJeztah): remoove this once kubernetes updated their dependencies to no longer need this.
+	//
+	// For additional details, see this PR and links mentioned in that PR:
+	// https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/pull/5830#issuecomment-2569960859
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
-cloud.google.com/go v0.112.0 h1:tpFCD7hpHFlQ8yPwT3x+QeXqc2T6+n6T+hmABHfDUSM=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.23.3 h1:6sVlXXBmbd7jNX0Ipq0trII3e4n1/MsADLK6a+aiVlk=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0 h1:Tz+eQXMEqDIKRsmY3cHTL6FVaynIjX2QxYC4trgAKZc=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0/go.mod h1:zFmK7XCadkQkj6TtorcaGlCW1hT1fIilQDwofLpJ20k=
-github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24 h1:bvDV9vkmnHYOMsOr4WLk+Vo07yKIzd94sVoIqshQ4bU=
-github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24/go.mod h1:8o94RPi1/7XTJvwPpRSzSUedZrtlirdB3r9Z20bi2f8=
-github.com/AdamKorcz/go-118-fuzz-build v0.0.0-20230306123547-8075edf89bb0 h1:59MxjQVfjXsBpLy+dbd2/ELV5ofnUkUZBvWSC85sheA=
-github.com/AdamKorcz/go-118-fuzz-build v0.0.0-20230306123547-8075edf89bb0/go.mod h1:OahwfttHWG6eJ0clwcfBAHoDI6X/LV/15hx/wlMZSrU=
-github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 h1:UQHMgLO+TxOElx5B5HZ4hJQsoJ/PvUvKRhJHDQXO8P8=
-github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
+github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20240806141605-e8a1dd7889d6 h1:He8afgbRMd7mFxO99hRNu+6tazq8nFF9lIwo9JFroBk=
+github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20240806141605-e8a1dd7889d6/go.mod h1:8o94RPi1/7XTJvwPpRSzSUedZrtlirdB3r9Z20bi2f8=
+github.com/AdamKorcz/go-118-fuzz-build v0.0.0-20231105174938-2b5cbb29f3e2 h1:dIScnXFlF784X79oi7MzVT6GWqr/W1uUt0pB5CsDs9M=
+github.com/AdamKorcz/go-118-fuzz-build v0.0.0-20231105174938-2b5cbb29f3e2/go.mod h1:gCLVsLfv1egrcZu+GoJATN5ts75F2s62ih/457eWzOw=
+github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20250102033503-faa5f7b0171c h1:udKWzYgxTojEKWjV8V+WSxDXJ4NFATAsZjh8iIbsQIg=
+github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20250102033503-faa5f7b0171c/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1 h1:WXkYYl6Yr3qBf1K79EBnL4mak0OimBfB0XUf9Vl28OQ=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1 h1:RN9w6+7QoMeJVGyfmbcgs28Br8cvmnucEXnY0rYXWg0=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1/go.mod h1:qvl/7zhW3nngYb5+80sSMF+FG2BjYrf8m9wsX0PNOMQ=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 h1:F2VQgta7ecxGYO8k3ZZz3RS8fVIXVxONVUPlNERoyfY=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2/go.mod h1:yd8OoFMLzJbo9gZq8j5qaps8bJ9aShtEA8Ipt1oGCvU=
-github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.8 h1:BtDWYlFMcWhorrvSSo2M7z0csPdw6t7no/C3FsSvqiI=
-github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.8/go.mod h1:cibQ4BqhJ32FXDwPdQhKhwrwophnh3FuT4nwQZF907w=
+github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.9 h1:2zJy5KA+l0loz1HzEGqyNnjd3fyZA31ZBCGKacp6lLg=
+github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.9/go.mod h1:fJ0gkFAna6ukt0bLdKB8djt4XIJhF/vEPuoIWYVvZ8Y=
 github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20170309145241-6dbc35f2c30d/go.mod h1:HI8ITrYtUY+O+ZhtlqUnD8+KwNPOyugEhfP9fdUIaEQ=
 github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20171204204709-577dee27f20d h1:UrqY+r/OJnIp5u0s1SbQ8dVfLCZJsnvazdBP5hS4iRs=
 github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20171204204709-577dee27f20d/go.mod h1:HI8ITrYtUY+O+ZhtlqUnD8+KwNPOyugEhfP9fdUIaEQ=
@@ -32,32 +28,32 @@ github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0 h1:uYvfpb3DyLSCGWnctWKGj857c6ew
 github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0/go.mod h1:K8XmNZdhEBkdlyDdvbmmsvpAG721bKi0joRfFdHIWJ4=
 github.com/armon/go-socks5 v0.0.0-20160902184237-e75332964ef5 h1:0CwZNZbxp69SHPdPJAN/hZIm0C4OItdklCFmMRWYpio=
 github.com/armon/go-socks5 v0.0.0-20160902184237-e75332964ef5/go.mod h1:wHh0iHkYZB8zMSxRWpUBQtwG5a7fFgvEO+odwuTv2gs=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.24.1 h1:xAojnj+ktS95YZlDf0zxWBkbFtymPeDP+rvUQIH3uAU=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.24.1/go.mod h1:LNh45Br1YAkEKaAqvmE1m8FUx6a5b/V0oAKV7of29b4=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.26.6 h1:Z/7w9bUqlRI0FFQpetVuFYEsjzE3h7fpU6HuGmfPL/o=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.26.6/go.mod h1:uKU6cnDmYCvJ+pxO9S4cWDb2yWWIH5hra+32hVh1MI4=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.16.16 h1:8q6Rliyv0aUFAVtzaldUEcS+T5gbadPbWdV1WcAddK8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.16.16/go.mod h1:UHVZrdUsv63hPXFo1H7c5fEneoVo9UXiz36QG1GEPi0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.14.11 h1:c5I5iH+DZcH3xOIMlz3/tCKJDaHFwYEmxvlh2fAcFo8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.14.11/go.mod h1:cRrYDYAMUohBJUtUnOhydaMHtiK/1NZ0Otc9lIb6O0Y=
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@@ -141,8 +138,6 @@ github.com/docker/go v1.5.1-1.0.20160303222718-d30aec9fd63c/go.mod h1:CADgU4DSXK
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@@ -153,19 +148,20 @@ github.com/docker/libtrust v0.0.0-20160708172513-aabc10ec26b7/go.mod h1:cyGadeNE
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@@ -174,13 +170,14 @@ github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.19.6 h1:eCs3fxoIi3Wh6vtgmLTOjdhSpiqphQ+DaPn
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@@ -213,8 +210,8 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeN
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@@ -223,11 +220,10 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+
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@@ -235,12 +231,12 @@ github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 h1:OxrOeh75EUXMY8TBjag2fzXGZ40LB6IKw45YeGUDY
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@@ -301,16 +297,16 @@ github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure/v2 v2.0.2/go.mod h1:MG3aRVU/N29oo/V/IhBX8GR/z
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@@ -321,8 +317,8 @@ github.com/moby/sys/user v0.3.0 h1:9ni5DlcW5an3SvRSx4MouotOygvzaXbaSrc/wGDFWPo=
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@@ -341,12 +337,12 @@ github.com/niemeyer/pretty v0.0.0-20200227124842-a10e7caefd8e/go.mod h1:zD1mROLA
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@@ -355,12 +351,16 @@ github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0 h1:8SG7/vwALn54lVB/0yZ/MMwhFrPYtpEHQ
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@@ -373,8 +373,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.0-pre1.0.20180209125602-c332b6f63c06/go
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@@ -393,8 +393,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 h1:YagwOFzUgYfKKHX6Dr+sHT7km/hxC76UB0leargg
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@@ -435,23 +435,29 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/
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@@ -462,38 +468,40 @@ github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0/go.mod h1:anYRn/JVcOK2ZgGU+IjEV4nwlhoK5sQ
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@@ -506,14 +514,14 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200302210943-78000ba7a073/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPh
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200422194213-44a606286825/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
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-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240909161429-701f63a606c0/go.mod h1:2TbTHSBQa924w8M6Xs1QcRcFwyucIwBGpK1p2f1YFFY=
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-golang.org/x/mod v0.21.0 h1:vvrHzRwRfVKSiLrG+d4FMl/Qi4ukBCE6kZlTUkDYRT0=
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 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
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@@ -521,18 +529,18 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190613194153-d28f0bde5980/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLL
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
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@@ -545,42 +553,40 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200930185726-fdedc70b468f/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
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-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240123012728-ef4313101c80 h1:KAeGQVN3M9nD0/bQXnr/ClcEMJ968gUXJQ9pwfSynuQ=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240123012728-ef4313101c80/go.mod h1:cc8bqMqtv9gMOr0zHg2Vzff5ULhhL2IXP4sbcn32Dro=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240701130421-f6361c86f094 h1:0+ozOGcrp+Y8Aq8TLNN2Aliibms5LEzsq99ZZmAGYm0=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240701130421-f6361c86f094/go.mod h1:fJ/e3If/Q67Mj99hin0hMhiNyCRmt6BQ2aWIJshUSJw=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240701130421-f6361c86f094 h1:BwIjyKYGsK9dMCBOorzRri8MQwmi7mT9rGHsCEinZkA=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240701130421-f6361c86f094/go.mod h1:Ue6ibwXGpU+dqIcODieyLOcgj7z8+IcskoNIgZxtrFY=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241021214115-324edc3d5d38 h1:2oV8dfuIkM1Ti7DwXc0BJfnwr9csz4TDXI9EmiI+Rbw=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241021214115-324edc3d5d38/go.mod h1:vuAjtvlwkDKF6L1GQ0SokiRLCGFfeBUXWr/aFFkHACc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241021214115-324edc3d5d38 h1:zciRKQ4kBpFgpfC5QQCVtnnNAcLIqweL7plyZRQHVpI=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241021214115-324edc3d5d38/go.mod h1:GX3210XPVPUjJbTUbvwI8f2IpZDMZuPJWDzDuebbviI=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.0.5/go.mod h1:yo6s7OP7yaDglbqo1J04qKzAhqBH6lvTonzMVmEdcZw=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.66.3 h1:TWlsh8Mv0QI/1sIbs1W36lqRclxrmF+eFJ4DbI0fuhA=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.66.3/go.mod h1:s3/l6xSSCURdVfAnL+TqCNMyTDAGN6+lZeVxnZR128Y=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.69.4 h1:MF5TftSMkd8GLw/m0KM6V8CMOCY6NZ1NQDPGFgbTt4A=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.69.4/go.mod h1:vyjdE6jLBI76dgpDojsFGNaHlxdjXN9ghpnd2o7JGZ4=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.5.1 h1:F29+wU6Ee6qgu9TddPgooOdaqsxTMunOoj8KA5yuS5A=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.5.1/go.mod h1:5KF+wpkbTSbGcR9zteSqZV6fqFOWBl4Yde8En8MryZA=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 h1:m3LfL6/Ca+fqnjnlqQXNpFPABW1UD7mjh8KO2mKFytA=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.2 h1:8Ar7bF+apOIoThw1EdZl0p1oWvMqTHmpA2fRTyZO8io=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.2/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
 gopkg.in/airbrake/gobrake.v2 v2.0.9/go.mod h1:/h5ZAUhDkGaJfjzjKLSjv6zCL6O0LLBxU4K+aSYdM/U=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/cenkalti/backoff.v2 v2.2.1 h1:eJ9UAg01/HIHG987TwxvnzK2MgxXq97YY6rYDpY9aII=
@@ -608,21 +614,25 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.4.0 h1:ZazjZUfuVeZGLAmlKKuyv3IKP5orXcwtOwDQH6YVr6o=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.4.0/go.mod h1:CtbdzLSsqVhDgMtKsx03ird5YTGB3ar27v0u/yKBW5g=
-k8s.io/api v0.29.2 h1:hBC7B9+MU+ptchxEqTNW2DkUosJpp1P+Wn6YncZ474A=
-k8s.io/api v0.29.2/go.mod h1:sdIaaKuU7P44aoyyLlikSLayT6Vb7bvJNCX105xZXY0=
-k8s.io/apimachinery v0.29.2 h1:EWGpfJ856oj11C52NRCHuU7rFDwxev48z+6DSlGNsV8=
-k8s.io/apimachinery v0.29.2/go.mod h1:6HVkd1FwxIagpYrHSwJlQqZI3G9LfYWRPAkUvLnXTKU=
-k8s.io/client-go v0.29.2 h1:FEg85el1TeZp+/vYJM7hkDlSTFZ+c5nnK44DJ4FyoRg=
-k8s.io/client-go v0.29.2/go.mod h1:knlvFZE58VpqbQpJNbCbctTVXcd35mMyAAwBdpt4jrA=
-k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.110.1 h1:U/Af64HJf7FcwMcXyKm2RPM22WZzyR7OSpYj5tg3cL0=
-k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.110.1/go.mod h1:YGtd1984u+GgbuZ7e08/yBuAfKLSO0+uR1Fhi6ExXjo=
-k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20231010175941-2dd684a91f00 h1:aVUu9fTY98ivBPKR9Y5w/AuzbMm96cd3YHRTU83I780=
-k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20231010175941-2dd684a91f00/go.mod h1:AsvuZPBlUDVuCdzJ87iajxtXuR9oktsTctW/R9wwouA=
-k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20230726121419-3b25d923346b h1:sgn3ZU783SCgtaSJjpcVVlRqd6GSnlTLKgpAAttJvpI=
-k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20230726121419-3b25d923346b/go.mod h1:OLgZIPagt7ERELqWJFomSt595RzquPNLL48iOWgYOg0=
+k8s.io/api v0.31.2 h1:3wLBbL5Uom/8Zy98GRPXpJ254nEFpl+hwndmk9RwmL0=
+k8s.io/api v0.31.2/go.mod h1:bWmGvrGPssSK1ljmLzd3pwCQ9MgoTsRCuK35u6SygUk=
+k8s.io/apimachinery v0.31.2 h1:i4vUt2hPK56W6mlT7Ry+AO8eEsyxMD1U44NR22CLTYw=
+k8s.io/apimachinery v0.31.2/go.mod h1:rsPdaZJfTfLsNJSQzNHQvYoTmxhoOEofxtOsF3rtsMo=
+k8s.io/client-go v0.31.2 h1:Y2F4dxU5d3AQj+ybwSMqQnpZH9F30//1ObxOKlTI9yc=
+k8s.io/client-go v0.31.2/go.mod h1:NPa74jSVR/+eez2dFsEIHNa+3o09vtNaWwWwb1qSxSs=
+k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.130.1 h1:n9Xl7H1Xvksem4KFG4PYbdQCQxqc/tTUyrgXaOhHSzk=
+k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.130.1/go.mod h1:3Jpz1GvMt720eyJH1ckRHK1EDfpxISzJ7I9OYgaDtPE=
+k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20240228011516-70dd3763d340 h1:BZqlfIlq5YbRMFko6/PM7FjZpUb45WallggurYhKGag=
+k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20240228011516-70dd3763d340/go.mod h1:yD4MZYeKMBwQKVht279WycxKyM84kkAx2DPrTXaeb98=
+k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20240711033017-18e509b52bc8 h1:pUdcCO1Lk/tbT5ztQWOBi5HBgbBP1J8+AsQnQCKsi8A=
+k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20240711033017-18e509b52bc8/go.mod h1:OLgZIPagt7ERELqWJFomSt595RzquPNLL48iOWgYOg0=
 sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20221116044647-bc3834ca7abd h1:EDPBXCAspyGV4jQlpZSudPeMmr1bNJefnuqLsRAsHZo=
 sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20221116044647-bc3834ca7abd/go.mod h1:B8JuhiUyNFVKdsE8h686QcCxMaH6HrOAZj4vswFpcB0=
 sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.1 h1:150L+0vs/8DA78h1u02ooW1/fFq/Lwr+sGiqlzvrtq4=
 sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.1/go.mod h1:N8hJocpFajUSSeSJ9bOZ77VzejKZaXsTtZo4/u7Io08=
-sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.3.0 h1:a2VclLzOGrwOHDiV8EfBGhvjHvP46CtW5j6POvhYGGo=
-sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.3.0/go.mod h1:GeOyir5tyXNByN85N/dRIT9es5UQNerPYEKK56eTBm8=
+sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.4.0 h1:Mk1wCc2gy/F0THH0TAp1QYyJNzRm2KCLy3o5ASXVI5E=
+sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.4.0/go.mod h1:Ejl7/uTz7PSA4eKMyQCUTnhZYNmLIl+5c2lQPGR2BPY=
+tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface v0.8.0 h1:8bCFo/g9WODjWx3m6EYl3GfUG31eKJbaggyBDxEldRc=
+tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface v0.8.0/go.mod h1:Apb7N4VdILW0EVdEMRYXIDVRZfNJZ+kmEUss2kRRQ6Y=
+tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface/specs-go v0.8.0 h1:QYGFzGxvYK/ZLMrjhvY0RjpUavIn4KcmRmVP/JjdBTA=
+tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface/specs-go v0.8.0/go.mod h1:BhJIkjjPh4qpys+qm4DAYtUyryaTDg9zris+AczXyws=
--- a/hack/Vagrantfile.freebsd
+++ b/hack/Vagrantfile.freebsd
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+# vi: set ft=ruby :
+
+Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
+  config.vm.box = "generic/freebsd14"
+  config.vm.boot_timeout = 900
+  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "rsync"
+  config.ssh.keep_alive = true
+
+  config.vm.provision "init", type: "shell", run: "once" do |sh|
+    sh.inline = <<~SHELL
+      pkg bootstrap
+      pkg install -y go123 git
+      ln -s /usr/local/bin/go123 /usr/local/bin/go
+      go install gotest.tools/gotestsum@#{ENV['GOTESTSUM_VERSION']}
+    SHELL
+  end
+end
--- a/hack/Vagrantfile.openbsd
+++ b/hack/Vagrantfile.openbsd
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+# vi: set ft=ruby :
+
+Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
+  config.vm.box = "pygolo/openbsd7"
+  config.vm.box_version = "7.5"
+  config.vm.boot_timeout = 900
+  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "rsync"
+  config.ssh.keep_alive = true
+
+  config.vm.provision "init", type: "shell", run: "once" do |sh|
+    sh.inline = <<~SHELL
+      pkg_add -x git
+
+      ftp https://go.dev/dl/go1.23.3.openbsd-amd64.tar.gz
+      tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.23.3.openbsd-amd64.tar.gz
+      ln -s /usr/local/go/bin/go /usr/local/bin/go
+      go install gotest.tools/gotestsum@#{ENV['GOTESTSUM_VERSION']}
+    SHELL
+  end
+end
--- a/hack/dockerfiles/authors.Dockerfile
+++ b/hack/dockerfiles/authors.Dockerfile
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

-ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.20
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.21

 FROM alpine:${ALPINE_VERSION} AS gen
 RUN apk add --no-cache git
--- a/hack/dockerfiles/docs.Dockerfile
+++ b/hack/dockerfiles/docs.Dockerfile
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

 ARG GO_VERSION=1.23
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.21
+
 ARG FORMATS=md,yaml

-FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS docsgen
+FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine${ALPINE_VERSION} AS docsgen
 WORKDIR /src
 RUN --mount=target=. \
  --mount=target=/root/.cache,type=cache \
  go build -mod=vendor -o /out/docsgen ./docs/generate.go

-FROM alpine AS gen
+FROM alpine:${ALPINE_VERSION} AS gen
 RUN apk add --no-cache rsync git
 WORKDIR /src
 COPY --from=docsgen /out/docsgen /usr/bin
--- a/hack/dockerfiles/govulncheck.Dockerfile
+++ b/hack/dockerfiles/govulncheck.Dockerfile
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

 ARG GO_VERSION=1.23
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.21
+
 ARG GOVULNCHECK_VERSION=v1.1.3
 ARG FORMAT="text"

-FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS base
+FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine${ALPINE_VERSION} AS base
 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/docker/buildx
 RUN apk add --no-cache jq moreutils
 ARG GOVULNCHECK_VERSION
--- a/hack/dockerfiles/lint.Dockerfile
+++ b/hack/dockerfiles/lint.Dockerfile
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

 ARG GO_VERSION=1.23
-ARG XX_VERSION=1.5.0
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.21
+ARG XX_VERSION=1.6.1
+
 ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=1.62.0
 ARG GOPLS_VERSION=v0.26.0
 # disabled: deprecated unusedvariable simplifyrange
-ARG GOPLS_ANALYZERS="embeddirective fillreturns infertypeargs nonewvars norangeoverfunc noresultvalues simplifycompositelit simplifyslice undeclaredname unusedparams useany"
+ARG GOPLS_ANALYZERS="embeddirective fillreturns infertypeargs nonewvars noresultvalues simplifycompositelit simplifyslice undeclaredname unusedparams useany"

 FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx:${XX_VERSION} AS xx

-FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS golang-base
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine${ALPINE_VERSION} AS golang-base
 RUN apk add --no-cache git gcc musl-dev

 FROM golang-base AS lint-base
@@ -74,4 +76,4 @@ RUN --mount=target=. \
  done
 EOF

-FROM lint
+FROM lint
--- a/hack/dockerfiles/vendor.Dockerfile
+++ b/hack/dockerfiles/vendor.Dockerfile
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 # syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

 ARG GO_VERSION=1.23
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.21
+
 ARG MODOUTDATED_VERSION=v0.9.0

-FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS base
+FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine${ALPINE_VERSION} AS base
 RUN apk add --no-cache git rsync
 WORKDIR /src

--- a/hack/test
+++ b/hack/test
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@

 set -eu -o pipefail

+: "${GITHUB_ACTIONS=}"
+
 : "${BUILDX_CMD=docker buildx}"

 : "${TEST_COVERAGE=}"
@@ -37,7 +39,15 @@ if [ "$TEST_COVERAGE" = "1" ]; then
  export GO_TEST_COVERPROFILE="/testreports/coverage-report$TEST_REPORT_SUFFIX.txt"
 fi

-cid=$(docker create --rm --privileged \
+dockerConfigMount=""
+if [ "$GITHUB_ACTIONS" = "true" ]; then
+  dockerConfigPath="$HOME/.docker/config.json"
+  if [ -f "$dockerConfigPath" ]; then
+    dockerConfigMount="-v $dockerConfigPath:/root/.docker/config.json:ro"
+  fi
+fi
+
+cid=$(docker create --rm --privileged $dockerConfigMount \
  -v /tmp $testReportsVol \
  --volumes-from=$cacheVolume \
  -e GITHUB_REF \
--- a/hack/test-driver
+++ b/hack/test-driver
@@ -167,7 +167,8 @@ buildxCmd bake ${bakePlatformFlag} \
  --file="${bakedef}" \
  --builder="${builderName}" \
  --set "*.context=${context}" \
-  --metadata-file="${context}/metadata-bake-def.json"
+  --metadata-file="${context}/metadata-bake-def.json" \
+  --allow fs="${context}"
 cat "${context}/metadata-bake-def.json"

 # bake all target
@@ -175,6 +176,7 @@ buildxCmd bake ${bakePlatformFlag} \
  --file="${bakedef}" \
  --builder="${builderName}" \
  --set "*.context=${context}" \
+  --allow fs="${context}" \
  --metadata-file="${context}/metadata-bake-all.json" \
  all
 cat "${context}/metadata-bake-all.json"
--- a/monitor/commands/reload.go
+++ b/monitor/commands/reload.go
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func (cm *ReloadCmd) Exec(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		var be *controllererrors.BuildError
 		if errors.As(err, &be) {
-			ref = be.Ref
+			ref = be.SessionID
 			resultUpdated = true
 		} else {
 			fmt.Printf("failed to reload: %v\n", err)
--- a/tests/bake.go
+++ b/tests/bake.go
@@ -2,10 +2,15 @@ package tests

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

@@ -32,6 +37,8 @@ func bakeCmd(sb integration.Sandbox, opts ...cmdOpt) (string, error) {

 var bakeTests = []func(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox){
 	testBakePrint,
+	testBakePrintSensitive,
+	testBakePrintOverrideEmpty,
 	testBakeLocal,
 	testBakeLocalMulti,
 	testBakeRemote,
@@ -46,6 +53,16 @@ var bakeTests = []func(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox){
 	testBakeRemoteDockerfileCwd,
 	testBakeRemoteLocalContextRemoteDockerfile,
 	testBakeEmpty,
+	testBakeSetNonExistingSubdirNoParallel,
+	testBakeSetNonExistingOutsideNoParallel,
+	testBakeSetExistingOutsideNoParallel,
+	testBakeDefinitionNotExistingSubdirNoParallel,
+	testBakeDefinitionNotExistingOutsideNoParallel,
+	testBakeDefinitionExistingOutsideNoParallel,
+	testBakeDefinitionSymlinkOutsideNoParallel,
+	testBakeDefinitionSymlinkOutsideGrantedNoParallel,
+	testBakeSSHPathNoParallel,
+	testBakeSSHDefaultNoParallel,
 	testBakeShmSize,
 	testBakeUlimits,
 	testBakeMetadataProvenance,
@@ -77,7 +94,8 @@ target "build" {
    HELLO = "foo"
  }
 }
-`)},
+`),
+		},
 		{
 			"Compose",
 			"compose.yml",
@@ -88,7 +106,8 @@ services:
      context: .
      args:
        HELLO: foo
-`)},
+`),
+		},
 	}

 	for _, tc := range testCases {
@@ -149,6 +168,166 @@ RUN echo "Hello ${HELLO}"
 	}
 }

+func testBakePrintSensitive(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name string
+		f    string
+		dt   []byte
+	}{
+		{
+			"HCL",
+			"docker-bake.hcl",
+			[]byte(`
+target "build" {
+  args = {
+    HELLO = "foo"
+  }
+
+  cache-from = [
+    "type=gha,token=abc",
+    "type=s3,region=us-west-2,bucket=my_bucket,name=my_image",
+  ]
+}
+`),
+		},
+		{
+			"Compose",
+			"compose.yml",
+			[]byte(`
+services:
+  build:
+    build:
+      context: .
+      args:
+        HELLO: foo
+      cache_from:
+        - type=gha,token=abc
+        - type=s3,region=us-west-2,bucket=my_bucket,name=my_image
+`),
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile(tc.f, tc.dt, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", []byte(`
+FROM busybox
+ARG HELLO
+RUN echo "Hello ${HELLO}"
+	`), 0600),
+			)
+
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--print", "build"),
+				withEnv(
+					"ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN=sensitive_token",
+					"ACTIONS_CACHE_URL=https://cache.github.com",
+					"AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=definitely_dont_look_here",
+					"AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=hackers_please_dont_steal",
+					"AWS_SESSION_TOKEN=not_a_mitm_attack",
+				),
+			)
+			stdout := bytes.Buffer{}
+			stderr := bytes.Buffer{}
+			cmd.Stdout = &stdout
+			cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+			require.NoError(t, cmd.Run(), stdout.String(), stderr.String())
+
+			var def struct {
+				Group  map[string]*bake.Group  `json:"group,omitempty"`
+				Target map[string]*bake.Target `json:"target"`
+			}
+			require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &def))
+
+			require.Len(t, def.Group, 1)
+			require.Contains(t, def.Group, "default")
+
+			require.Equal(t, []string{"build"}, def.Group["default"].Targets)
+			require.Len(t, def.Target, 1)
+			require.Contains(t, def.Target, "build")
+			require.Equal(t, ".", *def.Target["build"].Context)
+			require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile", *def.Target["build"].Dockerfile)
+			require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"HELLO": ptrstr("foo")}, def.Target["build"].Args)
+			require.NotNil(t, def.Target["build"].CacheFrom)
+			require.Len(t, def.Target["build"].CacheFrom, 2)
+
+			require.JSONEq(t, `{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "build"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "build": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "HELLO": "foo"
+      },
+      "cache-from": [
+        {
+          "type": "gha",
+          "token": "abc"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "s3",
+          "region": "us-west-2",
+          "bucket": "my_bucket",
+          "name": "my_image"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+`, stdout.String())
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakePrintOverrideEmpty(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+	bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+	cache-to = ["type=gha,mode=min,scope=integration-tests"]
+}
+`)
+	dir := tmpdir(
+		t,
+		fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+		fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+	)
+
+	cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--print", "--set", "*.cache-to="))
+	stdout := bytes.Buffer{}
+	stderr := bytes.Buffer{}
+	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
+	require.NoError(t, cmd.Run(), stdout.String(), stderr.String())
+
+	require.JSONEq(t, `{
+	"group": {
+		"default": {
+			"targets": [
+				"default"
+			]
+		}
+	},
+	"target": {
+		"default": {
+			"context": ".",
+			"dockerfile": "Dockerfile"
+		}
+	}
+}`, stdout.String())
+}
+
 func testBakeLocal(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 	dockerfile := []byte(`
 FROM scratch
@@ -705,6 +884,351 @@ target "default" {
 	require.Contains(t, string(dt), `size=131072k`)
 }

+func testBakeSetNonExistingSubdirNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+			bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+}
+`)
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+			)
+
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain", "--set", "*.output=type=local,dest="+filepath.Join(dir, "not/exists")))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+			require.Contains(t, string(out), `#1 [internal] load local bake definitions`)
+			require.Contains(t, string(out), `#1 reading docker-bake.hcl`)
+
+			require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dir, "not/exists/foo"))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakeSetNonExistingOutsideNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+			bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+}
+`)
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+			)
+
+			destDir := t.TempDir()
+
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain", "--set", "*.output=type=local,dest="+filepath.Join(destDir, "not/exists")))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			if ent {
+				require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+				require.Contains(t, string(out), "ERROR: additional privileges requested")
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+				require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(destDir, "not/exists/foo"))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakeSetExistingOutsideNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+			bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+}
+`)
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+			)
+
+			destDir := t.TempDir()
+
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain", "--set", "*.output=type=local,dest="+destDir))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			// existing directory via --set is always allowed
+			require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+			require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(destDir, "foo"))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakeDefinitionNotExistingSubdirNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+			bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+	output = ["type=local,dest=not/exists"]
+}
+`)
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+			)
+
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain"))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			// subdirs of working directory are always allowed
+			require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+			require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dir, "not/exists/foo"))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakeDefinitionNotExistingOutsideNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+			destDir := t.TempDir()
+			bakefile := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`
+target "default" {
+	output = ["type=local,dest=%s/not/exists"]
+}
+`, destDir))
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+			)
+
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain"))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			if ent {
+				require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+				require.Contains(t, string(out), "ERROR: additional privileges requested")
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+				require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(destDir, "not/exists/foo"))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakeDefinitionExistingOutsideNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+			destDir := t.TempDir()
+			bakefile := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`
+target "default" {
+	output = ["type=local,dest=%s"]
+}
+`, destDir))
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+			)
+
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain"))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			if ent {
+				require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+				require.Contains(t, string(out), "ERROR: additional privileges requested")
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+				require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(destDir, "foo"))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakeDefinitionSymlinkOutsideNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+			destDir := t.TempDir()
+			bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+	output = ["type=local,dest=out"]
+}
+`)
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+				fstest.Symlink(destDir, "out"),
+			)
+
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain"))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			if ent {
+				require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+				require.Contains(t, string(out), "ERROR: additional privileges requested")
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+				require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(destDir, "foo"))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakeDefinitionSymlinkOutsideGrantedNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY foo /foo
+	`)
+			destDir := t.TempDir()
+			bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+	output = ["type=local,dest=out"]
+}
+`)
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("foo", []byte("foo"), 0600),
+				fstest.Symlink(destDir, "out"),
+			)
+
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain", "--allow", "fs.write="+destDir))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+			require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(destDir, "foo"))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakeSSHPathNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY Dockerfile /foo
+	`)
+			keyDir := t.TempDir()
+			err := writeTempPrivateKey(filepath.Join(keyDir, "id_rsa"))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			bakefile := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`
+target "default" {
+	ssh = ["key=%s"]
+}
+`, filepath.Join(keyDir, "id_rsa")))
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+			)
+
+			// not allowed
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain"))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			if ent {
+				require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+				require.Contains(t, string(out), "ERROR: additional privileges requested")
+				require.Contains(t, string(out), "Read access to path")
+				require.Contains(t, string(out), "/id_rsa")
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+			}
+
+			// directory allowed
+			cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain", "--allow", "fs.read="+keyDir))
+			out, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+
+			// file allowed
+			cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain", "--allow", "fs.read="+filepath.Join(keyDir, "id_rsa")))
+			out, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testBakeSSHDefaultNoParallel(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	for _, ent := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("ent=%v", ent), func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv("BUILDX_BAKE_ENTITLEMENTS_FS", strconv.FormatBool(ent))
+			dockerfile := []byte(`
+FROM scratch
+COPY Dockerfile /foo
+	`)
+			keyDir := t.TempDir()
+			// not a socket but key behaves the same and doesn't create parse error
+			err := writeTempPrivateKey(filepath.Join(keyDir, "ssh-agent.sock"))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			t.Setenv("SSH_AUTH_SOCK", filepath.Join(keyDir, "ssh-agent.sock"))
+			bakefile := []byte(`
+target "default" {
+	ssh = ["default"]
+}
+`)
+			dir := tmpdir(
+				t,
+				fstest.CreateFile("docker-bake.hcl", bakefile, 0600),
+				fstest.CreateFile("Dockerfile", dockerfile, 0600),
+			)
+
+			// not allowed
+			cmd := buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain"))
+			out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			if ent {
+				require.Error(t, err, string(out))
+				require.Contains(t, string(out), "ERROR: additional privileges requested")
+				require.Contains(t, string(out), "Forwarding default SSH agent socket")
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+			}
+
+			cmd = buildxCmd(sb, withDir(dir), withArgs("bake", "--progress=plain", "--allow=ssh"))
+			out, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+			require.NoError(t, err, string(out))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func testBakeUlimits(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 	dockerfile := []byte(`
 FROM busybox AS build
@@ -1118,7 +1642,7 @@ target "abc" {
 	out, err := bakeCmd(
 		sb,
 		withDir(dir),
-		withArgs("--list-targets"),
+		withArgs("--list=targets"),
 	)
 	require.NoError(t, err, out)

@@ -1147,7 +1671,7 @@ target "default" {
 	out, err := bakeCmd(
 		sb,
 		withDir(dir),
-		withArgs("--list-variables"),
+		withArgs("--list=variables"),
 	)
 	require.NoError(t, err, out)

@@ -1488,3 +2012,15 @@ target "third" {
 		require.Contains(t, stdout.String(), dockerfilePathThird+":3")
 	})
 }
+
+func writeTempPrivateKey(fp string) error {
+	privateKey, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	privateKeyPEM := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+		Type:  "RSA PRIVATE KEY",
+		Bytes: x509.MarshalPKCS1PrivateKey(privateKey),
+	})
+	return os.WriteFile(fp, privateKeyPEM, 0600)
+}
--- a/tests/imagetools.go
+++ b/tests/imagetools.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/images"
 	"github.com/containerd/continuity/fs/fstest"
 	"github.com/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/testutil/integration"
--- a/tests/workers/backend.go
+++ b/tests/workers/backend.go
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ func (s *backend) Address() string {
 	return s.builder
 }

+func (s *backend) DebugAddress() string {
+	return ""
+}
+
 func (s *backend) DockerAddress() string {
 	return s.context
 }
--- a/util/buildflags/attests.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/attests.go
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package buildflags

 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"

@@ -10,6 +12,166 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue"
 )

+type Attests []*Attest
+
+func (a Attests) Merge(other Attests) Attests {
+	if other == nil {
+		a.Normalize()
+		return a
+	} else if a == nil {
+		other.Normalize()
+		return other
+	}
+
+	return append(a, other...).Normalize()
+}
+
+func (a Attests) Normalize() Attests {
+	if len(a) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return removeAttestDupes(a)
+}
+
+func (a Attests) ToPB() []*controllerapi.Attest {
+	if len(a) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	entries := make([]*controllerapi.Attest, len(a))
+	for i, entry := range a {
+		entries[i] = entry.ToPB()
+	}
+	return entries
+}
+
+type Attest struct {
+	Type     string            `json:"type"`
+	Disabled bool              `json:"disabled,omitempty"`
+	Attrs    map[string]string `json:"attrs,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (a *Attest) Equal(other *Attest) bool {
+	if a.Type != other.Type || a.Disabled != other.Disabled {
+		return false
+	}
+	return maps.Equal(a.Attrs, other.Attrs)
+}
+
+func (a *Attest) String() string {
+	var b csvBuilder
+	if a.Type != "" {
+		b.Write("type", a.Type)
+	}
+	if a.Disabled {
+		b.Write("disabled", "true")
+	}
+	if len(a.Attrs) > 0 {
+		b.WriteAttributes(a.Attrs)
+	}
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+func (a *Attest) ToPB() *controllerapi.Attest {
+	var b csvBuilder
+	if a.Type != "" {
+		b.Write("type", a.Type)
+	}
+	if a.Disabled {
+		b.Write("disabled", "true")
+	}
+	b.WriteAttributes(a.Attrs)
+
+	return &controllerapi.Attest{
+		Type:     a.Type,
+		Disabled: a.Disabled,
+		Attrs:    b.String(),
+	}
+}
+
+func (a *Attest) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	m := make(map[string]interface{}, len(a.Attrs)+2)
+	for k, v := range a.Attrs {
+		m[k] = v
+	}
+	m["type"] = a.Type
+	if a.Disabled {
+		m["disabled"] = true
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(m)
+}
+
+func (a *Attest) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var m map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &m); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if typ, ok := m["type"]; ok {
+		a.Type, ok = typ.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return errors.Errorf("attest type must be a string")
+		}
+		delete(m, "type")
+	}
+
+	if disabled, ok := m["disabled"]; ok {
+		a.Disabled, ok = disabled.(bool)
+		if !ok {
+			return errors.Errorf("attest disabled attribute must be a boolean")
+		}
+		delete(m, "disabled")
+	}
+
+	attrs := make(map[string]string, len(m))
+	for k, v := range m {
+		s, ok := v.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return errors.Errorf("attest attribute %q must be a string", k)
+		}
+		attrs[k] = s
+	}
+	a.Attrs = attrs
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (a *Attest) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	in := string(text)
+	fields, err := csvvalue.Fields(in, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	a.Attrs = map[string]string{}
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		key, value, ok := strings.Cut(field, "=")
+		if !ok {
+			return errors.Errorf("invalid value %s", field)
+		}
+
+		switch strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(key)) {
+		case "type":
+			a.Type = value
+		case "disabled":
+			disabled, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid value %s", field)
+			}
+			a.Disabled = disabled
+		default:
+			a.Attrs[key] = value
+		}
+	}
+	return a.validate()
+}
+
+func (a *Attest) validate() error {
+	if a.Type == "" {
+		return errors.Errorf("attestation type not specified")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func CanonicalizeAttest(attestType string, in string) string {
 	if in == "" {
 		return ""
@@ -21,21 +183,34 @@ func CanonicalizeAttest(attestType string, in string) string {
 }

 func ParseAttests(in []string) ([]*controllerapi.Attest, error) {
-	out := []*controllerapi.Attest{}
-	found := map[string]struct{}{}
-	for _, in := range in {
-		in := in
-		attest, err := ParseAttest(in)
-		if err != nil {
+	var outs []*Attest
+	for _, s := range in {
+		var out Attest
+		if err := out.UnmarshalText([]byte(s)); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+		outs = append(outs, &out)
+	}
+	return ConvertAttests(outs)
+}

+// ConvertAttests converts Attestations for the controller API from
+// the ones in this package.
+//
+// Attestations of the same type will cause an error. Some tools,
+// like bake, remove the duplicates before calling this function.
+func ConvertAttests(in []*Attest) ([]*controllerapi.Attest, error) {
+	out := make([]*controllerapi.Attest, 0, len(in))
+
+	// Check for dupplicate attestations while we convert them
+	// to the controller API.
+	found := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, attest := range in {
 		if _, ok := found[attest.Type]; ok {
 			return nil, errors.Errorf("duplicate attestation field %s", attest.Type)
 		}
 		found[attest.Type] = struct{}{}
-
-		out = append(out, attest)
+		out = append(out, attest.ToPB())
 	}
 	return out, nil
 }
@@ -77,3 +252,17 @@ func ParseAttest(in string) (*controllerapi.Attest, error) {

 	return &attest, nil
 }
+
+func removeAttestDupes(s []*Attest) []*Attest {
+	res := []*Attest{}
+	m := map[string]int{}
+	for _, att := range s {
+		if i, ok := m[att.Type]; ok {
+			res[i] = att
+		} else {
+			m[att.Type] = len(res)
+			res = append(res, att)
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/attests_cty.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/attests_cty.go
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/convert"
+)
+
+var attestType = sync.OnceValue(func() cty.Type {
+	return cty.Map(cty.String)
+})
+
+func (e *Attests) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	got := in.Type()
+	if got.IsTupleType() || got.IsListType() {
+		return e.fromCtyValue(in, p)
+	}
+
+	want := cty.List(attestType())
+	return p.NewErrorf("%s", convert.MismatchMessage(got, want))
+}
+
+func (e *Attests) fromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) (retErr error) {
+	*e = make([]*Attest, 0, in.LengthInt())
+
+	yield := func(value cty.Value) bool {
+		entry := &Attest{}
+		if retErr = entry.FromCtyValue(value, p); retErr != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		*e = append(*e, entry)
+		return true
+	}
+	eachElement(in)(yield)
+	return retErr
+}
+
+func (e Attests) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if len(e) == 0 {
+		return cty.ListValEmpty(attestType())
+	}
+
+	vals := make([]cty.Value, len(e))
+	for i, entry := range e {
+		vals[i] = entry.ToCtyValue()
+	}
+	return cty.ListVal(vals)
+}
+
+func (e *Attest) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	if in.Type() == cty.String {
+		if err := e.UnmarshalText([]byte(in.AsString())); err != nil {
+			return p.NewError(err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, cty.Map(cty.String))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	e.Attrs = map[string]string{}
+	for it := conv.ElementIterator(); it.Next(); {
+		k, v := it.Element()
+		if !v.IsKnown() {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		switch key := k.AsString(); key {
+		case "type":
+			e.Type = v.AsString()
+		case "disabled":
+			b, err := strconv.ParseBool(v.AsString())
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			e.Disabled = b
+		default:
+			e.Attrs[key] = v.AsString()
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *Attest) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if e == nil {
+		return cty.NullVal(cty.Map(cty.String))
+	}
+
+	vals := make(map[string]cty.Value, len(e.Attrs)+2)
+	for k, v := range e.Attrs {
+		vals[k] = cty.StringVal(v)
+	}
+	vals["type"] = cty.StringVal(e.Type)
+	if e.Disabled {
+		vals["disabled"] = cty.StringVal("true")
+	}
+	return cty.MapVal(vals)
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/attests_test.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/attests_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+func TestAttests(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		attests := Attests{
+			{Type: "provenance", Attrs: map[string]string{"mode": "max"}},
+			{Type: "sbom", Disabled: true},
+			{Type: "sbom", Attrs: map[string]string{
+				"generator": "scanner",
+				"ENV1":      `"foo,bar"`,
+				"Env2":      "hello",
+			}},
+		}
+
+		expected := `[{"type":"provenance","mode":"max"},{"type":"sbom","disabled":true},{"ENV1":"\"foo,bar\"","Env2":"hello","generator":"scanner","type":"sbom"}]`
+		actual, err := json.Marshal(attests)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.JSONEq(t, expected, string(actual))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := `[{"type":"provenance","mode":"max"},{"type":"sbom","disabled":true},{"ENV1":"\"foo,bar\"","Env2":"hello","generator":"scanner","type":"sbom"}]`
+
+		var actual Attests
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(in), &actual)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		expected := Attests{
+			{Type: "provenance", Attrs: map[string]string{"mode": "max"}},
+			{Type: "sbom", Disabled: true, Attrs: map[string]string{}},
+			{Type: "sbom", Disabled: false, Attrs: map[string]string{
+				"generator": "scanner",
+				"ENV1":      `"foo,bar"`,
+				"Env2":      "hello",
+			}},
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("FromCtyValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := cty.TupleVal([]cty.Value{
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"type": cty.StringVal("provenance"),
+				"mode": cty.StringVal("max"),
+			}),
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"type":      cty.StringVal("sbom"),
+				"generator": cty.StringVal("scan"),
+				"ENV1":      cty.StringVal(`foo,bar`),
+				"Env2":      cty.StringVal(`hello`),
+			}),
+			cty.StringVal("type=sbom,disabled=true"),
+			cty.StringVal(`type=sbom,generator=scan,"FOO=bar,baz",Hello=World`),
+		})
+
+		var actual Attests
+		err := actual.FromCtyValue(in, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		expected := Attests{
+			{Type: "provenance", Attrs: map[string]string{"mode": "max"}},
+			{Type: "sbom", Attrs: map[string]string{
+				"generator": "scan",
+				"ENV1":      "foo,bar",
+				"Env2":      "hello",
+			}},
+			{Type: "sbom", Disabled: true, Attrs: map[string]string{}},
+			{Type: "sbom", Attrs: map[string]string{
+				"generator": "scan",
+				"FOO":       "bar,baz",
+				"Hello":     "World",
+			}},
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ToCtyValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		attests := Attests{
+			{Type: "provenance", Attrs: map[string]string{"mode": "max"}},
+			{Type: "sbom", Disabled: true},
+			{Type: "sbom", Attrs: map[string]string{
+				"generator": "scan",
+				"ENV1":      `"foo,bar"`,
+				"Env2":      "hello",
+			}},
+		}
+
+		actual := attests.ToCtyValue()
+		expected := cty.ListVal([]cty.Value{
+			cty.MapVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"type": cty.StringVal("provenance"),
+				"mode": cty.StringVal("max"),
+			}),
+			cty.MapVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"type":     cty.StringVal("sbom"),
+				"disabled": cty.StringVal("true"),
+			}),
+			cty.MapVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"type":      cty.StringVal("sbom"),
+				"generator": cty.StringVal("scan"),
+				"ENV1":      cty.StringVal(`"foo,bar"`),
+				"Env2":      cty.StringVal("hello"),
+			}),
+		})
+
+		result := actual.Equals(expected)
+		require.True(t, result.True())
+	})
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/cache.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/cache.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"maps"
 	"os"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"

 	awsconfig "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config"
@@ -15,6 +16,41 @@ import (
 	jsoncty "github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/json"
 )

+type CacheOptions []*CacheOptionsEntry
+
+func (o CacheOptions) Merge(other CacheOptions) CacheOptions {
+	if other == nil {
+		return o.Normalize()
+	} else if o == nil {
+		return other.Normalize()
+	}
+
+	return append(o, other...).Normalize()
+}
+
+func (o CacheOptions) Normalize() CacheOptions {
+	if len(o) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return removeDupes(o)
+}
+
+func (o CacheOptions) ToPB() []*controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry {
+	if len(o) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var outs []*controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry
+	for _, entry := range o {
+		pb := entry.ToPB()
+		if !isActive(pb) {
+			continue
+		}
+		outs = append(outs, pb)
+	}
+	return outs
+}
+
 type CacheOptionsEntry struct {
 	Type  string            `json:"type"`
 	Attrs map[string]string `json:"attrs,omitempty"`
@@ -46,10 +82,13 @@ func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) String() string {
 }

 func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) ToPB() *controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry {
-	return &controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry{
+	ci := &controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry{
 		Type:  e.Type,
 		Attrs: maps.Clone(e.Attrs),
 	}
+	addGithubToken(ci)
+	addAwsCredentials(ci)
+	return ci
 }

 func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
@@ -74,14 +113,6 @@ func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 	return e.validate(data)
 }

-func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) IsActive() bool {
-	// Always active if not gha.
-	if e.Type != "gha" {
-		return true
-	}
-	return e.Attrs["token"] != "" && e.Attrs["url"] != ""
-}
-
 func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
 	in := string(text)
 	fields, err := csvvalue.Fields(in, nil)
@@ -116,8 +147,6 @@ func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
 	if e.Type == "" {
 		return errors.Errorf("type required form> %q", in)
 	}
-	addGithubToken(e)
-	addAwsCredentials(e)
 	return e.validate(text)
 }

@@ -139,40 +168,78 @@ func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) validate(gv interface{}) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func ParseCacheEntry(in []string) ([]*controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry, error) {
-	outs := make([]*controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry, 0, len(in))
+func ParseCacheEntry(in []string) (CacheOptions, error) {
+	if len(in) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	opts := make(CacheOptions, 0, len(in))
 	for _, in := range in {
+		if in == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if !strings.Contains(in, "=") {
+			// This is ref only format. Each field in the CSV is its own entry.
+			fields, err := csvvalue.Fields(in, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			for _, field := range fields {
+				opt := CacheOptionsEntry{}
+				if err := opt.UnmarshalText([]byte(field)); err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				opts = append(opts, &opt)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
 		var out CacheOptionsEntry
 		if err := out.UnmarshalText([]byte(in)); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-
-		if !out.IsActive() {
-			// Skip inactive cache entries.
-			continue
-		}
-		outs = append(outs, out.ToPB())
+		opts = append(opts, &out)
 	}
-	return outs, nil
+	return opts, nil
 }

-func addGithubToken(ci *CacheOptionsEntry) {
+func addGithubToken(ci *controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry) {
 	if ci.Type != "gha" {
 		return
 	}
+	version, ok := ci.Attrs["version"]
+	if !ok {
+		// https://github.com/actions/toolkit/blob/2b08dc18f261b9fdd978b70279b85cbef81af8bc/packages/cache/src/internal/config.ts#L19
+		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("ACTIONS_CACHE_SERVICE_V2"); ok {
+			if b, err := strconv.ParseBool(v); err == nil && b {
+				version = "2"
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	if _, ok := ci.Attrs["token"]; !ok {
 		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN"); ok {
 			ci.Attrs["token"] = v
 		}
 	}
+	if _, ok := ci.Attrs["url_v2"]; !ok && version == "2" {
+		// https://github.com/actions/toolkit/blob/2b08dc18f261b9fdd978b70279b85cbef81af8bc/packages/cache/src/internal/config.ts#L34-L35
+		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("ACTIONS_RESULTS_URL"); ok {
+			ci.Attrs["url_v2"] = v
+		}
+	}
 	if _, ok := ci.Attrs["url"]; !ok {
+		// https://github.com/actions/toolkit/blob/2b08dc18f261b9fdd978b70279b85cbef81af8bc/packages/cache/src/internal/config.ts#L28-L33
 		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("ACTIONS_CACHE_URL"); ok {
 			ci.Attrs["url"] = v
+		} else if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("ACTIONS_RESULTS_URL"); ok {
+			ci.Attrs["url"] = v
 		}
 	}
 }

-func addAwsCredentials(ci *CacheOptionsEntry) {
+func addAwsCredentials(ci *controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry) {
 	if ci.Type != "s3" {
 		return
 	}
@@ -201,3 +268,11 @@ func addAwsCredentials(ci *CacheOptionsEntry) {
 		ci.Attrs["session_token"] = credentials.SessionToken
 	}
 }
+
+func isActive(pb *controllerapi.CacheOptionsEntry) bool {
+	// Always active if not gha.
+	if pb.Type != "gha" {
+		return true
+	}
+	return pb.Attrs["token"] != "" && (pb.Attrs["url"] != "" || pb.Attrs["url_v2"] != "")
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/cache_cty.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/cache_cty.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/convert"
+)
+
+var cacheOptionsEntryType = sync.OnceValue(func() cty.Type {
+	return cty.Map(cty.String)
+})
+
+func (o *CacheOptions) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	got := in.Type()
+	if got.IsTupleType() || got.IsListType() {
+		return o.fromCtyValue(in, p)
+	}
+
+	want := cty.List(cacheOptionsEntryType())
+	return p.NewErrorf("%s", convert.MismatchMessage(got, want))
+}
+
+func (o *CacheOptions) fromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) (retErr error) {
+	*o = make([]*CacheOptionsEntry, 0, in.LengthInt())
+
+	yield := func(value cty.Value) bool {
+		// Special handling for a string type to handle ref only format.
+		if value.Type() == cty.String {
+			var entries CacheOptions
+			entries, retErr = ParseCacheEntry([]string{value.AsString()})
+			if retErr != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			*o = append(*o, entries...)
+			return true
+		}
+
+		entry := &CacheOptionsEntry{}
+		if retErr = entry.FromCtyValue(value, p); retErr != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		*o = append(*o, entry)
+		return true
+	}
+	eachElement(in)(yield)
+	return retErr
+}
+
+func (o CacheOptions) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if len(o) == 0 {
+		return cty.ListValEmpty(cacheOptionsEntryType())
+	}
+
+	vals := make([]cty.Value, len(o))
+	for i, entry := range o {
+		vals[i] = entry.ToCtyValue()
+	}
+	return cty.ListVal(vals)
+}
+
+func (o *CacheOptionsEntry) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, cty.Map(cty.String))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	m := conv.AsValueMap()
+	if err := getAndDelete(m, "type", &o.Type); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	o.Attrs = asMap(m)
+	return o.validate(in)
+}
+
+func (o *CacheOptionsEntry) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if o == nil {
+		return cty.NullVal(cty.Map(cty.String))
+	}
+
+	vals := make(map[string]cty.Value, len(o.Attrs)+1)
+	for k, v := range o.Attrs {
+		vals[k] = cty.StringVal(v)
+	}
+	vals["type"] = cty.StringVal(o.Type)
+	return cty.MapVal(vals)
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/cache_test.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/cache_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+func TestCacheOptions_DerivedVars(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN", "sensitive_token")
+	t.Setenv("ACTIONS_CACHE_URL", "https://cache.github.com")
+	t.Setenv("AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID", "definitely_dont_look_here")
+	t.Setenv("AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY", "hackers_please_dont_steal")
+	t.Setenv("AWS_SESSION_TOKEN", "not_a_mitm_attack")
+
+	cacheFrom, err := ParseCacheEntry([]string{"type=gha", "type=s3,region=us-west-2,bucket=my_bucket,name=my_image"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, []*pb.CacheOptionsEntry{
+		{
+			Type: "gha",
+			Attrs: map[string]string{
+				"token": "sensitive_token",
+				"url":   "https://cache.github.com",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Type: "s3",
+			Attrs: map[string]string{
+				"region":            "us-west-2",
+				"bucket":            "my_bucket",
+				"name":              "my_image",
+				"access_key_id":     "definitely_dont_look_here",
+				"secret_access_key": "hackers_please_dont_steal",
+				"session_token":     "not_a_mitm_attack",
+			},
+		},
+	}, cacheFrom.ToPB())
+}
+
+func TestCacheOptions(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cache := CacheOptions{
+			{Type: "registry", Attrs: map[string]string{"ref": "user/app:cache"}},
+			{Type: "local", Attrs: map[string]string{"src": "path/to/cache"}},
+		}
+
+		expected := `[{"type":"registry","ref":"user/app:cache"},{"type":"local","src":"path/to/cache"}]`
+		actual, err := json.Marshal(cache)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.JSONEq(t, expected, string(actual))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := `[{"type":"registry","ref":"user/app:cache"},{"type":"local","src":"path/to/cache"}]`
+
+		var actual CacheOptions
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(in), &actual)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		expected := CacheOptions{
+			{Type: "registry", Attrs: map[string]string{"ref": "user/app:cache"}},
+			{Type: "local", Attrs: map[string]string{"src": "path/to/cache"}},
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("FromCtyValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := cty.TupleVal([]cty.Value{
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"type": cty.StringVal("registry"),
+				"ref":  cty.StringVal("user/app:cache"),
+			}),
+			cty.StringVal("type=local,src=path/to/cache"),
+		})
+
+		var actual CacheOptions
+		err := actual.FromCtyValue(in, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		expected := CacheOptions{
+			{Type: "registry", Attrs: map[string]string{"ref": "user/app:cache"}},
+			{Type: "local", Attrs: map[string]string{"src": "path/to/cache"}},
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ToCtyValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		attests := CacheOptions{
+			{Type: "registry", Attrs: map[string]string{"ref": "user/app:cache"}},
+			{Type: "local", Attrs: map[string]string{"src": "path/to/cache"}},
+		}
+
+		actual := attests.ToCtyValue()
+		expected := cty.ListVal([]cty.Value{
+			cty.MapVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"type": cty.StringVal("registry"),
+				"ref":  cty.StringVal("user/app:cache"),
+			}),
+			cty.MapVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"type": cty.StringVal("local"),
+				"src":  cty.StringVal("path/to/cache"),
+			}),
+		})
+
+		result := actual.Equals(expected)
+		require.True(t, result.True())
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCacheOptions_RefOnlyFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	opts, err := ParseCacheEntry([]string{"ref1", "ref2"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, CacheOptions{
+		{Type: "registry", Attrs: map[string]string{"ref": "ref1"}},
+		{Type: "registry", Attrs: map[string]string{"ref": "ref2"}},
+	}, opts)
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/context.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/context.go
@@ -11,8 +11,13 @@ func ParseContextNames(values []string) (map[string]string, error) {
 	if len(values) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
+
 	result := make(map[string]string, len(values))
 	for _, value := range values {
+		if value == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		kv := strings.SplitN(value, "=", 2)
 		if len(kv) != 2 {
 			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid context value: %s, expected key=value", value)
--- a/util/buildflags/cty.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/cty.go
@@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
-package buildflags
-
-import (
-	"encoding"
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
-	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/convert"
-	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/gocty"
-)
-
-func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
-	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, cty.Map(cty.String))
-	if err == nil {
-		m := conv.AsValueMap()
-		if err := getAndDelete(m, "type", &e.Type); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		e.Attrs = asMap(m)
-		return e.validate(in)
-	}
-	return unmarshalTextFallback(in, e, err)
-}
-
-func (e *CacheOptionsEntry) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
-	if e == nil {
-		return cty.NullVal(cty.Map(cty.String))
-	}
-
-	vals := make(map[string]cty.Value, len(e.Attrs)+1)
-	for k, v := range e.Attrs {
-		vals[k] = cty.StringVal(v)
-	}
-	vals["type"] = cty.StringVal(e.Type)
-	return cty.MapVal(vals)
-}
-
-func (e *ExportEntry) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
-	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, cty.Map(cty.String))
-	if err == nil {
-		m := conv.AsValueMap()
-		if err := getAndDelete(m, "type", &e.Type); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := getAndDelete(m, "dest", &e.Destination); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		e.Attrs = asMap(m)
-		return e.validate()
-	}
-	return unmarshalTextFallback(in, e, err)
-}
-
-func (e *ExportEntry) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
-	if e == nil {
-		return cty.NullVal(cty.Map(cty.String))
-	}
-
-	vals := make(map[string]cty.Value, len(e.Attrs)+2)
-	for k, v := range e.Attrs {
-		vals[k] = cty.StringVal(v)
-	}
-	vals["type"] = cty.StringVal(e.Type)
-	vals["dest"] = cty.StringVal(e.Destination)
-	return cty.MapVal(vals)
-}
-
-var secretType = sync.OnceValue(func() cty.Type {
-	return cty.ObjectWithOptionalAttrs(
-		map[string]cty.Type{
-			"id":  cty.String,
-			"src": cty.String,
-			"env": cty.String,
-		},
-		[]string{"id", "src", "env"},
-	)
-})
-
-func (e *Secret) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) (err error) {
-	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, secretType())
-	if err == nil {
-		if id := conv.GetAttr("id"); !id.IsNull() {
-			e.ID = id.AsString()
-		}
-		if src := conv.GetAttr("src"); !src.IsNull() {
-			e.FilePath = src.AsString()
-		}
-		if env := conv.GetAttr("env"); !env.IsNull() {
-			e.Env = env.AsString()
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-	return unmarshalTextFallback(in, e, err)
-}
-
-func (e *Secret) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
-	if e == nil {
-		return cty.NullVal(secretType())
-	}
-
-	return cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
-		"id":  cty.StringVal(e.ID),
-		"src": cty.StringVal(e.FilePath),
-		"env": cty.StringVal(e.Env),
-	})
-}
-
-var sshType = sync.OnceValue(func() cty.Type {
-	return cty.ObjectWithOptionalAttrs(
-		map[string]cty.Type{
-			"id":    cty.String,
-			"paths": cty.List(cty.String),
-		},
-		[]string{"id", "paths"},
-	)
-})
-
-func (e *SSH) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) (err error) {
-	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, sshType())
-	if err == nil {
-		if id := conv.GetAttr("id"); !id.IsNull() {
-			e.ID = id.AsString()
-		}
-		if paths := conv.GetAttr("paths"); !paths.IsNull() {
-			if err := gocty.FromCtyValue(paths, &e.Paths); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-	return unmarshalTextFallback(in, e, err)
-}
-
-func (e *SSH) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
-	if e == nil {
-		return cty.NullVal(sshType())
-	}
-
-	var ctyPaths cty.Value
-	if len(e.Paths) > 0 {
-		paths := make([]cty.Value, len(e.Paths))
-		for i, path := range e.Paths {
-			paths[i] = cty.StringVal(path)
-		}
-		ctyPaths = cty.ListVal(paths)
-	} else {
-		ctyPaths = cty.ListValEmpty(cty.String)
-	}
-
-	return cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
-		"id":    cty.StringVal(e.ID),
-		"paths": ctyPaths,
-	})
-}
-
-func getAndDelete(m map[string]cty.Value, attr string, gv interface{}) error {
-	if v, ok := m[attr]; ok {
-		delete(m, attr)
-		return gocty.FromCtyValue(v, gv)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func asMap(m map[string]cty.Value) map[string]string {
-	out := make(map[string]string, len(m))
-	for k, v := range m {
-		out[k] = v.AsString()
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func unmarshalTextFallback[V encoding.TextUnmarshaler](in cty.Value, v V, inErr error) (outErr error) {
-	// Attempt to convert this type to a string.
-	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, cty.String)
-	if err != nil {
-		// Cannot convert. Do not attempt to convert and return the original error.
-		return inErr
-	}
-
-	// Conversion was successful. Use UnmarshalText on the string and return any
-	// errors associated with that.
-	return v.UnmarshalText([]byte(conv.AsString()))
-}
--- a/util/buildflags/entitlements.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/entitlements.go
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
 package buildflags

-import "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/entitlements"
+import (
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/entitlements"
+)

-func ParseEntitlements(in []string) ([]entitlements.Entitlement, error) {
-	out := make([]entitlements.Entitlement, 0, len(in))
+func ParseEntitlements(in []string) ([]string, error) {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(in))
 	for _, v := range in {
-		e, err := entitlements.Parse(v)
-		if err != nil {
+		if v == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if _, _, err := entitlements.Parse(v); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		out = append(out, e)
+		out = append(out, v)
 	}
 	return out, nil
 }
--- a/util/buildflags/export.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/export.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package buildflags

 import (
+	"encoding/csv"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"maps"
 	"regexp"
@@ -16,6 +17,39 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue"
 )

+type Exports []*ExportEntry
+
+func (e Exports) Merge(other Exports) Exports {
+	if other == nil {
+		e.Normalize()
+		return e
+	} else if e == nil {
+		other.Normalize()
+		return other
+	}
+
+	return append(e, other...).Normalize()
+}
+
+func (e Exports) Normalize() Exports {
+	if len(e) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return removeDupes(e)
+}
+
+func (e Exports) ToPB() []*controllerapi.ExportEntry {
+	if len(e) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	entries := make([]*controllerapi.ExportEntry, len(e))
+	for i, entry := range e {
+		entries[i] = entry.ToPB()
+	}
+	return entries
+}
+
 type ExportEntry struct {
 	Type        string            `json:"type"`
 	Attrs       map[string]string `json:"attrs,omitempty"`
@@ -131,18 +165,23 @@ func (e *ExportEntry) validate() error {
 }

 func ParseExports(inp []string) ([]*controllerapi.ExportEntry, error) {
-	var outs []*controllerapi.ExportEntry
 	if len(inp) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
+
+	export := make(Exports, 0, len(inp))
 	for _, s := range inp {
+		if s == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		var out ExportEntry
 		if err := out.UnmarshalText([]byte(s)); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		outs = append(outs, out.ToPB())
+		export = append(export, &out)
 	}
-	return outs, nil
+	return export.ToPB(), nil
 }

 func ParseAnnotations(inp []string) (map[exptypes.AnnotationKey]string, error) {
@@ -153,6 +192,10 @@ func ParseAnnotations(inp []string) (map[exptypes.AnnotationKey]string, error) {

 	annotations := make(map[exptypes.AnnotationKey]string)
 	for _, inp := range inp {
+		if inp == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		k, v, ok := strings.Cut(inp, "=")
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid annotation %q, expected key=value", inp)
@@ -217,9 +260,18 @@ func (w *csvBuilder) Write(key, value string) {
 	if w.sb.Len() > 0 {
 		w.sb.WriteByte(',')
 	}
-	w.sb.WriteString(key)
-	w.sb.WriteByte('=')
-	w.sb.WriteString(value)
+
+	pair := key + "=" + value
+	if strings.ContainsRune(pair, ',') || strings.ContainsRune(pair, '"') {
+		var attr strings.Builder
+		writer := csv.NewWriter(&attr)
+		writer.Write([]string{pair})
+		writer.Flush()
+		// Strips the extra newline added by the csv writer
+		pair = strings.TrimSpace(attr.String())
+	}
+
+	w.sb.WriteString(pair)
 }

 func (w *csvBuilder) WriteAttributes(attrs map[string]string) {
--- a/util/buildflags/export_cty.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/export_cty.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/convert"
+)
+
+var exportEntryType = sync.OnceValue(func() cty.Type {
+	return cty.Map(cty.String)
+})
+
+func (e *Exports) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	got := in.Type()
+	if got.IsTupleType() || got.IsListType() {
+		return e.fromCtyValue(in, p)
+	}
+
+	want := cty.List(exportEntryType())
+	return p.NewErrorf("%s", convert.MismatchMessage(got, want))
+}
+
+func (e *Exports) fromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) (retErr error) {
+	*e = make([]*ExportEntry, 0, in.LengthInt())
+
+	yield := func(value cty.Value) bool {
+		entry := &ExportEntry{}
+		if retErr = entry.FromCtyValue(value, p); retErr != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		*e = append(*e, entry)
+		return true
+	}
+	eachElement(in)(yield)
+	return retErr
+}
+
+func (e Exports) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if len(e) == 0 {
+		return cty.ListValEmpty(exportEntryType())
+	}
+
+	vals := make([]cty.Value, len(e))
+	for i, entry := range e {
+		vals[i] = entry.ToCtyValue()
+	}
+	return cty.ListVal(vals)
+}
+
+func (e *ExportEntry) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	if in.Type() == cty.String {
+		if err := e.UnmarshalText([]byte(in.AsString())); err != nil {
+			return p.NewError(err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, cty.Map(cty.String))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	m := conv.AsValueMap()
+	if err := getAndDelete(m, "type", &e.Type); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := getAndDelete(m, "dest", &e.Destination); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	e.Attrs = asMap(m)
+	return e.validate()
+}
+
+func (e *ExportEntry) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if e == nil {
+		return cty.NullVal(cty.Map(cty.String))
+	}
+
+	vals := make(map[string]cty.Value, len(e.Attrs)+2)
+	for k, v := range e.Attrs {
+		vals[k] = cty.StringVal(v)
+	}
+	vals["type"] = cty.StringVal(e.Type)
+	vals["dest"] = cty.StringVal(e.Destination)
+	return cty.MapVal(vals)
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/secrets.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/secrets.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package buildflags

 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"strings"

 	controllerapi "github.com/docker/buildx/controller/pb"
@@ -8,6 +9,39 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue"
 )

+type Secrets []*Secret
+
+func (s Secrets) Merge(other Secrets) Secrets {
+	if other == nil {
+		s.Normalize()
+		return s
+	} else if s == nil {
+		other.Normalize()
+		return other
+	}
+
+	return append(s, other...).Normalize()
+}
+
+func (s Secrets) Normalize() Secrets {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return removeDupes(s)
+}
+
+func (s Secrets) ToPB() []*controllerapi.Secret {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	entries := make([]*controllerapi.Secret, len(s))
+	for i, entry := range s {
+		entries[i] = entry.ToPB()
+	}
+	return entries
+}
+
 type Secret struct {
 	ID       string `json:"id,omitempty"`
 	FilePath string `json:"src,omitempty"`
@@ -40,6 +74,22 @@ func (s *Secret) ToPB() *controllerapi.Secret {
 	}
 }

+func (s *Secret) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var v struct {
+		ID       string `json:"id,omitempty"`
+		FilePath string `json:"src,omitempty"`
+		Env      string `json:"env,omitempty"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &v); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	s.ID = v.ID
+	s.FilePath = v.FilePath
+	s.Env = v.Env
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *Secret) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
 	value := string(text)
 	fields, err := csvvalue.Fields(value, nil)
@@ -85,6 +135,10 @@ func (s *Secret) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
 func ParseSecretSpecs(sl []string) ([]*controllerapi.Secret, error) {
 	fs := make([]*controllerapi.Secret, 0, len(sl))
 	for _, v := range sl {
+		if v == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		s, err := parseSecret(v)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
--- a/util/buildflags/secrets_cty.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/secrets_cty.go
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/convert"
+)
+
+var secretType = sync.OnceValue(func() cty.Type {
+	return cty.ObjectWithOptionalAttrs(
+		map[string]cty.Type{
+			"id":  cty.String,
+			"src": cty.String,
+			"env": cty.String,
+		},
+		[]string{"id", "src", "env"},
+	)
+})
+
+func (s *Secrets) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	got := in.Type()
+	if got.IsTupleType() || got.IsListType() {
+		return s.fromCtyValue(in, p)
+	}
+
+	want := cty.List(secretType())
+	return p.NewErrorf("%s", convert.MismatchMessage(got, want))
+}
+
+func (s *Secrets) fromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) (retErr error) {
+	*s = make([]*Secret, 0, in.LengthInt())
+
+	yield := func(value cty.Value) bool {
+		entry := &Secret{}
+		if retErr = entry.FromCtyValue(value, p); retErr != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		*s = append(*s, entry)
+		return true
+	}
+	eachElement(in)(yield)
+	return retErr
+}
+
+func (s Secrets) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return cty.ListValEmpty(secretType())
+	}
+
+	vals := make([]cty.Value, len(s))
+	for i, entry := range s {
+		vals[i] = entry.ToCtyValue()
+	}
+	return cty.ListVal(vals)
+}
+
+func (e *Secret) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	if in.Type() == cty.String {
+		if err := e.UnmarshalText([]byte(in.AsString())); err != nil {
+			return p.NewError(err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, secretType())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if id := conv.GetAttr("id"); !id.IsNull() && id.IsKnown() {
+		e.ID = id.AsString()
+	}
+	if src := conv.GetAttr("src"); !src.IsNull() && src.IsKnown() {
+		e.FilePath = src.AsString()
+	}
+	if env := conv.GetAttr("env"); !env.IsNull() && env.IsKnown() {
+		e.Env = env.AsString()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *Secret) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if e == nil {
+		return cty.NullVal(secretType())
+	}
+
+	return cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+		"id":  cty.StringVal(e.ID),
+		"src": cty.StringVal(e.FilePath),
+		"env": cty.StringVal(e.Env),
+	})
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/secrets_test.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/secrets_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+func TestSecrets(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		secrets := Secrets{
+			{ID: "mysecret", FilePath: "/local/secret"},
+			{ID: "mysecret2", Env: "TOKEN"},
+		}
+
+		expected := `[{"id":"mysecret","src":"/local/secret"},{"id":"mysecret2","env":"TOKEN"}]`
+		actual, err := json.Marshal(secrets)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.JSONEq(t, expected, string(actual))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := `[{"id":"mysecret","src":"/local/secret"},{"id":"mysecret2","env":"TOKEN"}]`
+
+		var actual Secrets
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(in), &actual)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		expected := Secrets{
+			{ID: "mysecret", FilePath: "/local/secret"},
+			{ID: "mysecret2", Env: "TOKEN"},
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("FromCtyValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := cty.TupleVal([]cty.Value{
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"id":  cty.StringVal("mysecret"),
+				"src": cty.StringVal("/local/secret"),
+			}),
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"id":  cty.StringVal("mysecret2"),
+				"env": cty.StringVal("TOKEN"),
+			}),
+		})
+
+		var actual Secrets
+		err := actual.FromCtyValue(in, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		expected := Secrets{
+			{ID: "mysecret", FilePath: "/local/secret"},
+			{ID: "mysecret2", Env: "TOKEN"},
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ToCtyValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		secrets := Secrets{
+			{ID: "mysecret", FilePath: "/local/secret"},
+			{ID: "mysecret2", Env: "TOKEN"},
+		}
+
+		actual := secrets.ToCtyValue()
+		expected := cty.ListVal([]cty.Value{
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"id":  cty.StringVal("mysecret"),
+				"src": cty.StringVal("/local/secret"),
+				"env": cty.StringVal(""),
+			}),
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"id":  cty.StringVal("mysecret2"),
+				"src": cty.StringVal(""),
+				"env": cty.StringVal("TOKEN"),
+			}),
+		})
+
+		result := actual.Equals(expected)
+		require.True(t, result.True())
+	})
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/ssh.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/ssh.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package buildflags

 import (
 	"cmp"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"

@@ -9,6 +10,39 @@ import (
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/gitutil"
 )

+type SSHKeys []*SSH
+
+func (s SSHKeys) Merge(other SSHKeys) SSHKeys {
+	if other == nil {
+		s.Normalize()
+		return s
+	} else if s == nil {
+		other.Normalize()
+		return other
+	}
+
+	return append(s, other...).Normalize()
+}
+
+func (s SSHKeys) Normalize() SSHKeys {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return removeDupes(s)
+}
+
+func (s SSHKeys) ToPB() []*controllerapi.SSH {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	entries := make([]*controllerapi.SSH, len(s))
+	for i, entry := range s {
+		entries[i] = entry.ToPB()
+	}
+	return entries
+}
+
 type SSH struct {
 	ID    string   `json:"id,omitempty" cty:"id"`
 	Paths []string `json:"paths,omitempty" cty:"paths"`
@@ -43,6 +77,20 @@ func (s *SSH) ToPB() *controllerapi.SSH {
 	}
 }

+func (s *SSH) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var v struct {
+		ID    string   `json:"id,omitempty"`
+		Paths []string `json:"paths,omitempty"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &v); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	s.ID = v.ID
+	s.Paths = v.Paths
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *SSH) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
 	parts := strings.SplitN(string(text), "=", 2)

@@ -62,6 +110,10 @@ func ParseSSHSpecs(sl []string) ([]*controllerapi.SSH, error) {
 	}

 	for _, s := range sl {
+		if s == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		var out SSH
 		if err := out.UnmarshalText([]byte(s)); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
--- a/util/buildflags/ssh_cty.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/ssh_cty.go
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/convert"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/gocty"
+)
+
+var sshType = sync.OnceValue(func() cty.Type {
+	return cty.ObjectWithOptionalAttrs(
+		map[string]cty.Type{
+			"id":    cty.String,
+			"paths": cty.List(cty.String),
+		},
+		[]string{"id", "paths"},
+	)
+})
+
+func (s *SSHKeys) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	got := in.Type()
+	if got.IsTupleType() || got.IsListType() {
+		return s.fromCtyValue(in, p)
+	}
+
+	want := cty.List(sshType())
+	return p.NewErrorf("%s", convert.MismatchMessage(got, want))
+}
+
+func (s *SSHKeys) fromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) (retErr error) {
+	*s = make([]*SSH, 0, in.LengthInt())
+
+	yield := func(value cty.Value) bool {
+		entry := &SSH{}
+		if retErr = entry.FromCtyValue(value, p); retErr != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		*s = append(*s, entry)
+		return true
+	}
+	eachElement(in)(yield)
+	return retErr
+}
+
+func (s SSHKeys) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return cty.ListValEmpty(sshType())
+	}
+
+	vals := make([]cty.Value, len(s))
+	for i, entry := range s {
+		vals[i] = entry.ToCtyValue()
+	}
+	return cty.ListVal(vals)
+}
+
+func (e *SSH) FromCtyValue(in cty.Value, p cty.Path) error {
+	if in.Type() == cty.String {
+		if err := e.UnmarshalText([]byte(in.AsString())); err != nil {
+			return p.NewError(err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	conv, err := convert.Convert(in, sshType())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if id := conv.GetAttr("id"); !id.IsNull() && id.IsKnown() {
+		e.ID = id.AsString()
+	}
+	if paths := conv.GetAttr("paths"); !paths.IsNull() && paths.IsKnown() {
+		if err := gocty.FromCtyValue(paths, &e.Paths); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *SSH) ToCtyValue() cty.Value {
+	if e == nil {
+		return cty.NullVal(sshType())
+	}
+
+	var ctyPaths cty.Value
+	if len(e.Paths) > 0 {
+		paths := make([]cty.Value, len(e.Paths))
+		for i, path := range e.Paths {
+			paths[i] = cty.StringVal(path)
+		}
+		ctyPaths = cty.ListVal(paths)
+	} else {
+		ctyPaths = cty.ListValEmpty(cty.String)
+	}
+
+	return cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+		"id":    cty.StringVal(e.ID),
+		"paths": ctyPaths,
+	})
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/ssh_test.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/ssh_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+func TestSSHKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sshkeys := SSHKeys{
+			{ID: "default", Paths: []string{}},
+			{ID: "key", Paths: []string{"path/to/key"}},
+		}
+
+		expected := `[{"id":"default"},{"id":"key","paths":["path/to/key"]}]`
+		actual, err := json.Marshal(sshkeys)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.JSONEq(t, expected, string(actual))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := `[{"id":"default"},{"id":"key","paths":["path/to/key"]}]`
+
+		var actual SSHKeys
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(in), &actual)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		expected := SSHKeys{
+			{ID: "default"},
+			{ID: "key", Paths: []string{"path/to/key"}},
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("FromCtyValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := cty.TupleVal([]cty.Value{
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"id": cty.StringVal("default"),
+			}),
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"id": cty.StringVal("key"),
+				"paths": cty.TupleVal([]cty.Value{
+					cty.StringVal("path/to/key"),
+				}),
+			}),
+		})
+
+		var actual SSHKeys
+		err := actual.FromCtyValue(in, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		expected := SSHKeys{
+			{ID: "default"},
+			{ID: "key", Paths: []string{"path/to/key"}},
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ToCtyValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sshkeys := SSHKeys{
+			{ID: "default", Paths: []string{}},
+			{ID: "key", Paths: []string{"path/to/key"}},
+		}
+
+		actual := sshkeys.ToCtyValue()
+		expected := cty.ListVal([]cty.Value{
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"id":    cty.StringVal("default"),
+				"paths": cty.ListValEmpty(cty.String),
+			}),
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"id": cty.StringVal("key"),
+				"paths": cty.ListVal([]cty.Value{
+					cty.StringVal("path/to/key"),
+				}),
+			}),
+		})
+
+		result := actual.Equals(expected)
+		require.True(t, result.True())
+	})
+}
--- a/util/buildflags/utils.go
+++ b/util/buildflags/utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package buildflags
+
+import (
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/gocty"
+)
+
+type comparable[E any] interface {
+	Equal(other E) bool
+}
+
+func removeDupes[E comparable[E]](s []E) []E {
+	// Move backwards through the slice.
+	// For each element, any elements after the current element are unique.
+	// If we find our current element conflicts with an existing element,
+	// then we swap the offender with the end of the slice and chop it off.
+
+	// Start at the second to last element.
+	// The last element is always unique.
+	for i := len(s) - 2; i >= 0; i-- {
+		elem := s[i]
+		// Check for duplicates after our current element.
+		for j := i + 1; j < len(s); j++ {
+			if elem.Equal(s[j]) {
+				// Found a duplicate, exchange the
+				// duplicate with the last element.
+				s[j], s[len(s)-1] = s[len(s)-1], s[j]
+				s = s[:len(s)-1]
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func getAndDelete(m map[string]cty.Value, attr string, gv interface{}) error {
+	if v, ok := m[attr]; ok && v.IsKnown() {
+		delete(m, attr)
+		return gocty.FromCtyValue(v, gv)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func asMap(m map[string]cty.Value) map[string]string {
+	out := make(map[string]string, len(m))
+	for k, v := range m {
+		if v.IsKnown() {
+			out[k] = v.AsString()
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func isEmptyOrUnknown(v cty.Value) bool {
+	return !v.IsKnown() || (v.Type() == cty.String && v.AsString() == "")
+}
+
+// Seq is a temporary definition of iter.Seq until we are able to migrate
+// to using go1.23 as our minimum version. This can be removed when go1.24
+// is released and usages can be changed to use rangefunc.
+type Seq[V any] func(yield func(V) bool)
+
+func eachElement(in cty.Value) Seq[cty.Value] {
+	return func(yield func(v cty.Value) bool) {
+		for elem := in.ElementIterator(); elem.Next(); {
+			_, value := elem.Element()
+			if isEmptyOrUnknown(value) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if !yield(value) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/util/confutil/config.go
+++ b/util/confutil/config.go
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"sync"

 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/ioutils"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/atomicwriter"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/cmd/buildkitd/config"
 	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	fs "github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil/copy"
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ func (c *Config) MkdirAll(dir string, perm os.FileMode) error {
 // AtomicWriteFile writes data to a file within the config dir atomically
 func (c *Config) AtomicWriteFile(filename string, data []byte, perm os.FileMode) error {
 	f := filepath.Join(c.dir, filename)
-	if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(f, data, perm); err != nil {
+	if err := atomicwriter.WriteFile(f, data, perm); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if c.chowner == nil {
@@ -151,7 +152,11 @@ func LoadConfigTree(fp string) (*toml.Tree, error) {
 	defer f.Close()
 	t, err := toml.LoadReader(f)
 	if err != nil {
-		return t, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to parse config")
+		return t, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to parse buildkit config")
+	}
+	var bkcfg config.Config
+	if err = t.Unmarshal(&bkcfg); err != nil {
+		return t, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to parse buildkit config")
 	}
 	return t, nil
 }
--- a/util/desktop/desktop.go
+++ b/util/desktop/desktop.go
@@ -28,13 +28,14 @@ func BuildBackendEnabled() bool {
 	return bbEnabled
 }

+func BuildURL(ref string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("docker-desktop://dashboard/build/%s", ref)
+}
+
 func BuildDetailsOutput(refs map[string]string, term bool) string {
 	if len(refs) == 0 {
 		return ""
 	}
-	refURL := func(ref string) string {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("docker-desktop://dashboard/build/%s", ref)
-	}
 	var out bytes.Buffer
 	out.WriteString("View build details: ")
 	multiTargets := len(refs) > 1
@@ -43,9 +44,10 @@ func BuildDetailsOutput(refs map[string]string, term bool) string {
 			out.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("\n  %s: ", target))
 		}
 		if term {
-			out.WriteString(hyperlink(refURL(ref)))
+			url := BuildURL(ref)
+			out.WriteString(ANSIHyperlink(url, url))
 		} else {
-			out.WriteString(refURL(ref))
+			out.WriteString(BuildURL(ref))
 		}
 	}
 	return out.String()
@@ -57,9 +59,9 @@ func PrintBuildDetails(w io.Writer, refs map[string]string, term bool) {
 	}
 }

-func hyperlink(url string) string {
+func ANSIHyperlink(url, text string) string {
 	// create an escape sequence using the OSC 8 format: https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
-	return fmt.Sprintf("\033]8;;%s\033\\%s\033]8;;\033\\", url, url)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("\033]8;;%s\033\\%s\033]8;;\033\\", url, text)
 }

 type ErrorWithBuildRef struct {
--- a/util/dockerutil/api.go
+++ b/util/dockerutil/api.go
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ package dockerutil
 import (
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context/docker"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 )

 // ClientAPI represents an active docker API object.
 type ClientAPI struct {
-	client.APIClient
+	dockerclient.APIClient
 }

 func NewClientAPI(cli command.Cli, ep string) (*ClientAPI, error) {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func NewClientAPI(cli command.Cli, ep string) (*ClientAPI, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	ca.APIClient, err = client.NewClientWithOpts(clientOpts...)
+	ca.APIClient, err = dockerclient.NewClientWithOpts(clientOpts...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/util/dockerutil/client.go
+++ b/util/dockerutil/client.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 )

 // Client represents an active docker object.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func NewClient(cli command.Cli) *Client {
 }

 // API returns a new docker API client.
-func (c *Client) API(name string) (client.APIClient, error) {
+func (c *Client) API(name string) (dockerclient.APIClient, error) {
 	if name == "" {
 		name = c.cli.CurrentContext()
 	}
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func (c *Client) LoadImage(ctx context.Context, name string, status progress.Wri
 				w.mu.Unlock()
 			}

-			resp, err := dapi.ImageLoad(ctx, pr, false)
+			resp, err := dapi.ImageLoad(ctx, pr)
 			defer close(done)
 			if err != nil {
 				handleErr(err)
--- a/util/dockerutil/progress.go
+++ b/util/dockerutil/progress.go
@@ -55,19 +55,21 @@ func fromReader(l progress.SubLogger, rc io.ReadCloser) error {
 				Started: &now,
 			}
 		}
-		timeDelta := time.Since(st.Timestamp)
-		if timeDelta < minTimeDelta {
-			continue
-		}
-		st.Timestamp = time.Now()
 		if jm.Status == "Loading layer" {
 			st.Current = jm.Progress.Current
 			st.Total = jm.Progress.Total
 		}
+		now := time.Now()
 		if jm.Error != nil {
-			now := time.Now()
 			st.Completed = &now
+		} else {
+			timeDelta := time.Since(st.Timestamp)
+			if timeDelta < minTimeDelta {
+				started[id] = st
+				continue
+			}
 		}
+		st.Timestamp = now
 		started[id] = st
 		l.SetStatus(&st)
 	}
--- a/util/imagetools/create.go
+++ b/util/imagetools/create.go
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content"
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/remotes"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/images"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/remotes"
 	"github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	"github.com/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
--- a/util/imagetools/imagetools_helpers_test.go
+++ b/util/imagetools/imagetools_helpers_test.go
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/remotes"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/remotes"
 	intoto "github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang/in_toto"
 	slsa02 "github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang/in_toto/slsa_provenance/v0.2"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
--- a/util/imagetools/inspect.go
+++ b/util/imagetools/inspect.go
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/remotes"
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/remotes/docker"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/remotes"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/remotes/docker"
 	"github.com/containerd/log"
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/resolver"
--- a/util/imagetools/loader.go
+++ b/util/imagetools/loader.go
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/content"
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/remotes"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/images"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/remotes"
 	"github.com/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	intoto "github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang/in_toto"
--- a/util/imagetools/printers.go
+++ b/util/imagetools/printers.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"text/template"

-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/images"
 	"github.com/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
--- a/util/otelutil/fixtures/bktraces.json
+++ b/util/otelutil/fixtures/bktraces.json
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More